Effect Of Anatomical Location Research Articles

The effect of anatomic location on porcine models of burn injury and wound healing.

Porcine models are frequently used for burn healing studies; however, factors including anatomic location and lack of standardised wound methods can impact the interpretation of wound data. The objectives of this study are to examine the influence of anatomical locations on the uniformity of burn creation and healing in porcine burn models. To optimise burn parameters on dorsal and ventral surfaces, ex vivo and in situ euthanized animals were first used to examine the location-dependence of the burn depth and contact time relationship. The location-dependent healing in vivo was then examined using burn and excisional wounds at dorsal, ventral, caudal and cranial locations. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and H&E were used to assess burn depth and wound re-epithelialization. We found that burn depth on the ventral skin was significantly deeper than that of the dorsal skin at identical thermal conditions. Compared with burns created ex vivo, burns created in situ immediately post-mortem were significantly deeper in the ventral location. In live animals, 2 out of 12 burn wounds were fully re-epithelialized after 14 days in contrast to complete re-epithelialization of all excisional wounds. Among the burn wounds, those at the cranial-dorsal site exhibited faster healing than at the caudal-dorsal site. This study showed that anatomical location is an important consideration for the consistency of burn depth creation and healing. These data support symmetric localization of treatment and control for comparative assessment of burn healing in porcine models to prevent misinterpretation of results and increase the translatability of findings to humans.

Comparative histopathological analysis of age-associated intervertebral disc degeneration in CD-1 and C57BL/6 mice: Anatomical and sex-based differences.

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a major contributor to back pain and disability. The cause of IVD degeneration is multifactorial, with no disease-modifying treatments. Mouse models are commonly used to study IVD degeneration; however, the effects of anatomical location, strain, and sex on the progression of age-associated degeneration are poorly understood. A longitudinal study was conducted to characterize age-, anatomical-, and sex-specific differences in IVD degeneration in two commonly used strains of mice, C57BL/6 and CD-1. Histopathological evaluation of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and caudal regions of mice at 6, 12, 20, and 24 months of age was conducted by two blinded observers at each IVD for the nucleus pulposus (NP), annulus fibrosus (AF), and the NP/AF boundary compartments, enabling analysis of scores by tissue compartment, summed scores for each IVD, or averaged scores for each anatomical region. C57BL/6 mice displayed mild IVD degeneration until 24 months of age; at this point, the lumbar spine demonstrated the most degeneration compared to other regions. Degeneration was detected earlier in the CD-1 mice (20 months of age) in both the thoracic and lumbar spine. In CD-1 mice, moderate to severe degeneration was noted in the cervical spine at all time points assessed. In both strains, age-associated IVD degeneration in the thoracic and lumbar spine was associated with increased histopathological scores in all IVD compartments. In both strains, minimal degeneration was detected in caudal IVDs out to 24 months of age. Both C57BL/6 and CD-1 mice displayed sex-specific differences in the presentation and progression of age-associated IVD degeneration. These results showed that the progression and severity of age-associated degeneration in mouse models is associated with marked differences based on anatomical region, sex, and strain. This information provides a fundamental baseline characterization for users of mouse models to enable effective and appropriate experimental design, interpretation, and comparison between studies.

Comparison of rectal thermometry with the alternative undertail, axillary, and inguinal temperature measurements in sheep

This study was conducted to ascertain the suitability of alternative locations for temperature measurement, with reference to rectal thermometry in sheep, using a digital thermometer (DT). The study employed a single-factor multilevel design, considering anatomical location (site) as the main factor. This anatomical location factor had four conditions, including rectal (rectalDTt), undertail (undertailDTt), inguinal (inguinalDTt), and axillary (axillaryDTt) locations. A total of 16 sheep were recruited for the study, and each treatment had eight replicates. The data obtained were descriptively analyzed using means and standard deviations, while inferential statistics included analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson’s correlation, Tukey’s test, t-test, and Bland-Altman plot. The mean inguinalDTt was the highest (39.51 ± 0.31℃), while the lowest was the mean undertailDTt (38.97±0.45). The effect of anatomical location on temperature readings was statistically significant. The difference between mean rectalDTt and inguinalDTt, or axillaryDTt was not significant. The rectalDTt measurements were significantly correlated with those of each treatment. Equivalence analysis revealed a non-significant bias between the rectalDTt and inguinalDTt pair. The Bland-Altman plot showed a good level of correlation and considerable agreement between rectalDTt and inguinalDTt measurements. In conclusion, temperature measurement at the inguinal location results in readings that are similar to those of rectal thermometry and thus may be of clinical importance in the future, particularly with digital thermometer application in sheep.

Electrodesiccation and Curettage for Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Situ: The Effect of Anatomic Location on Local Recurrence.

Electrodesiccation and curettage (EDC) is a common, minimally invasive treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS). Determine the 5-year recurrence rate of EDC for SCCIS and to determine if this differs by anatomic location. A retrospective, single-center, cohort study of patients treated between January 1, 2000, and January 1, 2017, with at least 5 years of follow-up. The overall 5-year recurrence rate of EDC for SCCIS was calculated and compared across low-risk (L), moderate-risk (M), and high-risk (H) anatomic zones. Five hundred ten tumors were randomly identified from 367 unique patients. The 5-year recurrence rate of the entire cohort was 5.3%. There was no significant difference in recurrence by clinical size or immunosuppressed status. One hundred thirty-four tumors in the L zone were matched 1:1:1 to tumors in the M and H zones. The 5-year recurrence rate of M zone tumors (8.2%) and H zone tumors (6.0%) were higher than the recurrence rate of a L zone tumors (3.0%), but this was not statistically significant ( p = .075 and p = .247, respectively). Electrodesiccation and curettage allows for a high 5-year cure rate across a broad range of anatomic sites. However, overall cure rate should be individualized by anatomic location when counseling patients.

Effect of anatomical location (mandible vs maxilla) of dental implants on the BMP-2, BMP-7, sRANKL and OPG levels in periimplant crevicular fluid during osseointegration. A pilot study

Background:The aim of this study was to investigate levels of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), BMP-7, soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (sRANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) of implants placed in both maxilla and mandible during the osseointegration period.Methods:Thirty-three patients (17 females and 16 males; mean age 47.03±11.23 years) were included in this study. A total of 33 implants were placed in both of maxilla (Group 1/n=18) and mandible (group 2/n=15). Peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) samples, modified plaque index (MPI), gingival index (GI) and probing depth (PD) measurements were obtained at 1 and 3 months after surgery. PICF levels of BMP-2/-7, sRANKL and OPG were analyzed by ELISA.Results:No complications were observed during the healing period. No significant differences were observed in the PICF levels of sRANKL, OPG, BMP-2 and BMP-7 and evaluated clinical parameters between groups at any time point (p>0.05). While PICF volume of group 2 was greater than group 1 at first month, PICF volume of group 1 was greater than group 2 at 3 months (p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between sRANKL levels and PICF volume (p<0.05) and a strong correlation between BMP-2 and BMP-7 (p<0.01).Conclusions:The results of this pilot study didn’t show any significant difference in PICF levels of BMP-2, BMP-7, sRANKL, and OPG in terms of anatomic location of dental implants. Further well-designed studies should be carried out to evaluate the relationship between bone related biomarkers and anatomic location of dental implants.

Proximal location in extremity long bones is a poor prognostic factor for osteosarcoma: A retrospective cohort study of 153 patients

Background: Osteosarcomas arising in the proximal femur, humerus, and tibia appear to have poorer outcomes than those arising in distal long bones. However, the strength of this association is uncertain, particularly in light of other prognostic factors. Therefore, this retrospective cohort study was performed to compare patient outcomes between proximal and distal tumor location within extremity long bones. Material and methods: A total of 153 patients with conventional high-grade osteosarcoma of the extremity long bones, pelvis, or axial skeleton who had undergone neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgical resection between 1985 and 2010 were identified in the Surgical Pathology files at Vanderbilt Medical Center. Effect of anatomic location within a proximal long bone was assessed using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression. Results: Proximal tumor location was a strong predictor of poor prognosis in univariate survival analysis. Multivariate regression analysis showed that after controlling for American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, histologic response to chemotherapy, surgical resection margin status, and histologic type, location in the proximal femur, tibia, and humerus were independent risk factors for death due to osteosarcoma, but not event-free survival. Conclusion: Osteosarcomas of the proximal extremity long bones are associated with decreased disease-specific survival compared to tumors of the distal long bones, even after accounting for other key prognostic covariates.

Image-guided core needle biopsy in the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma

ObjectiveCurrent European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) guidelines recommend that when feasible, surgical excision biopsy (SEB) is the ideal for diagnosis, sub-typing and grading of malignant lymphoma. We undertook this retrospective study to assess the diagnostic accuracy of image-guided core needle biopsy (CNB) in the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma, to identify the proportion of cases from which oncological treatment was subsequently instigated from the CNB diagnosis, and to evaluate the potential role for minimally invasive CNB techniques in the diagnostic pathway of malignant lymphoma. MethodsAll cases of lymphoma amenable to CNB between 2008 and 2013 were included. Patient records were reviewed to identify the biopsy diagnostic pathway undertaken (fine needle aspiration cytology, CNB, surgical excision biopsy). CNB specimens were graded as fully diagnostic (tumour sub-typing/grading and treatment initiated), partially diagnostic (diagnosis of lymphoma but more tissue required for sub-typing/grading), equivocal or inadequate. The effects of anatomical location, needle gauge, number of core specimens and sub-type of disease on the diagnostic yield of the sample were analysed. Results262 patients and 323 biopsy specimens were included in the study. 237 patients underwent CNB as the initial diagnostic intervention. In 230/237 CNB was fully diagnostic (97%), allowing initiation of treatment. In 7 patients, SEB was necessary in addition to CNB to provide additional diagnostic information to allow initiation of treatment. In 72 patients, SEB was the only diagnostic test performed. ConclusionOur study showed that in 97% of suitable cases, CNB provided sufficient diagnostic information to allow treatment of malignant lymphoma to be instigated. This minimally-invasive technique is well tolerated and has advantages over surgical techniques, including reduced costs, post-procedural complications and delays on the diagnostic pathway. CNB may obviate the use of surgical techniques in the majority of suitable cases, however its success is dependent on close collaboration and acceptance by clinicians and pathologists.

Growth of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 at 30°C Is Not Affected by Anatomical Location on the Chicken Carcass†

Development of models for growth of Salmonella in the chicken food matrix is time-consuming and expensive. The current study was undertaken to examine growth of Salmonella on different anatomical locations of the chicken carcass. The purpose was to determine whether anatomical location should be included as an independent variable in predictive models for chicken. Eleven anatomical locations were studied: skin (wing, breast, drumstick, and thigh), meat surface (wing, breast, drumstick, and thigh), and meat interior (breast, drumstick, and thigh). Background microflora, pH, and growth (lag time, λ; growth rate, μ; and time for a 3-log increase, t(3)) at 30°C for a small inoculum size (0.92 ± 0.30 log per portion) of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 were examined. Four or six replicate storage trials were conducted per anatomical location (n = 46 growth curves). Portion sizes were 1.12 ± 0.17 g (mean ± standard deviation) for meat and 0.25 ± 0.08 g for skin. A two-phase linear model was used to determine λ and μ. The effect of anatomical location on dependent variables was assessed by one-way analysis of variance. pH values differed (P < 0.001) among anatomical locations, with skin (6.86 ± 0.20). dark meat (6.39 ± 0.20) . white meat (5.97 ± 0.20). Background microflora (4.32 ± 1.66 log per portion) was variable and not affected (P > 0.05) by anatomical location. Likewise, λ (1.90 ± 0.75 h), μ (0.648 ± 0.120 log/h), and t(3) (6.71 ± 0.82 h) at 30°C were not affected (P > 0.05) by anatomical location. Although there were differences in pH among anatomical locations, these differences were not sufficient to affect growth of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 at 30°C. If this observation holds for other storage conditions and strains, then anatomical location does not need to be included as an independent variable in predictive models for chicken. This would save significant time and money for the predictive microbiologist.

Fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of the subcutaneous fat from iberian pigs fattened on the traditional feed: &lt;i&gt;“Montanera”&lt;/i&gt;. effect of anatomical location and length of feeding

Fatty acid and triacylglycerol compositions of 200 samples of subcutaneous fat from two different anatomical locations (rump and adipose tissue covering the Biceps femoris muscle) of Iberian purebred pigs reared on “Montanera” were determined. Significant differences were found for the majority fatty acids and for some triacylglycerol species (PPS, PLPo + MLO, PLO, PLL + PoLO, SOS, SOL, OLL) among the two anatomical locations, being the rump location less saturated. The activity level of the key enzyme involved in lipogenesis differed (p Biceps femoris , increases faster than that of the subcutaneous fat covering a muscle with low oxidative metabolism, as Longissimus dorsi .

Optimising therapeutic options for women's cancers

Current European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) guidelines recommend that when feasible, surgical excision biopsy (SEB) is the ideal for diagnosis, sub-typing and grading of malignant lymphoma. We undertook this retrospective study to assess the diagnostic accuracy of image-guided core needle biopsy (CNB) in the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma, to identify the proportion of cases from which oncological treatment was subsequently instigated from the CNB diagnosis, and to evaluate the potential role for minimally invasive CNB techniques in the diagnostic pathway of malignant lymphoma.All cases of lymphoma amenable to CNB between 2008 and 2013 were included. Patient records were reviewed to identify the biopsy diagnostic pathway undertaken (fine needle aspiration cytology, CNB, surgical excision biopsy). CNB specimens were graded as fully diagnostic (tumour sub-typing/grading and treatment initiated), partially diagnostic (diagnosis of lymphoma but more tissue required for sub-typing/grading), equivocal or inadequate. The effects of anatomical location, needle gauge, number of core specimens and sub-type of disease on the diagnostic yield of the sample were analysed.262 patients and 323 biopsy specimens were included in the study. 237 patients underwent CNB as the initial diagnostic intervention. In 230/237 CNB was fully diagnostic (97%), allowing initiation of treatment. In 7 patients, SEB was necessary in addition to CNB to provide additional diagnostic information to allow initiation of treatment. In 72 patients, SEB was the only diagnostic test performed.Our study showed that in 97% of suitable cases, CNB provided sufficient diagnostic information to allow treatment of malignant lymphoma to be instigated. This minimally-invasive technique is well tolerated and has advantages over surgical techniques, including reduced costs, post-procedural complications and delays on the diagnostic pathway. CNB may obviate the use of surgical techniques in the majority of suitable cases, however its success is dependent on close collaboration and acceptance by clinicians and pathologists.

A descriptive study of stress fractures in competitive event horses in the UK

AbstractThe impact of stress fractures on competitive event horses in the UK is completely unknown. Ninety-one replies to 450 questionnaires sent to competitive event riders across the UK indicated that 11 horses, representing 12% of the responders, had a confirmed stress fracture. As data on the total number of horses owned or ridden by the riders were not available, the true prevalence of stress fractures in this sample of horses could not be directly assessed. Within the bounds of this study, competitive level of the rider had a significant effect on stress fracture prevalence (X2(0.05, df. 2) = 24.74, P&lt;0.05), as did years of eventing experience (X2(0.05, df. 1) = 27.80, P&lt;0.01). Training regime was also influential (X2(0.05,df. 1) = 26.30, PX20.01). There was a predominance of fractures in geldings (X2(0.05, df. 1) = 24.45, P&lt;0.03); however, geldings constituted 82% of reported cases. Thoroughbred cross horses had a significantly lower incidence of stress fractures than Thoroughbreds (X2(0.05, df. 1) = 20.82, P&lt;0.01) but constituted only 18% of the sample. Horses in the oldest age category (9–12 years) had 6% of all stress fractures (X2(0.05, df. 2) = 24.54, P&lt;0.1). All fractures occurred on the foreleg at the knee or below, with no significant effect of anatomical location. Seventy-three per cent of horses were not competing when diagnosed (X2(0.05, df. 1) = 22.27, P&lt;0.1). These data indicate that useful preliminary data were yielded by the questionnaire and that further research with a larger sample size is justified.

Effect of anatomical location on the composition of fatty acids in double-muscled Belgian Blue cows

Double-muscled cows of the Belgian Blue breed, ranging from ca. 680 to 880 kg live weight were slaughtered and various fat depots sampled for lipid analysis. Subcutaneous fat (SCF), intermuscular fat in m. serratus (IMF1) and m. transversalis (IMF2), kidney fat (KF) and intramuscular fat in m. longissimus thoracis (IMF3) were sampled. In IMF3 samples, polar lipids were separated from other lipid classes by thin layer chromatography. Both the proportions ( w w %) and gravimetric concentrations (mg g −1 of sample) of long-chain fatty acids were determined in total lipids of SCF, IMF1, IMF2, KF and in lipid classes of IMF3 by gas chromatography. The greatest concentration of total fatty acids was found in KF (777.6 ± 82.6 mg g −1), followed by SCF (721.3 ± 92.2 mg g −1), IMF2 (709.8 ± 72.5 mg g −1) and IMF1 (682.1 ± 71.6 mg g −1). Triacylglycerol and polar lipid fatty acid content of m. longissimus thoracis (IMF3) were respectively 8.1 ± 3.3 and 3.1 ± 0.6 mg g −1. Fatty acid content, particularly the triacylglycerol fatty acid content in IMF3, increased ( p < 0.01) with increasing carcass fat content. Polar lipid fatty acids in IMF3 contained a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (32.6 ± 4.8 %) and lower proportion of saturated fatty acids (27.4 ± 5.0%) compared to the triacylglycerol fatty acid fraction ( p < 0.01), which may reflect a prerequisite for proper membrane functioning. Internal fat depots were more saturated ( p < 0.01) compared to SCF. The proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids differed ( p < 0.01) between IMF1 and IMF2, possibly reflecting differences in muscle activity and functioning. Oleic (C18:1) and stearic (C18:0) acids comprised more than 60% of the total fatty acids in all anatomical locations.

S-42-1 - Placebo response in schizophrenia

Current European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) guidelines recommend that when feasible, surgical excision biopsy (SEB) is the ideal for diagnosis, sub-typing and grading of malignant lymphoma. We undertook this retrospective study to assess the diagnostic accuracy of image-guided core needle biopsy (CNB) in the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma, to identify the proportion of cases from which oncological treatment was subsequently instigated from the CNB diagnosis, and to evaluate the potential role for minimally invasive CNB techniques in the diagnostic pathway of malignant lymphoma.All cases of lymphoma amenable to CNB between 2008 and 2013 were included. Patient records were reviewed to identify the biopsy diagnostic pathway undertaken (fine needle aspiration cytology, CNB, surgical excision biopsy). CNB specimens were graded as fully diagnostic (tumour sub-typing/grading and treatment initiated), partially diagnostic (diagnosis of lymphoma but more tissue required for sub-typing/grading), equivocal or inadequate. The effects of anatomical location, needle gauge, number of core specimens and sub-type of disease on the diagnostic yield of the sample were analysed.262 patients and 323 biopsy specimens were included in the study. 237 patients underwent CNB as the initial diagnostic intervention. In 230/237 CNB was fully diagnostic (97%), allowing initiation of treatment. In 7 patients, SEB was necessary in addition to CNB to provide additional diagnostic information to allow initiation of treatment. In 72 patients, SEB was the only diagnostic test performed.Our study showed that in 97% of suitable cases, CNB provided sufficient diagnostic information to allow treatment of malignant lymphoma to be instigated. This minimally-invasive technique is well tolerated and has advantages over surgical techniques, including reduced costs, post-procedural complications and delays on the diagnostic pathway. CNB may obviate the use of surgical techniques in the majority of suitable cases, however its success is dependent on close collaboration and acceptance by clinicians and pathologists.

Age dependency of response of the mouse skin to single and multifractionated gamma irradiation

The age dependency of the response of the mouse skin to gamma-ray irradiation was studied using early skin reaction as an end point. The isoeffect doses for almost all the given levels of early skin reaction were, even though statistically not significant, approximately 10% larger on the average for 38- and 64-week-old mice than for 12-week-old mice. No significant difference between 12-week-old mice and 64-week-old mice was observed in the proportion of dose recovered during multifractionated exposures and in the slope of the fraction number and isoeffect dose relationships plotted on a log-log scale, as well as in the effects of anatomical location on the radiosensitivity. A preliminary shaving made the mouse skin relatively sensitive to radiation, and the dose-modifying factor was smaller for 64-week-old mice than for 12-week-old mice.

Effect of anatomical location on prognosis in patients with clinical stage I melanoma

Effect of anatomical location on prognosis in patients with clinical stage I melanoma

Effect of Anatomical Location on Prognosis in Patients With Clinical Stage I Melanoma

A study of the influence of the anatomical location of malignant melanoma on the prognosis of 971 patients with stage I disease disclosed specific high-, intermediate-, and low-risk sites. High-risk sites included scalp, mandibular area, midline of trunk (anterior and posterior), upper medial thighs, hands, feet (except the arches), popliteal fossae, and genitalia. The life-table-adjusted five-year disease-free survival was 54% in the high-risk locations, 79% in intermediate-risk locations, and 93% in low-risk sites. A Cox proportional hazards analysis demonstrated that the grouping of lesions by their anatomical risk location had prognostic value that was significant in a model of eight other known predictive variables (thickness, sex, age, type, level, mitotic index, ulceration, and presence of preexistent nevus). The results indicate that anatomical location of the primary melanoma is significantly associated with five-year disease-free survival.

Influence of glycosaminoglycan content on mass transfer behavior of porcine artery wall Part 1. Diffusive transport of 45Ca 2+ and 3HHO

The diffusion coefficients of Ca 2+ and H 2O in in vitro porcine arterial tissue were determined to provide a measure of vascular permeability. The effect of anatomical location and diet on the magnitude of that permeability was evaluated. The diffusion coefficient of calcium was found to vary focally and, in addition, pulmonary artery was much more permeable than thoracic aorta. Four months feeding of a high lipid diet did not affect diffusive transport.

Bovine lipogenesis: Effects of anatomical location, breed and adipose cell size

1. 1. The incorporation of [1- 14C] acetate into total fatty acids and the activities of ‘malic enzyme’, NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were higher in adipose tissue from 14-month-old Hereford × Angus steers than in tissue from 14-month-old Holstein steers. 2. 2. Adipose tissue from 8-month-old Hereford steers was less active in lipogenesis than that from older steers of the Holstein or Hereford × Angus groups. 3. 3. The conversion of [1- 14C] acetate to 14CO 2 was directly proportional to adipose cell volume, while fatty acid synthesis was positively related to cell volume in the lipogenically more active subcutaneous Hereford × Angus tissue and inversely related to adipose cell volume in the perirenal tissue from the two groups of 14-month-old steers. 4. 4. The activities of the four NADPH-generating enzymes were positively related to the average adipose cell volume, cellular water content and cellular content of soluble protein.

Effect of anatomic location and time on ultraviolet erythema

Effect of anatomic location and time on ultraviolet erythema

Effect of Anatomic Location and Time on Ultraviolet Erythema

The erythema response of skin has been characterized as to (1) quantity of energy, (2) wavelength, (3) time of observation, and (4) anatomic site of testing. Both the MED and the color of the erythema response vary with wavelength. Short wavelength erythema is pink, while longer wavelength erythema is darker and redder. Although erythema varies with both time and wavelength, the optimum time for observation is approximately eight hours. The time of day at which the ultraviolet light (UVL) is administered does not affect the eight-hour minimal erythema dose (MED). The MED not only varies markedly with site but also the relative response to the different wavelengths varies with anatomic location. The trunk is best suited for erythema studies because of greater sensitivity and a more uniform response to UVL at all wavelengths.