Effect Of Altruism Research Articles

The Effect of Altruism, Moral Obligation on Purchase Intention through e-WOM, on Halal Skincare Products

The Effect of Altruism, Moral Obligation on Purchase Intention through e-WOM, on Halal Skincare Products

The Great Flood: Race-Moderated Associations between Social Work Students’ Protective Mechanisms and Adaptive Coping

Abstract The postdisaster experiences of 167 social work students in the aftermath of the Great Flood of 2016 were examined. Using a cross-sectional survey design and validated self-report measures, the current study examined the association between students’ protective factors (hope, altruism, spiritual support; at 8, 20, and 12 items, respectively) and six adaptive coping mechanisms, and further sought to determine whether such associations varied according to students’ race (white vs. African American). Six hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were conducted using each of the adaptive coping strategies (acceptance, active coping, positive reframing, self-distraction, planning, and venting). Results showed that students’ race moderated the associations between altruism and active coping, spiritual support and active coping, spiritual support and self-distraction, altruism and planning, spiritual support and planning, and altruism and venting. The decomposition of the significant interactions indicated that the effect of altruism on active coping, planning, and venting was greater among white than among African American participants; the effect of spiritual support on active coping, self-distraction, and planning was greater among African American than among white participants. Recommendations include educating all students about risks incurred when working with traumatized populations. Research examining postdisaster coping responses of social workers can inform culturally responsive supervision approaches.

Do nursing students’ altruism levels affect their attitudes toward medical errors? A cross-sectional study

AimThe aim of the current research is to determine nursing students' levels of altruism, attitudes towards medical errors and the effect of altruism on attitudes towards medical errors. BackgroundNursing students should be aware of medical errors and have an attitude towards correcting them. Professional values play an essential role in changing, shaping and developing attitudes in nursing students. Altruism is one of the most important determining professional values in students' professional success and development of attitudes towards different situations. DesingThis study is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. MethodsThe research was conducted in the Nursing Department of a state university in Turkey and the study population consisted of 2nd, 3rd and 4th year nursing students (N=375) who were continuing their education and clinical practice in the spring semester of the 2022–2023 academic year. The study was completed with 321 students. The data were collected online using the information form, the Altruism Scale and the Scale of Attitudes Towards Medical Errors via Google Forms between 01 and 31 May 2023. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Independent-Samples t-test, One-Way ANOVA test, Pearson's correlation analysis and simple linear regression. ResultsStudents had a mean score of 69.68 (range 40–98) on the Altruism Scale and 3.82 (range 2.38–4.56) on the Scale of Attitudes Towards Medical Errors. A significant, very weak positive correlation was found between the Altruism Scale and the total mean scores of the Attitudes Towards Medical Errors Scale (p=0.001). Altruism was found to have a significant effect on attitude towards medical errors (p=0.001). The explanatory power of the regression model was 0.101 and altruism explained 10.1 % of the students' attitudes towards medical errors scores. ConclusionsStudents have positive attitudes towards medical errors, high awareness of the importance of medical errors and error reporting and above average levels of altruism. Altruism has a positive effect on attitudes towards medical errors.

An analysis of the Definition, Origin, Causes, and Effects of Altruism

Starting from the definition of altruism, this paper first summarized "the view that altruistic behavior is jointly determined by genes and environment" through Rushton research results and gene-environment-related theories and introduced prosocial behavior to find out the commonality between prosocial behavior and altruistic behavior for joint research. Among the factors that affect the formation of altruism, this paper focuses on the role of culture, personality, and family environment. In this part, more mediating variables are used to analyze and speculate. In the part of culture, this paper divides culture into three parts: ideology and culture, agriculture, and religion. In personality, this paper mainly refers to the experiments of scholars such as Batson and Powell to explain the existence of altruistic personality and the factors affecting such personality. In the part of family environment, this paper believes that a good family environment is conducive to the formation of children's altruistic behavior. Finally, after consulting the relevant data to conclude that altruistic behavior will positively impact individuals, it is inferred that altruistic behavior will have the same positive impact on society as the impact on individuals.

예비교사의 이타성이 시민의식에 미치는 영향에서리더십생활기술의 매개효과

This study examined the relationship between altruism, leadership life skills, and citizenship ofpre-service teachers, and analyzed the mediating effect of leadership life skills in the effect ofaltruism on citizenship. For this purpose, we conducted a study on 318 pre-service teachers,and it was investigated through questionnaires measuring altruism, leadership life skills,citizenship. The main findings are as follows. First, there was a significant positive correlationbetween the altruism of pre-service teachers, leadership life skills, and citizenship. Second,altruism and leadership life skills have been shown to have a positive effect on citizenship. Third, it has been confirmed that leadership life skills have a partial mediating effect on theeffect of pre-service teachers' altruism on citizenship. These results suggest that it is necessarynot only to develop altruism but also to improve leadership life skills in order to strengthen thecitizenship of pre-service teachers.

Age-Related Associations of Altruism with Attitudes towards COVID-19 and Vaccination: A Representative Survey in the North of Italy

During the coronavirus pandemic, altruism has been linked to personal protective behavior, vaccine development, and vaccination intention. Studies of the moderating effects of age on altruism in pandemic preparedness have not yet been conducted. A representative cross-sectional survey of residents of South Tyrol, Italy, was conducted in March 2021. Among the participants, 1169 were aged 18-69 years, and 257 were aged ≥ 70 years. The questionnaire collected information on sociodemographic and individual characteristics, including comorbidities, COVID-19-related experiences, trust in information, the likelihood of accepting the national vaccination plan, and altruism. A linear regression analysis was performed. Among 1426 participants, the median altruism sum score was 24 (interquartile range, 20-26). In the participant group aged ≥ 70 years, the median altruism score was significantly higher than that in the younger group. Participants living in a single household were significantly less altruistic than other participants, while participants working in the health sector, living in a household at risk from coronavirus disease 2019, or suffering from a chronic disease were found to be more altruistic. Altruism showed significant positive correlations with age and agreement with the national vaccination plan and was negatively correlated with well-being. Trust in institutions was positively correlated with altruism only in the younger age group but not in the elderly. Linear regression models confirmed female gender and identified trust in institutions as a positive predictor of altruism. In the younger age group, increased well-being and restricted individual sports activities were associated with reduced altruism, whereas support of compulsory self-isolation after contact with a SARS-CoV-2-positive person and handwashing as a personal protective measure were positively associated. Altruism is associated with various predictors of pandemic behavior and traits. The strengths of the identified positive and negative correlations support the modifying role of age in the effects of altruism on pandemic attitudes. Interventions that are likely to enhance altruism to improve pandemic preparedness in certain age groups require further study.

The effect of altruism on COVID-19 vaccination rates

BackgroundAfter the emergence of the first vaccines against the COVID-19, public health authorities have promoted mass vaccination in order to achieve herd immunity and reduce the effects of the disease. Vaccination rates have differed between countries, depending on supply (availability of resources) and demand (altruism and resistance to vaccination) factors.MethodsThis work considers the hypothesis that individuals’ health altruism has been an important factor to explain the different levels of vaccination between countries, using the number of transplants as a proxy for altruism. Taking European Union’s countries to remove, as far as possible, supply factors that might affect vaccination, we carry out cross-sectional regressions for the most favorable date of the vaccination process (maximum vaccination speed) and for each month during the vaccination campaign.ResultsOur findings confirm that altruism has affected vaccination rates against the COVID-19. We find a direct relationship between transplants rates (proxy variable) and vaccination rates during periods in which the decision to be vaccinated depended on the individual’s choice, without supply restrictions. The results show that other demand factors have worked against vaccination: political polarization and belonging to the group of countries of the former Eastern bloc.ConclusionsAltruism is a useful tool to define future vaccination strategies, since it favors the individuals’ awareness for vaccination.

The Effect of Altruistic Behaviors of Sports Sciences Faculty Students on the Decision of Forgiveness: A Structural Equality Model Investigation

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of altruism behaviors on the forgiveness decision of athletes and sedentary students who continued education in the faculty of sports sciences with the Structural Equation Model. To this end, the Study Group consisted of a total of 200 athletes and sedentary students, 108 female and 92 male, who were selected with the Convenient Sampling Method, who continued education at Gazi University Faculty of Sport Sciences. When the distribution was examined according to gender, 58.5% of the sedentary group was female and 41.5% was male. The rate of women in the athlete group was 47.6%, and the rate of men was 52.4%. When the distribution was examined according to age groups, the rate of people in the 17-20 group in the sedentary group was 31.4%, the rate of people in the 21-24 age group was 55.9%, and the rate of people who were older than 25 was 12.7%. The rate of individuals who were aged 17-20 is 48.8% in the athlete group, the rate of individuals aged 21-24 was 34.1%, and the rate of individuals who were older than 25 years was 17.1%. The “Forgiveness Decision Scale” and the “Altruism Scale” were used as measurement tools in addition to the personal information form that was created by the researcher to obtain data in the study. The Structural Equation Model and the t-test for independent groups, One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), percentage, frequency, and descriptive statistical analyzes were used in the analysis of the data. When the study findings were examined, the altruism scale sub-dimensions in the sedentary and athlete groups did not differ at significant levels according to the gender variable (p>0.05), and the forgiveness decision scale differed at significant levels in both the athlete and sedentary groups according to gender. The level of forgiveness decision of women (3.45±0.57) was higher than that of men (3.19±0.55) in the sedentary group. Similarly, the level of forgiveness decision of women was higher (3.57±0.64) in the athlete group than that of men (3.41±0.61). When the changes of forgiveness decision scale according to age groups were examined, forgiveness in sedentary people did not differ at significant levels according to age groups (p<0.05), and it did not create a significant difference according to age groups in athletes (p<0.05). The Structural Equation Model was established and tested for both groups separately to determine the effect of altruism on forgiveness in sedentary and athletes. When the goodness of fit coefficients that were calculated by the Structural Equation Model was examined, both models showed a good fit. According to the Correlation Analysis that was made to determine the relations between the altruism scale and forgiveness, the scale of forgiveness was negative at 31.4% in athletes in financial aid, positive at 69.9% with help in traumatic situations, and 55.1% in help in the educational process (p<0.05). No significant relations were detected between forgiveness and the sub-dimensions of the altruism scale in sedentary people (p>0.05).

Investigating the effects of altruism on consumer preference for food from disaster-affected regions: A case of Japan

Consumer's willingness to donate to support the disaster-affected region is known to be related to altruism. This study examines how consumer preference for food from disaster-affected regions is affected by the degree of consumer's altruism level and identifies the difference in the impacts from such altruism by types of food. A choice experiment was conducted on Japanese consumers and combinations of generalized mixed logit model and latent class analysis were applied on the obtained sample. The study finds that food that is consumed locally like rice tends to be less effective to draw donative attitudes compared to food distributed more widely at the national level. The study also reveals that a luxury good like tuna, which is found to be connected to altruism, is more effective to lure donative consumption toward food from disaster-affected regions. • Effects of altruism on food from the disaster regions are investigated. • A discrete choice experiment is conducted on Japanese consumers. • Generalized mixed logit model and latent class analysis are applied. • Rice is the least affected by altruism. • The effects of altruism become the most visible for tuna.

Pengaruh Altruism Terhadap Extra-role Behavior Pada Taruna Siaga Bencana di Kabupaten Banyumas

This research is aimed at investigating the effect of altruism on the extra-role behavior of 113 members of Taruna Siaga Bencana (TAGANA) in Banyumas Regency. The data were collected through two scales: extra-role behavior scale with the reliability of 0.910 and altruism scale with the reliability of 0.927. The data were analyzed using the simple regression technique. Based on the data analysis, it is revealed that the Ftest is 136.798 with the probability sig. (p) = 0.000 (p < 0.01). It can be concluded that H0 is accepted; which means there is a significant effect of altruism on the extra-role behavior. The determinant coefficient value is 0.552. The value shows that altruism affects the extra-role behavior as much as 55.2% and the rest 44.8% is affected by other variables which are not investigated in this research.

Consumers’ Purchase Intention on Discount and Donation Rates: Moderating Effects of Altruism and Product Type

Consumers’ Purchase Intention on Discount and Donation Rates: Moderating Effects of Altruism and Product Type

Effects of altruism and burnout on driving behavior of bus drivers

Personality traits predict driving behaviors. However, the mechanism underlying this relationship has not been adequately investigated in professional drivers. The current study investigated the relationship between altruistic personality and aberrant driving behaviors, and the potential role of burnout. A total of 194 bus drivers completed questionnaires including measures of altruism, burnout and aberrant driving behaviors (aggressive violations, ordinary violations, errors, and lapses). The results showed that altruism was negatively correlated with burnout, and with all the four subcategories of aberrant driving behavior. Burnout fully mediated the relationship between altruism and aggressive violations, and partially mediated the relationship between altruism and lapses. These findings can be applied in the bus drivers’ selection and interventions for burnout in order to improve the safety of public transport.

The effect of altruism on social discounting of environmental gain and loss

The effect of altruism on social discounting of environmental gain and loss

Predicting adult learners’ online participation: Effects of altruism, performance expectancy, and social capital

Learners’ socio-demographic characteristics, personal traits, and performance expectancy are frequently employed to interpret online participation among members in virtual, higher education, and professional settings, but not in adult education contexts. Furthermore, the social capital framework has scarcely been used to explain online participation in educational settings, despite its prevalence in virtual contexts. The present study aims to uncover the unique predictive value of altruism, perceived learning benefits as a measure of performance expectancy, and social capital with regard to adult learners’ online participation in addition to socio-demographic variables. A questionnaire was administered and completed by 181 adult learners following a blended learning program in Flanders (Belgium). Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that working learners, lower degree holders, and females are the keenest participants in online participation. We also found that performance expectancy outweighed altruism in explaining online participation. Only two dimensions of social capital, namely sense of belonging and norms of reciprocity, significantly predicted online participation. Based on these findings, pedagogical and research implications are discussed.

The effects of altruism and relationship conflict on organizational learning

Purpose– This paper aims to, prompted by a recent paradigm shift in the organizational sciences, to explore some antecedents of organizational learning capability, focusing on altruism and relationship conflict.Design/methodology/approach– To test the hypotheses, the structural equation technique was applied to data from a survey of Spanish firms with recognized excellence in human resource management.Findings– The results of this research show that, in these firms, altruism facilitates learning capacity both directly and indirectly (through relationship conflict). Relationship conflict is posited as a mediating variable that explains how altruism improves organizational learning.Research limitations/implications– The limitations of this study include excessive heterogeneity of the sample size and industrial sector and the type of firm included in the sample. Due to the potential benefits that altruism seems to have for organizations, future research could continue to investigate the consequences of altruism in organizations.Practical implications– Altruism provides organizations with a value that can facilitate organizational learning capability not only directly, but also by reducing relationship conflict. Altruism may offer organizations a tool they can use to improve their success in dealing with the challenges of today’s uncertain and constantly changing economic environment.Originality/value– This study proposes a common altruistic approach that is far removed from traditional self-interested models in organizational literature. This study identifies altruism and relationship conflict as antecedents of organizational learning capability.

The Effect of Altruism on the Spending Behavior of Elderly Caregivers of Family Members With HIV/AIDS in South African Townships

HIV/AIDS has led to an enormous demand for health care in the developing world and many governments have opted to capitalize on altruistic home-based caregivers. These caregivers are mainly poor older women and their financial survival is critically important to themselves and their families. We found that as the patient's illness progressed: (a) the altruistic cultural norm “ubuntu” led the caregiver to increase spending and (b) the social pressure (sanction) of stigma led to a very dramatic drop in direct interpersonal assistance. The impact on their spending, health care, and the related public policies are discussed.

Distributed medium access control with conditionally altruistic users

In this paper, we consider medium access control of local area networks (LANs) under limited-information conditions as befits a distributed system. Rather than assuming ‘by rule’ conformance to a protocol designed to regulate packet-flow rates (e.g., CSMA windowing), we begin with a non-cooperative game framework and build a dynamic, conditional, altruism term into the net utility. The effects of altruism are analyzed at Nash equilibrium for the carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)-like random-access framework in the quasi-stationary (fictitious play) regime. We consider either power or throughput-based costs of networking, and the cases of identical or heterogeneous (independent) players. Unlike related work in this area, our objective is not to optimize the performance of the system but to formulate a realistic economic model capturing altruistic motivations. This model can then form the basis for higher-level incentive schemes that will encourage altruistic, instead of selfish, behavior. In a numerical study we consider the cases of identical or diverse players and show interesting relationships between the main parameters of our model and comparisons with other alternatives discussed in the literature.

Altruism and participation costs in local redistribution

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the role played by the geographic distance between the poor and non‐poor in the local demand for income redistribution and, in particular, to provide an empirical test of the geographically limited altruism model proposed by Pauly, incorporating the possibility of participation costs associated with the provision of transfers.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the authors motivate the discussion by allowing for an “iceberg cost” as participation for the poor individuals in Pauly's original model. Next, using data from the 2000 Brazilian Census and a panel based on the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) from 2001 to 2007, the authors estimate the effect of the proximity between poor and non‐poor on the demand for redistribution.FindingsAll of the authors' distance‐related explanatory variables indicate that an increased proximity between poor and non‐poor is associated with better targeting of the programs (demand for redistribution). For instance, a one‐hour increase in the time spent commuting by the poor reduces the targeting by 3.158 percentage points. This result is similar to that of Ashworth et al., but is definitely not due to the program leakages. To empirically disentangle participation costs and spatially restricted altruism effects, an additional test is conducted using unique panel data based on the 2004 and 2006 PNAD, which assess the number of benefits and the average benefit value received by beneficiaries. The estimates suggest that both cost and altruism play important roles in the demand for redistribution and might reduce targeting in Brazil. Lastly, the results indicate that “size matters”; i.e. the budget for redistribution has a positive impact on targeting.Practical implicationsOur results suggest that a totally centralized supply of transfers may be more inefficient than local redistribution in terms of targeting, either due to higher participation costs or because of the eventual greater geographical distance between the national median voter and poor individuals. However, a partial role for the federal government, such as providing funds for redistribution, seems to improve targeting.Originality/valueIn particular, the paper provides an empirical test for the geographically limited altruism model proposed by Pauly, incorporating the possibility of participation costs associated with the provision of transfers. The authors motivate this discussion by adding the possibility of distance‐related “iceberg costs” of delivering benefits to poor individuals and show that these two effects of distance may act to lower the demand for transfers, making it difficult to distinguish between the two effects. These two effects of distance act by lowering the demand for transfers, making it difficult to disentangle the effect of altruism from the effect of cost. The authors' empirical strategy seems to allow to identify each of them and to provide a suggestion on whether it is advantageous to carry out redistribution at the local level.

Altruism and health outcomes in multiple sclerosis: The effect of cognitive reserve

Objective: Altruism and cognitive reserve (CR) are associated with better health and well-being. We investigated the independent and moderator effects of altruism and CR on health and well-being in multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: Secondary analysis of data (n = 859) from the North American Research Committee on MS registry. Outcomes: Performance Scales; Ryff Psychological Well-Being; Diener Life Satisfaction. Analyses: Hierarchical series of regression models adjusted for demographic covariates and stratified by neurologic disability. Hypotheses: Independent and moderator effects of altruism and CR on health and well-being. Results: Neither altruism nor passive CR had independent effects on functional health problems. Higher active CR was associated with fewer functional health problems. Altruism and active CR, but not passive CR, had significant main effects on well-being for all levels of disability. There were no moderator effects. Conclusions: Whereas altruism primarily impacted well-being, active CR was an important predictor of both functional health and well-being.

Patients' experiences of living beyond colorectal cancer: A qualitative study

Purpose of the researchThis paper is a report of a study of the experiences of individuals with colorectal cancer in the period following their cancer treatment and the physical, psychological and social aspects associated with adjusting to everyday life. Methods and sampleQualitative interviews using a phenomenological approach were conducted with a purposive sample of 13 individuals who had completed active curative treatment for colorectal cancer. ResultsStudy findings suggest that colorectal cancer survivors employ a broad range of techniques and approaches to manage adjustment to everyday life such as goal-setting, managing informal networks and adopting strategies for physical and emotional recovery. Personal interests were used to create a sense of meaning and through the cultivation of altruistic and utilitarian outlooks on life, positive emotional gains were obtained. ConclusionsColorectal cancer survivors employ personal strategies for managing life in the survivorship period following cancer treatment. The study findings demonstrate additional areas for exploration such as the effect of altruism on adjustment and the relationship to other groups of cancer survivors.