EEG Patterns In Children Research Articles

Electroencephalogram (EEG) based prediction of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using machine learning

“Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)” is a neuro-developmental disorder in children under 12 years old. Learning deficits, anxiety, depression, sensory processing disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder are the most frequent comorbidities of ADHD. This research focuses on ADHD in children, considering its common occurrence and frequent coexistence with other mental disorders. The study utilizes the resting-state open-eye “Electroencephalogram” (EEG) signals of 61 children with ADHD and 60 healthy children. Morphological and “Power Spectral Density” (PSD) features associated with ADHD are analysed and “Principal Component Analysis” (PCA) is employed to reduce data dimensionality. Classification algorithms including AdaBoost, “K-Nearest Neighbour” (KNN) classifier, Naive Bayes, and random forest are utilized, with the Bernoulli Naive Bayes classifier achieving the highest accuracy of 96%. This study found some relevant characteristics for classification at the frontal (F), central (C), and parietal (P) electrode placement sites. Finally, this reveals distinct EEG patterns in children with ADHD and the study provides a potential supplementary method for ADHD diagnosis.

Diagnostic utility of specific abnormal EEG patterns in children for determining epilepsy phenotype and presence of structural brain abnormalities

ObjectiveEstimate sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of EEG findings: centrotemporal spikes, photoparoxysmal response, asymmetric photic driving, and asymmetric sleep spindles, for epilepsy phenotype and presence of structural brain abnormalities. MethodsIn this case-control study we reviewed children referred for EEG over a 4-year period, with at least one of centrotemporal spikes, photoparoxysmal response, asymmetric photic driving, or asymmetric sleep spindles. This cohort was analyzed in combination with a research database of pediatric patients with seizures. ResultsCentrotemporal spikes had 100% sensitivity for childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes or atypical childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, but lower specificity (70%) and PPV (58%). Photoparoxysmal response had high specificity (92%) and NPV (92%) for genetic generalized epilepsy. Asymmetric photic driving had low sensitivity for structural brain abnormalities (17%), with specificity 80%. In contrast, asymmetric sleep spindles had much higher sensitivity and specificity, 44% and 97%, respectively. ConclusionsAlthough centrotemporal spikes are classically associated with childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, these discharges are seen in other conditions. Photoparoxysmal response is highly indicative of a genetic generalized epilepsy, though may be seen in other epilepsy phenotypes. Relative attenuation of sleep spindles is a more reliable indicator of structural brain malformation than asymmetric photic driving. SignificanceThe quantitative diagnostic utility of EEG findings should be considered when incorporating these results into clinical decision-making.

P.073 Diagnostic utility of specific abnormal EEG patterns in children

Background: CTS and PPR are common EEG findings that are classically associated with CECTS and GGE respectively. PPD and sleep spindles are physiologic phenomenon that occur in respond to intermittent photic stimulation and sleep respectively. Methods: We reviewed EEG studies with CTS, PPR, asymmetric PPD, or asymmetric sleep spindles. For CTS, we determined sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV for a diagnosis of CECTS. For PPR, we determined the same diagnostic outcome measures for a diagnosis of GGE or JME. For each of asymmetric PPD and asymmetric sleep spindles, we determined the same diagnostic outcome measures for the presence of a structural abnormality on brain MRI. Results: CTS had 83% specificity and 75% PPV in children with normal neurological examination. PPR had high specificity of 92% and NPV 92% for GGE; for JME, PPR also had high sensitivity (92%). Asymmetric PPD had low sensitivity for structural brain abnormalities (17%), with specificity 80%. In contrast, asymmetric sleep spindles had higher sensitivity and specificity, 44% and 97%, respectively. Conclusions: CTS are seen with CECTS and other conditions. PPR is highly indicative of a GGE, though may be seen other conditions. Relative attenuation of sleep spindles is a more reliable indicator of structural brain malformation than asymmetric PPD.

Speech Features and Electroencephalogram Parameters in 4- to 11-Year-Old Children.

The goal of the study is to investigate a correlation between different levels of speech organization, indicating the physiological processes of maturation of the vocal tract structures and brain regions associated with speech and language, and basic electroencephalogram (EEG) rhythms, reflecting the age-related dynamics of maturation of brain structures in children aged 4–11 years. The complex method of analysis, including EEG registration, clinical and spectral analysis of EEG; dichotic listening, identifying the profile of functional lateral asymmetry (PFLA), and phonemic hearing of the child; recording, linguistic, and acoustic analysis of child speech; and identification of speech characteristics reflecting the formation of its different levels, was used. Two complementary experimental series were conducted: the correlation between EEG parameters, speech features, dichotic listening, the PFLA, and phonemic hearing of the child in the age dynamics of 4–11 years (first); the specificity of EEG patterns in children at different stages of reading skills formation (second). The result of this study showed the correlation between acoustic and linguistic features of child speech and brain activity. The analysis of EEG and acoustic features of child speech revealed the correlation between pitch and pitch range values in spontaneous speech and theta-rhythm intensity in EEG. High values of pitch and its variation in younger children (4–6 years) are related to the intensity of theta rhythm in the EEG pattern, as this rhythm is most expressed in younger children. It was revealed that the alpha rhythm is asymmetrically localized in children with clear pronunciation of words (which determines the intelligibility of their speech) that is typical for 6.5- to 11-year-old children. The formation of reading skills in a child is associated with a change in the characteristics of the alpha rhythm—from irregular, unstable, low frequency, and low amplitude in children at the beginning of reading skills mastering to medium and low amplitude, regular, asymmetrically localized in children reading words and phrases. The specifics of the relation between brain activity and different levels of speech formation at different child’s age periods are discussed.

Seizure increases electroencephalographic abnormalities in children with tuberculous meningitis

Background<br />Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a severe intracranial infection with fatal outcomes, permanent disabilities, and electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities. Seizures may occur in TBM. The EEG findings in TBM vary according to the site of the inflammatory process. There are few studies describing the EEG patterns and clinical manifestations of TBM. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between clinical findings and EEG patterns in children with TBM. <br /><br />Methods<br />A study of cross-sectional design using medical records was conducted on 12 children with TBM, with their EEG patterns classified as abnormal and normal. Clinical manifestations such as seizures, altered consciousness, headache or fever were collected. A positive cerebrospinal fluids Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture was considered to indicate definitive TBM. Abnormal EEG descriptions were classified into abnormal I, II or III. Correlation between EEG pattern and clinical manifestation were analyzed with Fisher’s exact test. <br /><br />Results<br />The study found cases of 12 children with TBM, the majority presenting with seizures, decreased consciousness and fever. Abnormal EEGs were found in 75% of children and 77% of them showed epileptogenic activities. The EEG results mostly described epileptogenic potentials in the frontotemporal region. There was a significant correlation between EEG abnormality and seizures in children with TBM (p<0.05).<br /><br />Conclusions<br />The EEG pattern in children with TBM varies, and EEG abnormalities were more frequently localized in the frontotemporal region. Seizures were associated with EEG abnormalities in children with TBM. EEG abnormalities occurring simultaneously with seizures may predict the occurrence of seizures.

Generalized periodic epileptiform discharges in critically ill children: Clinical features, and outcome

Generalized periodic epileptiform discharges (GPDs) are a specific periodic EEG pattern, reported as having a poor clinical outcome. The incidence and clinical implications of this EEG pattern in children are not known. In this study, we examined the clinical features of children with GPDs. EEG-video monitoring reports of children with critical illness in the intensive care unit were retrospectively reviewed to detect GPDs. The clinical history, hospital course and seizure characteristics were reviewed and outcome was based on the clinical findings at hospital discharge. Twenty one children (age 2-18 years) were identified with GPDs. The most common underlying etiology was encephalitis (N=11). At the time of EEG, a continuous intravenous infusion (cIV) of an anticonvulsant drug was used to treat refractory status epilepticus (RSE). Non-convulsive seizures (NCS) were identified in 15, and clinical seizures in 13 children after GPDs were detected. GPDs occurred after a dose reduction in the cIV in 43%. Neuroimaging done in 16 children showed an acute change in 13/16 (81%) and chronic changes in 2/16 (13%). Five children (23%) died. Seven (33%) children had a favorable outcome, whereas the remaining children had a moderate to severe disability at the time of hospital discharge. GPDs are seen during the course of RSE in critically ill children and are associated with seizure recurrence. A lower mortality rate occurs in children with GPDs compared to adult counterparts, likely related to different etiologies. Although the significance of GPDs must be determined within the context of the clinical situation, GPDs suggest a still active epileptic process.

Anesthetic‐specific electroencephalographic patterns during emergence from sevoflurane and isoflurane in infants and children

Devices that monitor the depth of anesthesia are increasingly used to titrate sedation and avoid awareness during anesthesia. Many of these monitors are based upon electroencephalography (EEG) collected from large adult reference populations and not pediatric populations (Anesthesiology, 86, 1997, 836; Journal of Anaesthesia, 92, 2004, 393; Anesthesiology, 99, 2003, 34). We hypothesized that EEG patterns in children would be different from those previously reported in adults and that they would show anesthetic-specific characteristics. This prospective observational study was approved by the Institutional Review Board, and informed written consent was obtained. Patients were randomized to receive maintenance anesthesia with isoflurane or sevoflurane. EEG data collection included at least 10 min at steady-state maintenance anesthesia. The EEG was recorded continuously through emergence until after extubation. A mixed model procedure was performed on global and regional power by pooled data analysis and by analyzing each anesthetic group separately. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05. Thirty-seven children completed the study (ages 22 days-3.6 years). Isoflurane and sevoflurane had different effects on global and regional EEG power during emergence from anesthesia, and frontal predominance patterns were significantly different between these two anesthetic agents. The principal finding of the present study was that there are anesthetic-specific and concentration-dependent EEG effects in children. Depth-of-anesthesia monitors that utilize algorithms based on the EEGs of adult reference populations therefore may not be appropriate for use in children.

Changing ictal-onset EEG patterns in children with cortical dysplasia

Purpose Cortical dysplasia (CD) is intrinsically epileptogenic. We hypothesize that CDs clinically emerging in the early developing brain tend to extend into multifocal or larger epileptic networks to pronounce intractability in contrast to CDs which clinically emerge at a later age. Methods We evaluated the spatial and temporal profiles of ictal-onset EEG patterns in children with histopathologically confirmed CD. We designated Group A as children with changing ictal-onset EEG patterns over time, and Group B without change. We compared seizure profiles, consecutive scalp video-EEGs (VEEGs), MRI, MEG, and surgical outcomes. Results We found 14 children consisting of 10 Group A patients (7 girls) and 4 Group B patients (all boys). Eight (80%) Group A patients had their seizure onset < 5 years while all Group B patients had seizure onset ⩾ 5 years ( p < .05). Changes of ictal onset EEG pattern in Group A consisted of bilateral (4 patients), extending (2); extending and bilateral (2); and generalized (2). We saw MRI lesions (6) and single clustered MEG spike sources (MEGSSs) in (5). Six patients underwent surgery before 15 years of age, and 4 of them attained seizure freedom. All 4 Group B patients had MRI lesions and single clustered MEGSSs. Three patients underwent surgery after 15 years of age. All 4 patients attained seizure freedom. Conclusion Ictal-onset EEG patterns change over time in children with early seizure onset and intractable epilepsy caused by CD. Younger epileptic children with CD more frequently have multifocal epileptogenic foci or larger epileptogenic foci. Early resection of CD, guided by MRI, MEG, and intracranial video EEG, resulted in seizure freedom despite changes in ictal-onset EEG patterns.

Subdural EEG Patterns in Children With Taylor-Type Cortical Dysplasia: Comparison With Nondysplastic Lesions

The authors compared interictal and ictal abnormalities from chronic intracranial recordings in children with Taylor-type cortical dysplasia (TTCD) and nondysplastic lesions. Interictal epileptiform discharges and ictal patterns were retrospectively analyzed in 13 children with TTCD and 12 children with nondysplastic lesions (tumor, 4; gliosis, 8). Features analyzed and compared between groups included the morphologic and temporal characteristics and field distribution of ictal and interictal patterns and rapidity of ictal propagation. The frequency of runs of interictal continuous epileptiform discharges (CEDs) or bursts of fast activity did not differ significantly between dysplastic and nondysplastic tissue. Fast frequencies characterized the majority of seizure onsets (49/67) in dysplastic patients and repetitive spikes were more frequent at seizure onset (31/56) in nondysplastic patients (P < 0.002). Field of ictal onset was limited to adjacent cortex and independent of histology. The interval between seizure onset and spread to adjacent or nonadjacent cortex was significantly shorter in dysplastic than nondysplastic patients. Interictal EEG patterns are not specific markers of dysplastic cortex but the morphology of ictal onset differs significantly with dysplastic cortex showing significantly more rapid propagation than nondysplastic cortex. These findings suggest that markers other than CEDs physiologically characterize dysplastic cortex and that children with TTCD exhibit more widespread excitability of neural pathways.

Sevoflurane anaesthesia in children after induction of anaesthesia with midazolam and thiopental does not cause epileptiform EEG

Sevoflurane is a methyl ether anaesthetic commonly used for induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia in children. Sevoflurane is a non-irritant and acts quickly so induction is usually calm. However, inhalation induction with high concentrations of sevoflurane can cause convulsion-like movements and seizure-like changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Little is known about the EEG during maintenance of anaesthesia with sevoflurane, so we planned a prospective trial of sevoflurane maintenance after i.v. induction with benzodiazepine and barbiturate, which is another common induction technique in children. EEG recordings were made before premedication with midazolam (0.1 mg kg(-1) i.v.), during induction of anaesthesia with thiopental (5 mg kg(-1)), and during maintenance with sevoflurane (2% end-tidal concentration in air/oxygen without nitrous oxide) in 30 generally healthy, 3- to 8-year-old children having adenoids removed. Noise-free EEG data of good quality were successfully recorded from all 30 children. Two independent neurophysiologists did not detect epileptiform discharges in any of the recordings. Premedication with midazolam, i.v. induction with thiopental and maintenance of anaesthesia with 2% sevoflurane in air does not cause epileptiform EEG patterns in children.

Audiometric measurements by electroencephalography

The EEG pattern in children in secobarbital sleep showed responses to the presentation of tones generated by an audiometer. These responses consisted of an on effect (usually a K formation), a continuous effect, and off effect and a delayed reaction (arousal). Any intensity of tone was considered to be above threshold when it evoked a positive EEG response 50 per cent or more of the time. The thresholds so determined in 22 selected cases agreed with those obtained by standard audiometry to within plus or minus 18 db. Variations in response occurred with depth of sleep, quantity and type of sedative, pattern of stimulation presented, changes in the experimental procedure in the midst of the testing, as well as unknown factors presumably involving the child and mechanisms of sleep. The discussion suggested that these EEG responses were associated with some simple arousing system in the central nervous system because they were diffuse, not influenced by age from 3 months to 27 years and capable of being duplicated by other sensory modalities. These thresholds have great clinical usefulness if combined with all other information and not made the sole basis for clinical judgement. They extend the measurement of auditory profiles into those infants and handicapped children who do not communicate.

THE OCCIPITAL ALPHA RHYTHM: A STUDY OF PHASE VARIATIONS

ArticlesTHE OCCIPITAL ALPHA RHYTHM: A STUDY OF PHASE VARIATIONSRobert CohnRobert CohnPublished Online:01 Jan 1948https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1948.11.1.31MoreSectionsPDF (918 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByCognitive Efficiency in Alzheimer’s Disease is Associated with Increased Occipital ConnectivityJournal of Alzheimer's Disease, Vol. 57, No. 2The Phenomenon of Travelling Waves: A Review27 August 2016 | Clinical Electroencephalography, Vol. 26, No. 1Spatio-Temporal Behavior and 1/f-Type Spectrum of Alpha Rhythm in Brain WaveCerebral blood flow in normal and abnormal sleep and dreamingBrain and Cognition, Vol. 6, No. 3Normal human sleep: Regional cerebral hemodynamicsAnnals of Neurology, Vol. 7, No. 5On Some EEG Patterns in Children and Adults7 July 2009 | International Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 9, No. 3Component Activities in the Autoregressive Activity of Physiological Systems7 July 2009 | International Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 7, No. 4Analysis of interval histograms of period of the electroencephalogram from homologous left and right derivations in verbal and nonverbal tasks5 November 2013 | Physiological Psychology, Vol. 4, No. 3Inter-hemispheric “synchrony” of alpha wavesElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 32, No. 4Differences in bilateral alpha activity as a function of experimental task, with a note on lateral eye movements and hypnotizabilityNeuropsychologia, Vol. 9, No. 4Interhemispheric EEG Differences in Relation to Short-Term MemoryCortex, Vol. 7, No. 3Phase coherence of the alpha rhythm during photic blockingElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 29, No. 2On Connections of Symmetrical Regions of the Frontal and Occipital Areas of the Human Cortex Based On Eeg Cross-Correlation Data19 December 2014 | Soviet Psychology, Vol. 5, No. 4Cross-correlation of human alpha activity: Normative dataElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 22, No. 5The Alpha Rhythm: Part I: Description and Physiology23 February 2015 | American Journal of EEG Technology, Vol. 3, No. 3The Electrical Activity of A Priaaary Sensory Cortex: Analysis of Eeg WavesFactors influencing the relationship between alpha activity and visual reaction timeElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 14, No. 5Electrographic patterns of the occipital lobe in man: A topographic study based on use of implanted electrodesElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 14, No. 2Changes in the bioelectrical activity in various areas of the cerebral cortex in dogs, during the formation of a temporary connectionBulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Vol. 49, No. 2Spatial and temporal characteristics of the alpha rhythm: A toposcopic analysisElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 12, No. 1Klinische ElektrencephalographieAN INTERPRETATION CONCERNING PHYSIO-LOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF STATISTICAL NATURE OF ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAMPsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, Vol. 10, No. 4The Orien �ber den Entstehungsmechanismus der Spontanrhythmen im normalen Elektrencephalogramm (EEG)Klinische Wochenschrift, Vol. 34, No. 13-14A NEW PRACTICAL METHOD FOR OBTAINING THE NUMBER OF THE COMPONENTS IN THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAMPsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, Vol. 9, No. 4Slow wave production in the EEG, with reference to hyperpnoea, carbon dioxide and autonomic balanceElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 8, No. 1The electroencephalogram in relation to temperamentActa Psychologica, Vol. 11Recent Concepts of Retinal Color Mechanism II Contributions from Anatomy and Physiology1 December 1951 | Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 41, No. 12The stability of a randomly assembled nerve-networkElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 2, No. 1-4The central effects of rhythmic sensory stimulationElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 1, No. 1-4The electrical fields at the surface of the head during sleepElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 1, No. 1-4Enregistrement sous-cortical de l'activité électrique spontanée et provoquée du lobe occipital humainElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 1, No. 1-4 More from this issue > Volume 11Issue 1January 1948Pages 31-37 https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1948.11.1.31PubMed18921403History Published online 1 January 1948 Published in print 1 January 1948 Metrics