Edwards Scale Research Articles

Pulmonary Venous Hypertension in End-Stage COPD and Preserved Systolic Left Ventricular Function: Vascular Lesions in Explanted Lungs after Transplantation

Purpose Pulmonary venous hypertension (PVH) with preserved systolic left ventricular ejection fraction is an established comorbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD. PVH is characterized by mPAP ≥25mmHg and PCWP >15mmHg. Vascular morphological changes in PVH remain unclear. Methods and Materials A retrospective analysis of 33 patients with COPD/emphysema lung transplanted at Rigshospitalet, Denmark (1991-2010) was performed. PVH was diagnosed with right heart catheterization. Patients were stratified into two groups: (1) transpulmonary gradient (TPG) ≤12mmHg (passive PVH) and (2) TPG >12mmHg (“out of proportion” PVH). Arterial lesions were graded (1-6) according to a modified Heath and Edwards (HE) scale, and venous lesions as grade 0 : no venous vascular involvement, grade 1 : intimal fibrosis, medial hypertrophy and arterialization, and grade 2 : grade1 with >50% lumen reduction and/or aneurysmatic dilatation, secondary lumina, venolitis, fibrinoid necrosis or thrombosis. Results The mean age at evaluation was 55±6 years (73% women). All patients had NYHA functional class III-IV with FEV 1 22±7% and total lung capacity 116±21% of predicted. All had preserved left systolic ventricular function. Group I : n=16 (81% women), age 56±6 years, mPAP 28.4.2±2.8mmHg, PCWP 19.4±3.2mmHg. Mean TPG was 9.0±2.2 and median HE grading was 1 (range 0-2) with medial hypertrophy of muscular pulmonary arteries and muscularization of pulmonary arterioles. Median venous grade was 1 (range 0-2) with intimal fibrosis, medial hypertrophy and arterialization. Group II : n=17 (65% women), age 54±5 years, mPAP 37.1±6.2mmHg, PCWP 17.9±1.7mmHg, TPG 19.1±6.2 mmHg. Median HE grading was 0 (range 0-2). Median venous grade was 1 (range 0-2). Conclusions Although no difference in grades between patients with “out-of proportion” or passive PVH were observed, PVH appears to induce significant myofibroblast proliferation in both pulmonary arteries and veins.

Validation of Three Compulsive Buying Scales on an Italian Sample

Compulsive shopping is an impulse control disorder that produces psychological distress. Appropriate measurement scales of compulsive buying are important to identify compulsive buyers. Three compulsive buying scales (Faber and O'Guinn scale, Edwards scale, Yale and Brown scale) were tested in an Italian sample composed of 438 participants randomly selected from the general population. Self-report questionnaires measured psychiatric dysfunctions and personality traits. The data confirmed that high anxiety, obsessive-compulsive dysfunctions, depression, psychoticism, and low self-esteem were associated with inappropriate shopping. The Faber and O'Guinn scale and Edwards Scale are appropriate for surveys, while the Yale and Brown scale are more appropriate for clinical diagnosis of psychological dependences.

Compulsive buying: Does it matter how it’s measured?

The primary purpose of the present study is to compare and contrast the validity and reliability of the Faber and O’Guinn [Faber, R. J., & O’Guinn, T. C. (1992). A clinical screener for compulsive buying. Journal of Consumer Research, 19, 459–469] and Edwards [Edwards, E. A. (1993). Development of a new scale for measuring compulsive buying behavior. Financial Counseling and Planning, 4, 67–84] compulsive buying scales within a nomological network. Although both psychometric scales were designed to measure compulsive buying, the two instruments appear to be distinct in how they conceptualize the compulsive buying phenomenon. The seven-item compulsive buying scale developed by Faber and O’Guinn (1992) is the most commonly used scale for measuring compulsive buying. The Edwards scale in contrast is not as well-known. Empirical results of the present study suggest that the two compulsive buying scales may be capturing either separate constructs, or different dimensions of the same compulsive buying construct. Edwards (1993) compulsive buying scale, for instance, is correlated with materialism but not with attitudes toward money while the Faber and O’Guinn scale is not correlated with materialism but is correlated with attitudes toward money. The present study’s results suggest, among other things, that it does in fact appear to matter how compulsive buying is measured.

Social desirability scales and theories of suicide: Correlations with alienation and self-consciousness

Edwards but not Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scores influence the predictability of suicidal intent. If this effect occurs because the Edwards Scale records a substantive trait rather than a response set, then it should display predictable associations with variables that are relevant to theories of suicide. In line with the work of Durkheim ( Suicide, 1897/1951) and Baumeister ( Psychological Review, 97, 90–113 1990), the present studies revealed that Edwards and Marlowe-Crowne scales correlated with greater social integration, healthier self-functioning, and reduced self-consciousness. Many of these outcomes were more robust for the Edwards Scale, but the Edwards Scale also was more internally reliable. Overall, these data supported the Durkheimian conclusion that if certain forms of suicide result from society's insufficient influence on the individual, then social desirability scales may operationalize society's sufficient representation within the personality.

Reliability of Ratings of Anesthesia’s Contribution to Adverse Surgical Outcomes

The interrater reliability of physician ratings of anesthesia contribution to adverse outcomes was evaluated. A physician panel reviewed hospital records, anesthesia records, standard data collection forms, and, when available, autopsy reports for 28 patients experiencing severe morbidity or death within 48 hours following anesthesia for surgery. Consensus among reviewers about the contribution of anesthesia to adverse outcomes ranged from 82.1% to 92.9%. Kappa coefficients indicated excellent interrater reliability for the Edwards Scale and rating scale, and good interrater reliability for the percent scale.

Three common social desirability scales: Friends, acquaintances, or strangers?

The underlying factor structure of three commonly used social desirability scales was investigated using the item responses of 402 university undergraduates. Analyses indicated that the three scales constructed by Jackson, by Edwards, and by Crowne and Marlow did not show strong convergence in their latent structures. Two higher order social desirability dimensions emerged: a Sence of Own General Capability defined by items from the Jackson scale and the Edwards scale, and Interpersonal Sensitivity based on items from the Crowne and Marlowe scale. It was concluded that not all social desirability scales are interchangeable and that test developers should take into account both dimensions of social desirability when constructing or evaluating psychological measures.

Social desirability in measures of subjective well-being: Age comparisons

The present investigation evaluated the relationship between measures of psychological well-being and social desirability in three age groups: 21–40, 41–60, and 61–82 year-old samples. Data on 330 people, consisting of community and clinical groups, yielded high correlations between three measures of well-being (the MUNSH, the LSI-Z, and the PGC) and the Edwards Social Desirability Scale for all age groups, but only moderate ones between well-being scales and the Marlow-Crown Social Desirability Scale. Partial correlations between well-being measures and an external criterion of happiness, controlling for social desirability, failed to improve on the 0-order criterion/well-being relationship. Controlling for social desirability, therefore, does not enhance the construct validity of well-being scales in adult populations at any age. These results, combined with those on the factor structure of scale totals and on the discriminant validity of the well-being measures, suggest that the high 0-order correlations between measures of well-being and the Edwards scale are more readily attributed to content similarity between the Edwards scale and measures of well-being than to a social desirability response bias in well-being measures.

Further Exploration of the Relationship between Locus of Control and Social Desirability

Rocter (1966) has reported correlations between the Internality-Externality (I-E) dimensions of his Locus of Control scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale that range from -.07 to -.35. Cone (1971) reported a series of significant correlations ranging from -.29 to -.70 using the Edwards (1957) Social Desirability scale. Phares (1976) suggested such higher correlations occur in situations in which subjects perceive it to be to their advanrage to be seen in a socially desirable light. In the present smdy 224 (141 female and 83 male) students in introductory psychology routinely completed the Rotter's and Edwards's scales for which they received partial course credit. Subjects were primarily of rural middle-class background. They were assured their responses would be anonymous. The Pearson correlation between these scores was -.408, which suggests that the internality dimension of Rotter's scale is associated with social desirability (Rotter's M = 9.7, SD = 3.7; Edwards's M = 27.4, SD = 5.4). These data do not support Phnres's (1976) hyporhesis that positive correlations between Rotter's scale and social desirability are based on reinforcements to look good in the testing condition and suggest st least two alternatives: (a) Rotter's scale may not be very robust as it is confounded with a socially desirable response set or (b) a tendency to respond in a socially desirable manner may be a personalicy trait that covaries with general locus of concrol rather than simply a response set (Paulhus, 1984). The fact that scores on Rotcer's scale correlate higher with scores from Edwards's scale than the Marlowe-Crowne scale supports Paulhus's (1984) contention that social desirability is composed of che factors of self-deception and impression management. It appears that Edwards's scale measures the former factor (Paulhus, 1984).

Social desirability in measures of subjective well-being: a systematic evaluation.

The present investigation addressed the problem of a social desirability response bias in measures of psychological well-being. Data on 150 people, between the ages of 50 and 82, yielded high correlations between three measures of well-being (the MUNSH, the LSI-Z, and the PGC) and the Edwards Social Desirability Scale, but only moderate ones between well-being scales and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Part correlations between well-being measures and an external criterion of happiness, controlling for social desirability, failed to improve on the zero-order criterion/well-being relationship. Controlling for social desirability, therefore, does not enhance the construct validity of well-being scales. These and related results suggest that the high zero-order correlations between measures of well-being and the Edwards scale are more readily attributed to content similarity between the Edwards scale and measures of well-being than to a social desirability response bias in well-being measures.

Socioeconomic status and suicide in the state of Washington: 1950-1971.

The relationship between occupational status, from 1950–1971, for white males residing in the state of Washington and the probability of suicide is examined. The Edwards scale of socioeconomic grouping is used as an indicator of socioeconomic status; and the Proportionate Mortality Ratio as an indicator of relative suicidal risk by occupation. 183 occupations were ranked into eight socioeconomic levels. We found no relationship between socioeconomic status and the suicide rate.

A Revised Paternal Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) Q4: Methodological Study

Summary Male college students (N # 387) completed a revised paternal attitude research instrument (Father's PARI Q4) and the Marlowe-Crowne (MC) social desirability scale. A week later the same Ss were retested on the PARI Q4, this time with the Edwards social desirability scale. The effects of acquiescence and opposition response bias sets were not significant on the Q4 scales; only the extreme set showed some significant effects. Two major factors obtained through factor analysis were Paternal Dominance (F1) and Male Autonomy (F2). Factor scores showed some significant correlations with the response sets. The test-retest reliabilities of Q4 scales were sufficiently high. Neither the MC nor the Edwards scale significantly correlated with the Q4 scales.

A Methodological Study of a Revised Maternal Attitude Research Instrument: Mother's Pari Q4

Summary Female college students (N = 425) completed a Mother's form of the Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI Q4) and the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale (MC). A week later the same Ss completed Q4 and the Edwards social desirability scale. Test-retest reliabilities of Q4 scales ranged from .52 to .81. Q4 scales were minimally affected by acquiescence and opposition sets but showed a significant extreme set. Factor analysis of Q4 scales yielded two major factors: Authoritarian Control and Family Disharmony. The Edwards scale had near zero correlation with all Q4 scales. The MC scale had significant correlations with five Q4 scales of the Family Disharmony factor.

The effect of need for achievement and normative information on rotary pursuit performance

Need achievement as measured by the Edwards scale was used to select high-need (HN) and low-need (LN) individuals. HN Ss were found to be superior in rotary pursuit tracking. Both HN and LN Ss, when told their performance was above average, showed less subsequent performance decrement and reminiscence than did Ss who were told their performance was below average.

Masculinity--femininity and need for social approval.

Summary The relationship between the need for social approval and sex role identification was investigated. The Mariowe-Crowne social desirability scale, the Ed wards social desirability scale and the masculinity scale of the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey were given 184 college students. The results indicate independence between sex role identification and need for social approval, irrespective of biological sex. Thus, this research aids in defining the properties of the construct. The relationships found provide evidence for Crowne and Marlowe's argument that the Edwards scale is, in part, a measure of willingness to admit to weakness and pathology while the Marlowe-Crowne scale is independent of such willingness.

Tat Stories and the Social Desirability Variable

Edwards has suggested that a response bias colors replies to psychological tescs. H e holds that Ss in varying degrees d o nor answer in a fashion which reflects their true feelings. Rather [hey respond in ways which are socially acceptable, giving replies which conform to what the group approves. H e considers the tendency to give conforming responses a stable personality characteristic and measures it with a test called the Social Desirability, or S D Scale. Investigation of the S D effect has been largely confined to objective tests. It was proposed to extend the inquiry to a projective test, the Thematic Apperception Test. Since projective techniques are presumably less transparent than objective tests, d o they circurnvenc the tendency to present oneself in a favorable light? Proceduve.-The Edwards SD Scale (short form) and six TAT cards were administered individually to 48 psychiatric patients and as a group test to 56 nursing students. The intent was to compare performance on the two measures. It was hypothesized that if SD was operant on projective techniques, then Ss would show in TAT stories an SD tendency corresponding to that measured by the Edwards Scale. A rating scale for assessment of stories was developed, and ratings of two judges were pooled for each story to obtain an estimate of its social desirability. As the stimdus quality of the TAT picrure might affect desirability of the story told, pictures of varying mood or emotional tone were selected. Two pictures found previously (Dollin, 1960) to be happy were selected (2, 10); two neutral (1, 4 ) ; and two sad (3BM, 13MF). The possibility of an interaction was also considered, i.e., Ss with high SD scores might give socially desirable responses regardless of the picture's stimulus value. Less defensive Ss might be more realistic, acknowledging occurrence of unpleasant aspects of the stimulus. Four groups were formed on the basis of strength of SD tendency and analyses of the variance of story ratings by group and stimulus were made. Results.-While patients with different S D tendencies showed significant