Teaching Effectiveness Research Articles

Exploring medical educators’ perspectives on teaching effectiveness and student learning

BackgroundMedical education in resource-constrained settings such as Pakistan faces significant challenges, including large class sizes, limited resources, and reliance on traditional teacher-centered pedagogies. These factors hinder effective learning and fail to equip students with the critical thinking and practical skills essential for modern medical practice. Educators play a fundamental role in shaping student experiences but often struggle to adopt student-centred methodologies due to insufficient training, resource limitations, and institutional constraints. This study aimed to explore medical educators’ teaching approaches, their perceptions of their effectiveness, and the challenges they face in implementing modern pedagogical techniques.MethodsA sequential explanatory mixed-method study was conducted. First, the Approaches to Teaching Inventory (ATI) was administered to 130 medical and dental educators in Karachi, Pakistan (71% response rate, n = 93), assessing teacher-centered (Information Transmission/Teacher-Focused, ITTF) versus student-centered (Conceptual Change/Student-Focused, CCSF) approaches. Second, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 educators purposively selected from the initial sample. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS and Mann-Whitney U tests. Qualitative data were subjected to thematic analysis to identify key themes.ResultsThe quantitative results demonstrated that educators often use a blended teaching approach. No significant gender differences were found in teaching experience or teacher-centric scores; however, female educators scored higher on the student-centric approach (p = 0.001). Qualitative analysis identified themes: (1) teachers as catalysts for student transformation, emphasising mentorship and practical learning; (2) curriculum challenges and the need for faculty development, highlighting dissatisfaction with outdated curricula and assessments focused on rote memorisation; and (3) teaching practices advocating for interactive methods and continuous assessment aligned with practical clinical skills. Educators expressed a desire for faculty development programs to support student-centered learning.ConclusionsMedical educators recognise the importance of student-centred approaches but face significant challenges due to institutional pressures, outdated curricula, and inadequate assessment methods. There is a critical need for curriculum reform, adoption of continuous formative assessments, and faculty development programs to enhance teaching effectiveness. Institutions should promote environments that value pedagogical excellence and support innovative teaching practices. Aligning educators’ perceptions with actual teaching practices is essential to improve medical education and prepare students for professional practice.

Flipped classroom-based application of Peyton’s four-step approach in standardized training of ultrasound residents for thyroid and cervical lymph node zoning

Background To investigate whether combining the flipped classroom approach with Peyton’s four-step method can enhance teaching effectiveness in ultrasound (US) zoning of the thyroid and cervical lymph nodes for standardized residency training. Methods A total of 66 resident training students were randomly divided into a control group and an observation group. The control group received traditional teaching methods, including “see one, do one” learning, lecture-based learning (LBL), and case-based learning (CBL). The observation group was taught using Peyton’s four-step teaching method, the flipped classroom approach, and CBL. Assessments were conducted through skill operation and clinical case analysis. A questionnaire survey was used to evaluate student satisfaction. Assessment scores and questionnaire ratings between the two teaching methods were compared. Results 1) Assessment results demonstrated higher scores in skill operation and clinical case analysis for the observation group compared to the control group [(87.64 ± 3.72) vs. (80.48 ± 5.92) points, (87.94 ± 4.46) vs. (82.85 ± 4.24) points]. 2) The questionnaire survey indicated that resident trainees taught using Peyton’s four-step method showed greater improvement in learning interest [(4.61 ± 0.57) vs. (3.70 ± 0.85) points] and experienced reduced exam pressure compared to the control group [(4.52 ± 0.62) vs. (3.21 ± 0.70) points]. These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Peyton’s four-step approach combined with the flipped classroom method improved resident training students’ scores in skill operation and clinical case analysis for ultrasound zoning of the thyroid and cervical lymph nodes. It also stimulated learning interest and alleviated exam pressure, making it an effective teaching method for enhancing standardized US training outcomes in resident education.

Employing Simulated Participants to Develop Communication Skills in Medical Education: A Systematic Review.

Simulated participants (SPs) are often employed to teach communication skills in medical education. Although there is a large number of qualitative and/or noncomparative studies in this field, there is no current evidence for the effectiveness of this teaching method based on quantitative comparative meta-data. The aim of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of SP-based teaching on patient-centered communication skills in medical education compared with traditional teaching formats such as lecture or peer role play focusing on quantitative and comparative data. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines, we searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and ERIC databases for relevant studies published through February 2023. We also conducted hand searches and ancestry searches. Of the 8523 publications identified, 21 studies with 2500 participants and a Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument score of 13.7 (SD = 1.3, N = 21) were included in the synthesis. Ten studies were eligible for meta-analysis. The pooled effect for communication skills outcomes suggests a medium effect preferring SP-based teaching to traditional teaching formats (standardized mean difference = 0.74, 95% confidence interval = 0.37 to 1.11, I2 = 95%, n = 2061). The heterogeneity is high among the analyzed studies. Further analysis reveals great differences among the studies' characteristics (population, objectives, interventions, control group settings, and outcome measurements).

Beyond traditional teaching: a systematic review of innovative pedagogical practices in higher education

Background Pedagogical best practices play a pivotal role in ensuring the academic success of students within the higher education landscape. This study aims to systematically synthesize innovative pedagogical best practices within the university context. Methods We conducted a thorough systematic review using the rigorous PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) methodology. Our review involved comprehensive searches of scientific databases, including Eric, Scopus, and Proquest, covering both Spanish and English publications. We strategically employed Boolean operators like AND and OR to create a robust search equation. Our primary research question guiding this investigation was: “What innovative pedagogical practices have been developed in university settings to improve teaching and learning effectiveness?” This central question led us to delve deeply into the strategies utilized, pedagogical approaches adopted, and the noticeable impact achieved after their implementation. Additionally, we carefully established stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria in accordance with PRISMA guidelines to ensure methodological rigor. Results A total of 25 scholarly articles that met the pre-established criteria were meticulously identified and included in this systematic review. The results were thoughtfully categorized into three distinct teaching strategies: the first emphasizing student-centered approaches, the second showcasing the integration of educational technology, and the third highlighting evaluation and feedback methodologies. Conclusions This systematic exploration of pedagogical best practices underscores their paramount importance in driving continuous improvement in teacher training and fostering innovation within the educational arena. Such practices not only create an engaging and effective learning environment but also set the stage for ongoing advancements in the teaching and learning processes.

Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence in the Interrelationship of Elementary School Teachers’ Social Skills and Social Competence

Teachers’ emotional intelligence is one of the prime indicators of their improved social skill and social competence at workplace. Due to rapid changes in the current times, the role of school teachers has become very challenging. Different factors affect their teaching effectiveness. Emotional intelligence is one such important factor which has been less explored in the context of elementary education. The present study examines how emotional intelligence mediates the relations of social skills and social competence of teachers. A total of 210 teachers participated in the study from elementary schools of Punjab, Pakistan. A quantitative measure was administered to collect data on five-point Likert type scale. Mean score Pearson’s r, regression and path analysis were conducted to analyze the data. The results showed a high mean score which was above 4.00 for teachers’ emotional intelligence, social skills and social competence. The correlation between all the three variables indicated social skills having significant correlation with social competence (r value=.766 and p< 0.000), social skills with emotional intelligence (r value = .802 and p<0.000) and social competence with emotional intelligence (r value =.805 and p<0.000). The study showed that emotional intelligence partially mediated the relationships between social skills and social competency. Based on the results it is concluded that emotional intelligence is a strong predictor of social skills and social competence of teachers in elementary education context.

PENGABDIAN DAN PENGAJARAN PENDIDIKAN ANAK USIA DINI DI TK AL-ARHAM DESA NAGORI SILULUH HUTA 3

This research aims to examine the effectiveness of service and teaching carried out by students at the North Sumatra State Islamic University, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, Early Childhood Education Study Program at Al-Arham Kindergarten, Negori Siluluh Huta 3 Sigogar Village. Community service through early childhood education (PIAUD) is a form of academic assistance in improving the quality of elementary level education. This service and teaching activity aims to increase the competency of kindergarten teachers in implementing learning methods that are creative, innovative and appropriate to the developmental needs of early childhood. The program implemented includes teacher training on a scientific approach, which means the learning process has been designed in such a way that students are more active in learning, then there is also game-based learning, as well as strengthening character education in early childhood. Apart from that, counseling is also provided to parents to support children's development at home. The results of this program show an increase in teachers' knowledge and skills in teaching as well as increased collaboration between the school and parents in supporting children's development. The implications of this activity are expected to be able to create a more effective and enjoyable learning environment for children in kindergarten, as well as supporting their holistic development. This research uses a qualitative method using 3 stages in implementing community service activities, namely 1) Observation, 2) Interviews and 3) Data collection. Keywords : years Devotion, Teaching, Early childhood

Sculpting critical thinkers: A reflection on teaching policy analysis in a South African university

This reflective paper examines the critical thinking levels of final-year, final-semester public administration students at a South African university, using a case study approach. By engaging students in a structured case study, this paper also reveals the value of case-based methods in fostering critical thinking skills within the academic context. The case study challenged students to critically evaluate the dynamics of policy implementation in the context of public service delivery within South Africa. The lecture was designed to emphasize the importance of understanding the motivation behind specific policy formulation and highlight this as the guiding principle for their application in real life contexts. This paper presents reflections of this educational exercise, by exploring the depth of critical thinking and reasoning exhibited by the students as they considered the complexities of public service delivery in South Africa, emphasizing the significance of policy context and its influence on decision-making. Blooms Taxonomy (1956) is used to support the reflections in this regard. The findings of this activity reveal not only the effectiveness of the teaching methodology but also the extent to which students internalised the ethos behind policy creation and its role in shaping policy implementation. The paper underscores the importance of promoting critical thinking, problem-solving skills, as it relates to policy analysis. It also highlights the practical implications of this teaching method in preparing students for future roles in public service and policy development. Additionally, this paper contributes to the ongoing dialogue on enhancing teaching and learning effectiveness in South African universities, emphasizing the importance of engaging students in critical reflection.

Exploring Innovative Approaches to Integrate Child Development Theory in Primary Classrooms

As education reforms prioritize comprehensive skills over traditional knowledge transmission, the limitations of the "one-size-fits-all" teaching approach have become evident. Theoretical frameworks, including Piaget's cognitive development theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Gardner's multiple intelligences theory, provide valuable insights for tailoring instructional strategies to individual learning needs. This study explores the integration of child development theories into primary education, addressing the diverse cognitive, emotional, and social needs of students in contemporary classrooms. This research highlights innovative teaching methods grounded in these theories that can enhance student learning outcomes and support teachers' professional development. While the study identifies potential challenges in implementing these theories, particularly in resource-limited environments, it underscores the necessity for adaptable and innovative practices. Future research should focus on empirical studies to evaluate the practical applications of these theories across diverse educational settings, aiming to improve teaching effectiveness and student engagement.

Naked eye three-dimensional teaching assistant system applied to undergraduate medical imaging education: A pilot study.

The traditional approach of using PowerPoint (PPT) presentations in medical imaging theory classes hinders the spatial thinking ability of most students. Consequently, the learning outcomes are often unsatisfactory. This article proposes a naked eye three-dimensional (3D) medical imaging teaching assistant app based on augmented reality (AR) technology to enhance learning interest, teaching interaction, and effectiveness. The control group consisted of 50 undergraduate students from the 2018 clinical medicine major who receive traditional teaching, while the experimental group includes 52 undergraduate students from the 2019 cohort who utilize an AR-based naked eye 3D teaching assistant app in addition to traditional teaching methods. Based on Bloom's cognitive learning taxonomy (Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, and Create), corresponding teaching curricula and assessment methods were designed in order to achieve more in-depth learning of the curriculum. The evaluation of the teaching effectiveness between the two groups relied on exam scores and student satisfaction questionnaires, with statistical analyses conducted using t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test in SPSS. The experimental group and control group showed statistically significant differences in the theoretical examination scores (62.06 ± 3.06 vs. 59.82 ± 3.38), practical testing scores (22.90 ± 2.35 vs. 21.06 ± 2.65), and total scores (84.96 ± 4.58 vs. 80.88 ± 6.01). Likert scores showed the experimental group scored significantly higher in enjoyment, satisfaction, participation, efficiency, and understanding. They also reported high convenience scores for the app and desired continued use. The naked eye 3D teaching assistant system is an innovative and effective teaching model for undergraduate medical imaging education, enhancing student interest, student interaction, and teaching effectiveness and promising future applications.

Study on the Effectiveness of Experiential Teaching in Mental Health Education Courses in Higher Education

Experiential teaching, as an innovative instructional model, emphasizes the creation of authentic or simulated scenarios within the learning process, allowing students to gain insight and understanding of course content through direct experiences. This approach enables students to better comprehend and retain knowledge of mental health, enhancing their psychological resilience and self-regulation abilities. In this study, two freshman classes, with comparable pre-test results in psychological resilience, were selected as the subjects. The experimental group received a combination of experiential and lecture-based teaching, while the control group was taught solely through lectures. This research aims to explore the impact of experiential teaching in mental health courses on students' psychological resilience, ultimately contributing to improved quality and effectiveness of mental health education in higher education.

Design of Public Physical Education Curriculum Quality Evaluation System Based on the “5V” Characteristics of Computer Big Data

In order to improve the teaching effect of public physical education courses to the greatest extent and lay the foundation for the process of teaching reform, this paper puts forward the design of a public physical education course quality evaluation system based on the “5V” characteristics of computer big data. Analyze the characteristics of big data “5V” and study its application in public physical education courses; analyze the action estimation, prior, and update, failure recovery of public physical education course teaching, and get the three-dimensional visual positioning result of public physical education course teaching; collect the upper arm action image, extract the upper arm action image contour feature through edge contour detection, analyze the contour feature error characteristics, obtain the pixel component weighted value of the contour feature, further obtain the fuzzy error value of the upper arm action image contour feature through calculation, and according to the fuzzy error value, the design of public physical education course quality evaluation system is completed. The experimental results show that the average error recognition accuracy of the research method is 99.63%. The class hours are adjusted according to the proportion of disciplines, and the corresponding teaching plan is formulated. The accuracy of recommending internship posts for students is relatively high.

Enhancing Student Learning with Flipped Teaching and Retrieval Practice Integration.

Flipped teaching (FT) is an instructional approach centered around students, displacing traditional lectures from the classroom to make room for active learning. Retrieval practice can enhance content recall. This study investigated the effectiveness of lecture-style teaching (TT), FT, and a combination of retrieval practice with FT (FTR) in a physiology course over four consecutive semesters. Student performance in the FT (92.78p±3.93) and FTR (92.98p±3.73) methods surpassed that of the TT method (89.28p±4.67); p<0.01), with a notable correlation between science grade point averages and the instructional methods employed (p<0.01). Analysis of the impact of teaching methods on different segments of the class revealed higher scores for both upper and lower halves in the FT (95.78p±1.85 Upper; 89.52p±2.79 Lower) and FTR (95.95p±1.48 Upper; 89.89p±2.68 Lower) compared to the TT group (92.44p±1.76 Upper; 85.85p±4.43 Lower; p<0.0001). The gender-based evaluation indicated similar performance between male and female students across the teaching methods tested. Although survey data suggested a preference for TT (100%) over FT (58%) or FTR (85%), student performance contradicted this preference. These findings underscore the effectiveness of FT and FTR methods compared to traditional instructional modalities, with male and female students responding similarly to the teaching approaches. Despite student preferences favoring TT, actual performance indicates that FT and FTR methods enhance student learning outcomes.

Quality Teaching in Ekiti State Secondary Schools: An Application of Ordinal Logistic Regression

This study investigates the quality of teaching in secondary schools in Ekiti State, Nigeria, using ordinal logistic regression to examine the impact of teacher demographics and teaching practices on student performance. The research focuses on teachers from six selected secondary schools within Ado-Ekiti, comprising a sample of 295 educators. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered via Google Forms and shared on WhatsApp platforms of the respondents. The study analyzes factors such as age, gender, educational background, teaching experience, lesson planning, technology integration, teaching methods, assessment practices, feedback provision, and professional development. Descriptive statistics and ordinal logistic regression were employed to assess the significance of these variables on student performance outcomes. Results indicate that older teachers and female educators positively influence student performance, while frequent integration of technology and rigid lesson planning negatively impact outcomes. The study also finds that regular feedback and active student participation significantly enhance performance. However, attending professional development workshops and the availability of teaching resources showed unexpected negative associations with student performance, suggesting potential issues with the applicability or effectiveness of these resources and training. The study highlights the importance of adaptive teaching methods, supportive administrative practices, and active student engagement in improving educational quality. These findings provide valuable insights for policy makers and educators aiming to enhance teaching effectiveness and student learning in secondary schools in Ekiti State.

Amplifying Sound Intensity of Key Words in Discourse Promotes Memory in Female College Students.

The aim of this study was to determine whether amplification of key words in discourse helped to memorize the words. We tested the effect of 135 participants' memory for key words in the discourse after intensity amplification (0, 5, 7, 9, and 11 dB), and we also tested physiological indicators to measure attention levels in another 30 participants. Adobe Audition was used to modulate the intensity of key words, whereas E-prime technology was used to present speech stimuli and test the accuracy of the memory of the participants. The results showed that amplifying key word intensity by 9 dB led to a significant enhancement in memory, whereas there was no difference in self-reported naturalness between amplification of key word intensity in the 9 dB and nonamplified groups. Heart rate and skin conductance level of the subjects decreased with amplification of key word intensity in the 9-dB group, which indicated that this promoted the memory effect by enhancing attention. Our results demonstrate that amplifying the intensity of the key words by 9 dB is an effective strategy for promoting memory. This research provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the acoustic parameters of audio learning materials to achieve better teaching effects. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.27902643.

The number needed to teach: A framework for health professions education

What is the educational challenge? Health professions education is continually limited by financial resources with increasing demands for accountability. Judicious resource allocation across competing demands rests on frameworks for analyzing and comparing costs and outcomes. What are the proposed solutions? We suggest health professions educators use the number needed to teach (NNTe) for reporting and communicating such analyses for teaching and learning. What are the potential benefits to a wider global audience? The NNTe has the potential to improve reporting and understanding of effectiveness of teaching and learning, similar to how the number needed to treat (NNTr) has improved communication of the effectiveness of clinical interventions. Prior widespread understanding of NNTr will likely allow NNTe to be easily grasped by most clinical educators and those responsible for resource allocation decisions. This article describes the origins of and parallels between NNTr and NNTe, which summarizes and presents in concrete terms to educators, learners, and institutional leadership the investment required to prevent or produce a specific outcome. The calculation and interpretation of NNTe is demonstrated using examples from published real-world data, and its potential benefits, limitations and applications are explored. What are the next steps? Next steps include explorations of the variety of contexts and comparisons that can be interpreted using NNTe and its corollary, the Number Need to Harm, and how recipients interpret and act upon NNTe.

The teaching design and implementation of “Helicobacter pylori” in medical microbiology

Abstract Background Medical microbiology represents a fundamental core curriculum for medical students. In order to adapt to the cultivation of high-level medical talents under the guidance of the concept of holistic education, the focus of this course is on the development of scientific thinking and professionalism. This paper took the example of Helicobacter pylori, an important pathogen in the digestive system, addressing the teaching design of this chapter in medical microbiology. Teaching design The design of this chapter includes learning objectives, teaching content, teaching model and assessment. The learning objectives were designed under the outcome-based education philosophy, integrating the three dimensions of attitude, skill and knowledge. The content of this chapter is designed to integrate a number of key concepts, including systematic thinking, critical thinking, the One Health perspective, and the mission and responsibility of infectious disease prevention and control. Question-oriented online-and-offline blended teaching model was adopted, and a multi-objective assessment system was applied. Implementation A series of questions were designed before, during, and after the class. These questions served as the primary focus of learning, guiding students through various teaching activities, including online self-study, offline discussion and analysis, and online extended learning. Concurrently, the evaluation is integrated throughout the teaching process, with particular emphasis on formative and process evaluations. Conclusions This teaching design facilitated the achievement of learning objectives and optimized the teaching effect. The students’ self-assessment of their overall improvement in knowledge, skills and attitude, as well as their high level of satisfaction with the classroom environment, is presented herewith. The teaching design of this chapter has a particular demonstrative effect.

Effectiveness of Virtual Simulations Versus Mannequins and Real Persons in Medical and Nursing Education: Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Virtual simulation (VS) is a developing education approach with the recreation of reality using digital technology. The teaching effectiveness of VSs compared to mannequins and real persons (RPs) has never been investigated in medical and nursing education. This study aims to compare VSs and mannequins or RPs in improving the following clinical competencies: knowledge, procedural skills, clinical reasoning, and communication skills. Following Cochrane methodology, a meta-analysis was conducted on the effectiveness of VSs in pre- and postregistration medical or nursing participants. The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and Educational Resource Information Centre databases were searched to identify English-written randomized controlled trials up to August 2024. Two authors independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. All pooled estimates were based on random-effects models and assessed by trial sequential analyses. Leave-one-out, subgroup, and univariate meta-regression analyses were performed to explore sources of heterogeneity. A total of 27 studies with 1480 participants were included. Overall, there were no significant differences between VSs and mannequins or RPs in improving knowledge (standard mean difference [SMD]=0.08; 95% CI -0.30 to 0.47; I2=67%; P=.002), procedural skills (SMD=-0.12; 95% CI -0.47 to 0.23; I2=75%; P<.001), clinical reasoning (SMD=0.29; 95% CI -0.26 to 0.85; I2=88%; P<.001), and communication skills (SMD=-0.02; 95% CI: -0.62 to 0.58; I2=86%; P<.001). Trial sequential analysis for clinical reasoning indicated an insufficient sample size for a definitive judgment. For procedural skills, subgroup analyses showed that VSs were less effective among nursing participants (SMD=-0.55; 95% CI -1.07 to -0.03; I2=69%; P=.04). Univariate meta-regression detected a positive effect of publication year (β=.09; P=.02) on communication skill scores. Given favorable cost-utility plus high flexibility regarding time and space, VSs are viable alternatives to traditional face-to-face learning modalities. The comparative effectiveness of VSs deserves to be followed up with the emergence of new technology. In addition, further investigation of VSs with different design features will provide novel insights to drive education reform. PROSPERO CRD42023466622; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=466622.

Infusing Vibrancy into Science Learning through Weismann: An Educational Game for Learning Plants and Animals’ Reproduction Systems

This research endeavours to develop an educational game, Weismann, designed to enhance the engagement and effectiveness of teaching and learning about plants and animals’ reproduction systems. Named after August Friedrich Leopold Weismann, the pioneering scientist behind the germplasm theory, the game aims to infuse vibrancy into the learning experience. Adopting a Research and Development (R&amp;D) framework, the study employs sourced data from multiple channels, including expert validation assessment scales as well as science teachers and their students’ feedback on their practical experiences as users. The findings reveal Weismann to be highly valid, scoring 91.2, and remarkably practical, with teachers and students rating it at 95.9 and 83.9, respectively. These results affirm the game’s efficacy as a valuable tool for science education, offering a dynamic and effective approach to learning.

Breaking the silence: Unveiling the realities of communicative language teaching in China’s business English class

This qualitative study explores the perceptions of Chinese teachers and students regarding the implementation of communicative language teaching (CLT) in Business English (BE) courses. A total of 24 BE students and 14 teachers from 4 colleges in Sichuan, China, participated in the semi-structured interview. Furthermore, the researcher observed 16 BE courses to investigate the actual implementation of CLT by Chinese teachers and students. The findings indicate that adopting CLT in the context of BE in China remains challenging. While teachers and students generally hold positive views about CLT, classroom practices diverge significantly from CLT principles. Several challenges contribute to this misalignment, including the English proficiency levels of students and teachers, teaching facilities, class sizes, examination systems, textbooks, and teachers’ understanding of CLT. These challenges highlight a disconnect between CLT’s pedagogical goals and its practicality in the current landscape of Chinese BE education. The study emphasizes the need for comprehensive educational reforms to address these issues, aiming to bridge the gap between CLT’s theoretical ideals and effective implementation. Ultimately, this could enhance the communicative effectiveness of BE teaching in China.

A Conceptual Model of Learning Adaptability of Higher Vocational Students in China

Abstract Vocational education plays a crucial role in China’s education system, with higher vocational education being a pivotal and dynamic aspect of the country’s educational reform. Despite this, higher vocational students often struggle with lethargy and inadequate adaptation to their studies. This paper constructs a conceptual model of learning adaptability by systematically coding and analyzing textual materials, such as literature, research reports, news, and interviews, pertaining to learning adaptability using grounded theory. The aim is to address the diverse factors influencing learning adaptability. The research revealed that the fundamental categories shaping learning adaptability encompass students’ psychological, academic, and personal growth states. To enhance learning adaptability, proactive intervention is necessary within these core categories outlined in the model, guiding students to anticipate and understand the challenges they may encounter. Notably, there remains a dearth of theoretical research on the learning adaptability of higher vocational students. This study aims to significantly contribute to improving teaching effectiveness in this domain.