Effect Of Acrylic Acid Research Articles

Effect of acrylic acid on water‐whitening resistance of polyacrylate latex films and its mechanism

AbstractTwo groups of polyacrylate latexes with higher (21 ~ 35 °C) or lower (−33 ~ −43 °C) glass transition temperatures (Tg) were prepared by adjusting the monomer ratio of butyl acrylate (BA) and styrene (St), and the effect of acrylic acid (AA) on water‐whitening resistance of these latex films was investigated. It was found that the water‐whitening resistance of the two groups of latex films was different. With the increase of AA content, the water whitening resistance of the latex films with higher Tg continued to improve, while that of the latex films with lower Tg increased first and then decreased. A series of characterizations, such as light transmittance, water whitening, water absorption, static water contact angle, surface morphology, and optical microscope test of the latex film, and so forth, showed that the reason for this difference was that under higher AA content (≥5%), compared with the polyacrylate latex films with lower Tg, the latex films with higher Tg could reach the saturation state of water absorption quickly, and water in these latex films exhibited continuous and large area distribution, rather than formation of many so‐called micro‐ or nano‐scale water sacs that can scatter light as found in the latex films with lower Tg.

Modification of CaCO3 nanoparticle by styrene-acrylic polymer emulsion spraying and its application in polypropylene material

A novel CaCO3 nanoparticle modification method by a styrene-acrylic polymer emulsion (SAPE) was introduced. The self-made SAPE was sprayed into the nano-CaCO3 slurry system, and SAPE chains were encapsulated onto the CaCO3 nanoparticle surface. The modified CaCO3 nanoparticle mechanism was discussed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that the SAPE chain was anchored on the nano-CaCO3 surface by the reaction of the SAPE carboxyl group with the hydroxyl group on the CaCO3. The effect of acrylic acid (AA) amount on the activation degree and oil absorption of CaCO3/SAPE composite nanoparticles was investigated. The amount of AA was 2%, and the activation degree and oil absorption of the product were optimal. The estimated grafting efficiency of the CaCO3/SAPE composite nanoparticles was 90.5% when the amount of acrylamide (AAM) was 1.5%. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the CaCO3 nanoparticles could be dispersed uniformly in polypropylene (PP) film and formed a closed integration by SAPE-modified CaCO3. The styrene-acrylic polymer chains that were grafted on the CaCO3 nanoparticle surface could improve the compatibility between the CaCO3 nanoparticles and PP matrix. The PP composite film with modified CaCO3 nanoparticles had a higher tensile strength than that of pure CaCO3 nanoparticles, which can improve the mechanical properties of the PP material.

Effect of acrylic acid on the mechanical properties of PVA/ starch blend films

Grafting polymers based on acrylic acid (AA) with blend copolymer were synthesized with different ratio of AA (0.125, 0.25 and 0.5% by mass of blend copolymer) using ammonium persulfate as an initiator. The blend copolymer (PVA/S) was prepared by blending poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with starch (S) in ratio (1: 1 wt.%), in presence of glacial acetic acid as a catalyst. The obtained polymers (PVA/S/AA) were characterized by FT-IR, TGA, DTG, SEM and mechanical test. The results showed that the mechanical properties of blend films are strongly dependent on the AA. Moreover, an increase in the ratio of AA in grafted polymers, increase thermal stability, tensile strength and elongation at break.

Adsorption of Nickel Ion in Aqueous Using Rubber-Based Hydrogel

This work reports about a rubber-based hydrogel from liquid natural rubber (LNR) and acrylic acid (AAc) by using potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator and N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinking agent. The structure, stability, and morphology of the hydrogel were confirmed by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscope. The optimisation of the swelling capacity and Ni2+ removal percentage by the rubber-based hydrogel was conducted by using 5-level-2-factor response surface methodology. The effect of AAc:LNR ratio (0.59–3.41 g/g) and MBA concentration (0.02–0.23 M) parameters was studied with constant KPS concentration (0.05 M) used. Quadratic models for both responses (swelling and Ni2+ removal percentage) were successfully developed by using statistical analysis. The swelling degree and Ni2+ removal percentage of hydrogel were improved when high AAc:LNR ratio and lower MBA concentration were used. The R2 values for these quadratic models were 0.9891 and 0.9939 (swelling and Ni2+ removal percentage), respectively, which showed that the models were well-fitted with the experimental data. From the analysis, the optimum conditions for maximum swelling capacity (1181.90%) and Ni2+ removal percentage (26.74%) were hydrogel with AAc:LNR ratio 3.00 g/g and 0.05 M of MBA.

Influence of carbon nanofiber functionalization and compatibilizer on the physical properties of carbon nanofiber reinforced polypropylene nanocomposites

The effect of acrylic acid (AA) and amine alcohol (DMAE) functionalization via plasma of carbon nanofibers (CNF) on physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene‐CNF nanocomposites prepared by melt mixing was studied. The behavior of these functionalized CNF via plasma was compared with a CNF functionalized by oxidation with a mixture of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3). Two different types of compatibilizers were used: an amine alcohol modified PP (PPgDMAE) and a maleic anhydride grafted PP (PPgMA). The CNF functionalization was evidenced by Raman spectroscopy, comparing the ratio of peaks at 1371 and at 1590 cm−1. Dispersion of the CNF was assessed using scanning microscopy, and the effect of the type of CNF functionalization on the dispersion was evidenced. A noticeable increase in thermal stability, mechanical and electrical properties and crystallization rate were observed. For example, the storage modulus when using PPgDMAE and AA functionalized CNF increased up to 48% over the control. The mechanical properties of flexural and impact strength showed an effective load transfer when using this CNF and compatibilizer system, which was attributed to the better functionalized CNF dispersion and the strong interactions between this CNF and the polymer matrix. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:3575–3585, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

The Effect of Acrylic Acid on Tensile and Morphology Properties of Wollastonite Filled High Density Polyethylene/Natural Rubber Composites

Inorganic filler manufactured for incorporation into thermoplastic elastomers usually are surface treated with organic reagents in order to improve the interfacial adhesion between filler and the matrix. In the present paper, the effects of acrylic acid (AA) on tensile and morphology properties of wollastonite (WS) filled high density polyethylene (HDPE)/Natural Rubber (NR) composites were studied. The untreated and treated HDPE/NR/WS composites were melt-blending at 180°C with rotor speed of 50rpm for 10minutes. The composites were tensile-tested according to ASTM D638 and the etched surfaces were observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Tensile strength and elongation at break of the compositesdecreased upon the addition of wollastonite, but Young's modulus improves. The results of this study showed that the treated composites are found to have better tensile properties than the untreated composites. The morphology of treated composite showed better interfacial interaction between HDPE/NR and wollastonite.

Studies on the effect of Acrylic acid & Methyl-meth-acrylate monomers on the Viscoelastic behavior of Divinylester resin of Bisphenol-A UV cured sheets

Tg is important both as a measure of the degree of cure and for prediction of viscoelastic behavior of cured sheets DMA is an extremely versatile thermal analysis method that provides as much information about the physical properties of a sample in a single test. At the glass transition, the storage modulus decreases dramatically and the loss modulus reaches a maximum. In the present work, Vinyl ester resin based UV cured sheets were casted and analyzed for glass transition temperature with the help of DMTA. The thermal stability of the casted sheets was studied with derivative weight loss curves obtained through simultaneous TGA/DTA thermograms. The glass transition temperatures of the casted UV Cured sheets were found between 61-77 0 C corresponding to maximum tan delta values. On the basis of the findings presented in this article, it can be concluded that the glass transition temperature is decreasing on increasing the acrylic acid and methyl methacrylate concentration in UV curable formulations, which is indicating a decrease in degree of crosslinking but on the other hand mechanical properties have shown a remarkable increase. The specific gravity of the sheets was found in the range 1.46-1.21. However, after crosslinking with acrylate monomers, thermal stability of these UV cured sheets is increasing and hence the sheets could withstand relatively high temperatures without significantly affecting other properties. The average molecular weight between the cross links (Mc) of the cured formulations was also calculated from equilibrium shear modulus at thermodynamic temperature of 25 0 C and compared with theoretical values.

Surface Modification of Sunn Hemp Fibers Using Acrylation, Peroxide and Permanganate Treatments: A Study of Morphology, Thermal Stability and Crystallinity

In the present article, we have reported the acrylation, peroxide and permanganate treatments of sunn hemp cellulose fibers using acrylic acid, benzoyl peroxide and potassium permanganate, respectively. Effect of acrylic acid, benzoyl peroxide and potassium permanganate on surface morphology, thermal stability and crystalline behavior was studied. FTIR spectra showed an additional peak at 1733.63 cm−1 due to carboxylic group of acrylic acid, which confirms the acrylation of sunn hemp fibers. Acrylation results in enhanced thermal stability and crystallinity of fibers, whereas, peroxide and permanganate treatments result in decreased thermal stability and crystallinity of sunn hemp fibers.

Chemically Cross‐Linked Poly(acrylic‐co‐vinylsulfonic) Acid Hydrogel for the Delivery of Isosorbide Mononitrate

We report synthesis, characterization, and drug release attributes of a series of novel pH-sensitive poly(acrylic-co-vinylsulfonic) acid hydrogels. These hydrogels were prepared by employing free radical polymerization using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and benzyl peroxide (BPO) as cross-linker and initiator, respectively. Effect of acrylic acid (AA), polyvinylsulfonic acid (PVSA), and EGDMA on prepared hydrogels was investigated. All formulations showed higher swelling at high pHs and vice versa. Formulations containing higher content of AA and EGDMA show reduced swelling, but one with higher content of PVSA showed increased swelling. Hydrogel network was characterized by determining structural parameters and loaded with isosorbide mononitrate. FTIR confirmed absence of drug polymer interaction while DSC and TGA demonstrated molecular dispersion of drug in a thermally stable polymeric network. All the hydrogel formulations exhibited a pH dependent release of isosorbide mononitrate which was found to be directly proportional to pH of the medium and PVSA content and inversely proportional to the AA contents. Drug release data were fitted to various kinetics models. Results indicated that release of isosorbide mononitrate from poly(AA-co-VSA) hydrogels was non-Fickian and that the mechanism was diffusion-controlled.

Effect of acrylic acid on the properties of polyvinylpyrrolidone hydrogel prepared by the application of gamma radiation

Effect of acrylic acid on the properties of polyvinylpyrrolidone hydrogel prepared by the application of gamma radiation

Effect of Acrylic Acid Treated Rice Husk Silica on Properties of Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) Composites

In this work, rice husk silica (RHS), obtained from rice husk waste, was used as a reinforcing filler for preparing PBAT composites. In order to facilitate interfacial adhesion between PBAT matrix and RHS filler, the RHS surface was treated with acrylic acid (AA) at a reaction temperature of 140°C. The RHS to AA weight ratio was fixed while the reaction times were varied between 3-24 h. TGA results and FTIR spectra indicated the appearance of AA molecules on RHS surface. Untreated RHS (U-RHS) and AA treated RHS (AA-RHS) were used to produce PBAT composites. The filler content was 30 wt%. Tensile properties and impact strength of AA-RHS/PBAT composites were higher than those of U-RHS/PBAT composite. As revealed by SEM micrographs, AA-RHS was well dispersed in PBAT matrix and the interfacial adhesion between RHS surface and PBAT matrix was improved.

The Potential Use of Roselle as a Novel Graft Copolymer

Methyl acrylate (MA) was graft copolymerized onto Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) stem fiber and used to explore the additive effect of acrylic acid (AA), vinyl acetate (VA), and 2-vinyl pyridine (2-VP) on percentage grafting and change in the properties, in binary vinyl monomeric mixtures. The graft copolymers were characterized by advanced techniques and evaluated for physicochemical changes. With increase in percentage grafting, there was an increase in physicochemicothermal resistance, hydrophobicity, and miscibility with organic solvents as a result of morphological transformation in these novel biomaterials. However, cellulose form I remained unchanged. These modified graft copolymer procured from waste biomass can have numerous scientific applications.

Effect of acrylic acid on the physical properties of UV-cured poly(urethane acrylate- co-acrylic acid) films for metal coating

UV-cured poly(urethane acrylate- co-acrylic acid) (PU- co-AA) films with five different compositions were prepared by reacting isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), polycaprolactone triol (PCLT), 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), and different weight ratios of trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and acrylic acid (AA) as diluents. Their synthesis and physical properties including gel content, adhesion properties, morphological structure, thermal properties, and mechanical hardness were investigated as a function of the AA content. It was found that the physical properties of the PU- co-AA films are strongly dependent upon the AA content. Crosscut tests showed that PU- co-AA films with lower AA content showed 0% adhesion (0B), and the adhesion of films increased dramatically as the AA content increased to 40–50%. The pull-off measurements showed that the adhesion force of the PU- co-AA films to stainless steel substrates varied from 6 to 31 kg f/cm 2 and increased linearly with increasing AA content. PU- co-AA films with higher AA content can be good candidates for UV-curable coating of metal substrates such as stainless steel. However, the thermal stabilities and mechanical hardness decreased with increasing AA content, which results from the relatively linear and flexible structure of AA.

Investigation of Inhibition Effect of Acrylic acid on C-Steel Corrosion in Sulfuric Acid Solutions

Acrylic acid was tested as a corrosion inhibitor for C-steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 using gasometry, weight loss, and galvanostatic polarization techniques. Polymeric film is built up by cyclic voltammetry technique. The potentiodynamic polarization is used to examine the inhibition effect with the coated polymeric film. The data obtained from the different techniques coincide in that acrylic acid is a good mixed-type inhibitor. The inhibition process is based on the adsorption of acrylic acid on the surface of C-steel according to Temkin’s adsorption isotherm. The inhibition efficiency increases with inhibitor concentration and decreases with temperature. The thermodynamic parameters ΔE, ΔH*, ΔS*, and ΔG*ads were calculated to elaborate the mechanism of corrosion inhibition.

Effect of acrylic acid and hydroxyethyl methacrylate modified nano-SiO2 particles on poly(methyl methacrylate-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) soap-free emulsion polymerization

Nano-SiO2 powder was modified with acrylic acid (AA) and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), respectively. The kinetics of the soap-free emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and HEMA in the presence of unmodified or modified nano-SiO2 particles was investigated. The structure of the nano-SiO2 particles and the Poly(MMA-HEMA) composite emulsion was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FT-IR). The particle size and size distribution of the emulsion, the morphology of emulsion particle, the surface tension, and ionic conductivity of these systems before and after polymerization were determined. The IR spectra showed that the organic modifiers were incorporated onto the surface of the nano-particles. In addition, the solid content and monomer conversion of the Poly(MMA-HEMA) composite emulsion with modified nano-SiO2 are higher than that with original inorganic particles. The particle size became smaller and the particle distribution narrowed after applying the modified nano-SiO2 particles. The SEM observation demonstrated that the shapes of these emulsion particles were uniform sphere. The surface tension and ionic conductivity increased significantly after polymerization.

Reinforcement of Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Rubber/Samarium Borate and Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Rubber/Sb-doped SnO2 Composites by Three Types of Ethylene—Acrylic Acid: Assessment of Acrylic Acid Content on Crystallinity, Cure, Mechanical, and Electric Properties

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of acrylic acid (AA) content of ethylene—acrylic acid copolymers (EAA) and pH level of filler particles on reinforcement of peroxide-cured ethylene—propylene—diene rubber (EPDM)/samarium borate (SmBO3) and EPDM/ Sb-doped SnO 2 (ATO) composites. It was found that EAA could reinforce EPDM by both crystallization and hydrogen bonds formed among carboxyl groups at room temperature, whereas at 180°C EAA could melt and hydrogen bonds would dissociate, both of which could enhance fluidity of gum and facilitate the processing. During vulcanization, carboxylic acid groups could dehydrate among molecules to increase crosslink density. Moreover, the alkaline SmBO3 could neutralize the carboxyl acid and makes dicumyl peroxide more likely to decompose into radicals than in the presence of acidic ATO, which endows EPDM with more crosslink density. After vulcanization, reinforcement of EPDM could be affected by the interaction of crystallinity of EAA, the formed hydrogen bonds and the amount of crosslink points. Surface and volume resistivity of EPDM composites would be reduced because of more conductive channels caused by the rising AA content. Dielectric properties would be affected by the interaction of polar groups and crosslink density.

Effect of acrylic acid on the properties of recycled poly(vinyl chloride)/acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber blends

AbstractThe effect of acrylic acid (AAc) on the torque, stabilization torque, mechanical energy, swelling behavior, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and morphological characteristics of recycled poly(vinyl chloride)/acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (PVCr/NBR) blends was studied. The blends were melt mixed at a temperature of 150°C and rotor speed of 50 rpm. AAc was used to improve the compatibility of PVCr/NBR blends. Virgin PVCv/NBR blends were prepared to provide a comparison. It was found that PVCr/NBR + AAc blends exhibit higher stabilization torque, mechanical energy, stress at peak, and stress at 100% elongation, but lower elongation at break and swelling index than those of PVCr/NBR and PVCv/NBR blends. SEM study of the tensile fracture surfaces of the blends indicated that the presence of AAc increased the interfacial interaction between PVCr and NBR phases, thus improving the compatibility between PVCr and NBR phases. However, thermal gravimetry analysis of the blends showed that the presence of AAc decreased the thermal stability of PVCr/NBR blends. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2181–2191, 2005

Corrosive effect of acrylic acid on magnetic head and media of an operating hard disk drive

Magnetic heads and media in a magnetic hard disk drive are often attacked by corrosive gases, such as hydrochloric acid, sulphur dioxide and acrylic acid, ect. In this paper, we investigate the corrosion progress of heads and media subject to contact-start-stop (CSS) operation under diluted acrylic acid vapor attack. It is found that under elevated temperature and humidity, acrylic acid vapor not only accelerates the magnetic hard disk media corrosion rate at carbon overcoat pinhole locations, but also induces new corrosion products such as cobalt acrylate and nickel acrylate. Different corrosion pattern at tribological contact area and non-contact area in an operating hard disk drive are observed and the related corrosion mechanism is discussed. This paper presents a view of corrosion products and corrosion progress at the different locations of magnetic heads and media under the diluted acrylic acid vapor attack in an operating hard disk drive.

Production of D-(--)-3-hydroxyalkanoic acid by recombinant Escherichia coli.

Pathways for extracellular production of chiral D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid (3HB) and D-(-)-3-hydroxyalkanoic acid (mcl-3HA) were constructed by co-expression of genes of beta-ketothiolase (phbA), acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (phbB) and 3-hydroxyacyl-ACP CoA transacylase (phaG), respectively, in Escherichia coli strain DH5alpha. The effect of acrylic acid and glucose on production of both 3HB and mcl-3HA was investigated. It was found that the addition of acrylic acid significantly increased production of 3HB and mcl-3HA consisting of 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid and 3-hydroxydecanoic acid in a ratio of 1:3 from 199 mg x l(-1) to 661 mg x l(-1) and from 27 mg x l(-1) to 135 mg x l(-1), respectively, in shake flask studies when glucose was present in the medium at the very beginning of fermentation. The timing of glucose addition had no effect on 3HB production. In contrast, mcl-3HA production was affected by glucose addition, an mcl-3HA concentration of 193 mg x l(-1) was obtained when glucose was added to the culture at 12 h. A more than seven-fold increase was obtained when compared with that in medium containing glucose at the beginning of fermentation. However, a decrease in production of 3HB and mcl-3HA was found when glucose was added at 12 h to the culture containing acrylic acid. The repressive effect of acrylic acid on acetic acid production was also evaluated and discussed.