Parental Educational Attainment Research Articles

Adolescents’ Covitality Patterns: Relations with Student Demographic Characteristics and Proximal Academic and Mental Health Outcomes

AbstractIdentifying and promoting students’ social-emotional strengths is essential in building their mental health. Covitality, representing the co-occurrence of psychological strengths, is a helpful framework for characterizing students’ well-being. This study used latent profile analysis to identify adolescents’ (n = 11,217; 50.3% female, 37.8% male; grades 9 [33.7%], 10 [21.0%], 11 [28.9%], and 12 [16.5%]) covitality patterns across 12 social-emotional health domains. We investigated whether student demographic characteristics (i.e., sex, parent educational attainment, ethnic identification) were related to profile membership. We further examined profiles’ relations to students’ proximal academic and mental health outcomes, including self-reported grades, school connectedness, life satisfaction, and psychological distress. Four covitality profiles were identified—High, Moderate-High, Moderate-Low, and Low. Profile membership was statistically significantly related to students’ sex and socioeconomic circumstances but with small effect sizes. We identified consistent differences across covitality profiles on student self-reported proximal outcomes. Overall, students in profiles with higher covitality levels (High and Moderate-High) reported (a) higher grades, school connectedness, and life satisfaction and (b) less psychological distress, with students in the High profile reporting the most favorable outcomes. Assessing students’ strengths and providing interventions focused on building strengths across domains are recommended.

Sense of relatedness and science engagement among Filipino high school students

AbstractPast studies indicate that feeling related to specific social agents such as parents, teachers, and peers can facilitate domain‐general academic engagement. However, there is scarce research on how relatedness may be associated with engagement in specific academic subjects. This cross‐sectional study explores the associations of sense of relatedness to mother, father, science teachers, friends, classmates, and neighbors with behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and social engagement in science. Four hundred and thirty‐eight high school students completed an online survey that included scales to assess demographic information, relatedness, and science engagement. Only relatedness to science teacher positively predicted behavioral, cognitive, and emotional engagement in science when controlling for other relatedness dimensions, age, gender, year in school, parental educational attainment, and daily allowance. Although further research that can uncover causal conclusions is needed, these findings suggest the importance of science teacher relatedness for students' science engagement.

Geospatial and Socioeconomic Disparities Influencing the Management of Craniosynostosis.

Various social determinants of health have been described as predictors of clinical outcomes for the craniosynostosis population. However, literature lacks a granular depiction of socioeconomic factors that impact these outcomes, and little is known about the relationship between patients' proximity to the care center and management of the condition. This study retrospectively evaluated patients with craniosynostosis who presented to a tertiary children's hospital between 2000 and 2019. Outcomes of interest included age at presentation for surgery, incidence of reoperation, and length of follow-up. Patient addresses were geocoded and plotted on two separate shapefiles containing block group information within San Diego County. The shapefiles included percent parental educational attainment (bachelor's degree or higher) and median household income from 2010. The year 2010 was chosen for the shapefiles because it is the median year of data collection for this study. Multivariate linear, logistic, and polynomial regression models were used to analyze the relationship between geospatial and socioeconomic predictors and clinical outcomes. There were 574 patients with craniosynostosis included in this study. The mean ± SD Haversine distance from the patient's home coordinates to the hospital coordinates was 107.2 ± 321.2 miles. After adjusting for the suture fused and insurance coverage, there was a significant positive correlation between distance to the hospital and age at index surgery (P = 0.018). There was no correlation between distance and incidence of reoperation (P = 0.266) or distance and duration of follow-up (P = 0.369). Using the same statistical adjustments, lower parental percent educational attainment and lower median household income correlated with older age at index surgery (P = 0.008 and P = 0.0066, respectively) but were not correlated with reoperation (P = 0.986 and P = 0.813, respectively) or duration of follow-up (P = 0.107 and P = 0.984, respectively). The results offer evidence that living a greater distance from the hospital and socioeconomic disparities including parental education and median household income may serve as barriers to prompt recognition of diagnosis and timely care in this population. However, the geospatial and socioeconomic factors studied do not seem to hinder incidence of reoperation or length of follow-up, suggesting that, once care has been initiated, longitudinal outcomes may be less impacted.

School health promotion and fruit and vegetable consumption in secondary schools: a repeated cross-sectional multilevel study

BackgroundWorldwide, recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption are not met, which can cause chronic diseases. Especially adolescence is an important phase for the development of health behaviours. Therefore, in the Netherlands, the Healthy School program was established to aid schools in promoting healthy lifestyles among their students. We examined to what extent the variation between secondary schools regarding students’ fruit and vegetable consumption could be explained by differences between schools regarding Healthy School certification, general school characteristics, and the school population. Additionally, we examined whether Healthy School certification was related to the outcomes, and whether the association differed for subgroups.MethodsWe performed a repeated cross-sectional multilevel study. We used data from multiple school years from the national Youth Health Monitor on secondary schools (grades 2 and 4, age ranged from approximately 12 to 18 years) of seven Public Health Services, and added data with regard to Healthy School certification, general school characteristics and school population characteristics. We included two outcomes: the number of days a student consumed fruit and vegetables per week. In total, we analysed data on 168,127 students from 256 secondary schools in the Netherlands.ResultsResults indicated that 2.87% of the variation in fruit consumption and 5.57% of the variation in vegetable consumption could be attributed to differences at the school-level. Characteristics related to high parental educational attainment, household income, and educational track of the students explained most of the variance between schools. Additionally, we found a small favourable association between Healthy School certification and the number of days secondary school students consumed fruit and vegetables.ConclusionsSchool population characteristics explained more variation between schools than Healthy School certification and general school characteristics, especially indicators of parental socioeconomic status. Nevertheless, Healthy School certification seemed to be slightly related to fruit and vegetable consumption, and might contribute to healthier dietary intake. We found small differences for some subgroups, but future research should focus on the impact in different school contexts, since we were restricted in the characteristics that could be included in this study.

Food parenting and Children's eating behaviour: Exploring the role of coparenting

Parents have primary influence over the development of their children's eating behaviours, however less attention has been given to whether or how their coparenting plays a role in this association. The aim of this study was to investigate the cross-sectional associations between mothers' and fathers' food parenting practices and children's eating behaviour and examine whether coparenting quality moderates or confounds these associations. Parents (222 mothers and 167 fathers) with children 18 months to 5 years completed an online survey that assessed their food parenting practices and coparenting quality. One parent per family (91% mothers) also reported their children's food approach behaviours. We used linear regressions with generalized estimating equations to examine the associations between food parenting practices and children's eating behaviours. To explore moderation by coparenting quality, we included an interaction term in each model (coparenting quality x food parenting practice). To explore confounding, models were adjusted for coparenting quality. All models were stratified by parent gender and included parent educational attainment, child age, and child BMI z-scores as covariates. Among both mothers and fathers, we found that structure and autonomy support food parenting practices were inversely associated with children's food responsiveness, and desire to drink, while coercive control practices were positively associated with these food approach behaviours. We found the opposite direction of association between these food parenting practices and children's enjoyment of food. Among mothers, autonomy support was inversely associated with children's emotional overeating, while coercive control was positively associated with this eating behaviour. Coparenting quality did not moderate or confound the associations. Future studies should continue to explore these associations among families with young children and consider feeding coparenting in the association.

STUDENTS’ LEVEL OF RISK FACTORS AFFECTING DELINQUENCY IN QUEZON BUKIDNON COMPREHENSIVE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

This study aimed to assess the levels of risk factors such as alcoholism, bullying, gambling, gang involvement, and truancy. The study explores how these factors impact both delinquent behaviors and academic performance among at-risk students. The research uses a quantitative approach and utilizes a survey methodology with a self-made questionnaire. The questionnaire undergoes rigorous validity and reliability testing. The investigation focuses on 179 at-risk students to understand the dynamics of delinquent behavior. The data-gathering procedure includes obtaining permission, conducting pilot testing, and administering the questionnaire with strict privacy measures. Scoring is done using a 5-point Likert scale. The analysis of the collected data is guided by the statistical tools, such as weighted mean, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. The findings of the study revealed the significant impact of risk factors on at-risk students behavior, particularly the role of truancy in influencing delinquency. It also establishes correlations between respondents age and alcoholism, gambling, and gang involvement. Additionally, it identifies associations between parents educational attainment and bullying behaviors, as well as the marital status of respondents parents and truancy. The study suggests a collaborative approach involving educators, parents, and stakeholders to develop customized interventions based on the identified risk factors. By customizing strategies based on the challenges elucidated in this study, stakeholders can contribute to creating a safer and more supportive educational environment for at-risk students, addressing juvenile delinquency comprehensively. KEYWORDS: Risk Factors, Juvenile Delinquency, Academic Performance. At-risk students

The Impact of Parental Educational Expectations and Parental Education on Adolescent Academics

In today's rapidly developing era, an increasing number of parents hope that their children will have good academic performance and a bright future. Both parental expectations and educational attainment can influence a child's academic level. Excessive expectations can have a negative impact on a child's academic performance, and higher educational attainment can also affect intergenerational expectations. This study is based on data from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), using correlation analysis and ANOVA to explore the effects of parental educational expectations and parental educational attainment on the academic performance of adolescents. The results of the study revealed that there is a significant positive correlation between parental expectations and academic performance. However, the impact of parental educational attainment differs between fathers and mothers, with only the mother's educational attainment having an influence on a child's academic performance. We recommend that parents should maintain a moderate level of expectation to ensure that their child's academic performance is at a high level. At the same time, there should be a balance between fathers' and mothers' investment in education.

Sociodemographic inequities in food allergy: Insights on food allergy from birth cohorts.

A large and growing corpus of epidemiologic studies suggests that the population-level burden of pediatric FA is not equitably distributed across major sociodemographic groups, including race, ethnicity, household income, parental educational attainment, and sex. As is the case for more extensively studied allergic disease states such as asthma and atopic dermatitis epidemiologic data suggest that FA may be more prevalent among certain populations experiencing lower socioeconomic status (SES), particularly those with specific racial and ethnic minority backgrounds living in highly urbanized regions. Emerging data also indicate that these patients may also experience more severe FA-related physical health, psychosocial, and economic outcomes relating to chronic disease management. However, many studies that have identified sociodemographic inequities in FA burden are limited by cross-sectional designs that are subject to numerous biases. Compared with cross-sectional study designs or cohorts established later in life, birth cohorts offer advantages relative to other study designs when investigators seek to understand causal relationships between exposures occurring during the prenatal or postnatal period and the atopic disease status of individuals later in life. Numerous birth cohorts have been established across recent decades, which include evaluation of food allergy-related outcomes, and a subset of these also have measured sociodemographic variables that, together, have the potential to shed light on the existence and possible etiology of sociodemographic inequities in food allergy. This manuscript reports the findings of a comprehensive survey of the current state of this birth cohort literature and draws insights into what is currently known, and what further information can potentially be gleaned from thoughtful examination and further follow-up of ongoing birth cohorts across the globe.

Does educational mismatch affect human capital investment in children? Evidence from China

ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of parental education-occupation (educational) mismatch on human capital investment (HCI) in children. Guided by interpretations from a family education investment model that allows parents to be over/undereducated, we conduct an empirical analysis using the panel data of parent‒child pairs from the 2010–2018 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Our results show that, on average, children’s education expenditure decreases (increases) when parents are overeducated (undereducated), which is moderated by parental educational attainment. We also observe differing sensitivities between fathers and mothers, with a tendency to prioritize sons’ education over daughters’ education when experiencing educational mismatch. The impact of educational mismatch is more pronounced in urban households, whereas differences between nuclear and other household types are minimal. These findings highlight the importance of educational mismatch in intergenerational human capital transmission and suggest improving such mismatches to optimize HCIs and promote intergenerational mobility.

Using latent class analysis to investigate enduring effects of intersectional social disadvantage on long-term vocational and financial outcomes in the 20-year prospective Chicago Longitudinal Study.

Class and social disadvantage have long been identified as significant factors in the etiology and epidemiology of psychosis. Few studies have explicitly examined the impact of intersecting social disadvantage on long-term employment and financial independence. We applied latent class analysis (LCA) to 20-year longitudinal data from participants with affective and non-affective psychosis (n = 256) within the Chicago Longitudinal Research. LCA groups were modeled using multiple indicators of pre-morbid disadvantage (parental social class, educational attainment, race, gender, and work and social functioning prior to psychosis onset). The comparative longitudinal work and financial functioning of LCA groups were then examined. We identified three distinct latent classes: one comprised entirely of White participants, with the highest parental class and highest levels of educational attainment; a second predominantly working-class group, with equal numbers of Black and White participants; and a third with the lowest parental social class, lowest levels of education and a mix of Black and White participants. The latter, our highest social disadvantage group experienced significantly poorer employment and financial outcomes at all time-points, controlling for diagnosis, symptoms, and hospitalizations prior to baseline. Contrary to our hypotheses, on most measures, the two less disadvantaged groups did not significantly differ from each other. Our analyses add to a growing literature on the impact of multiple forms of social disadvantage on long-term functional trajectories, underscoring the importance of proactive attention to sociostructural disadvantage early in treatment, and the development and evaluation of interventions designed to mitigate ongoing social stratification.

Does the county-based poverty reduction policy matter for children's human capital development?

We evaluate the effects of China's large-scale county-based poverty reduction policy on children's human capital development. Based on a difference-in-difference model and multiple years' household and county-level datasets with national coverage, we find that this nationwide county-based poverty reduction policy significantly facilitates children's human capital development in poverty counties. The effects are more pronounced for children experienced consecutive treatment and those in more impoverished households. Our heterogeneity analyses indicate that there are not notable differences across the subsamples by gender, number of children, parental education attainment and ability. In addition, in terms of the channels through which this program increases children's cognitive outcomes, the program significantly promotes internet access in low-income families, extends children's learning time, and improves children's mental health condition, thus enhancing their human capital accumulation.

Parental age at death is associated with age at first birth in offspring

PurposePeople age at different rates and the available evidence suggests that the rate of aging is partly inherited from previous generations. This heterogeneity in aging is evident already in midlife, but to what extent aging is associated with the timing of events earlier in life is not fully known. Here we aim to shed light on this topic by investigating the trade-off between reproduction and aging postulated by evolutionary theories of aging. MethodsDrawing on the inheritance of aging we use parental age at death as a proxy for aging-rates in the offspring, and study how age at first birth depends on this variable. We use data from an almost complete Swedish birth cohort comprising 92,359 individuals. Accelerated failure time models are used to estimate the association between parental age at death and age at first birth while adjusting for parental occupational class, educational attainment, and income. ResultsLonger parental lifespans were consistently associated with older age at first births, both in men and women. ConclusionOur findings suggest that aging-related processes may be interrelated with the processes underlying the timing of reproduction and are in general agreement with evolutionary theories of aging.

The Global Occurrences of Cleft Lip and Palate in Pediatric Patients and Their Association with Demographic Factors: A Narrative Review.

Orofacial clefts are one of the most common abnormalities that occur in the orofacial area. Due to their high prevalence, special attention provided to risk factors and their possible involvement in the occurrence of orofacial clefts is of importance. The objective of this study was to review the current global occurrence of orofacial clefts and the possible linkage of previously investigated risk factors to the occurrence of orofacial clefts. The risk factors of orofacial clefts can be classified into two groups, modifiable risk factors and non-modifiable risk factors. Due to the extent of elaboration of each risk factor in each group, this current narrative review is limited to several mostly investigated risk factors, which included a review of parental age, sexual disparities, educational attainment, and income. Studies indicate that Asians are more likely than other races to have orofacial clefts, with a higher incidence rate in men than in women. There is evidence that the age of the parents is associated with the chance of the occurrence of orofacial cleft. The prevention of orofacial clefts and the distribution of medical resources depend heavily on a thorough understanding of epidemiology on a global scale. Nevertheless, the earlier studies concentrated on more developed nations or areas, and registry data from low-income nations had significant gaps. The findings of this narrative review can be used as the scientific basis for further research within this area. The occurrence rate of orofacial clefts remains high in several regions. Possible associations between parental age, sexual disparities, educational attainment, and family income to the occurrence of orofacial clefts remain contradictory, indicating the importance of further research to obtain more insights.

The Challenge of Examining Social Determinants of Health in People Living With Tourette Syndrome

BackgroundTo examine the association between race, ethnicity, and parental educational attainment on tic-related outcomes among Tourette Syndrome (TS) participants in the Tourette Association of America International Consortium for Genetics (TAAICG) database. Methods723 participants in the TAAICG dataset aged ≤21 years were included. The relationships between tic-related outcomes and race and ethnicity were examined using linear and logistic regressions. Parametric and nonparametric tests were performed to examine the association between parental educational attainment and tic-related outcomes. ResultsRace and ethnicity were collapsed as non-Hispanic white (N=566, 88.0%) versus Other (N=77, 12.0%). Tic symptom onset was earlier by 1.1 years (P < 0.0001) and TS diagnosis age was earlier by 0.9 years (P = 0.0045) in the Other group (versus non-Hispanic white). Sex and parental education as covariates did not contribute to the differences observed in TS diagnosis age. There were no significant group differences observed across the tic-related outcomes in parental education variable. ConclusionsOur study was limited by the low number of nonwhite or Hispanic individuals in the cohort. Racial and ethnic minoritized groups experienced an earlier age of TS diagnosis than non-Hispanic white individuals. Tic severity did not differ between the two groups, and parental educational attainment did not affect tic-related outcomes. There remain significant disparities and gaps in knowledge regarding TS and associated comorbid conditions. Our study suggests the need for more proactive steps to engage individuals with tic disorders from all racial and ethnic minoritized groups to participate in research studies.

Hunger Games

Undernutrition among children has always been a major concern in the Philippines. According to the Philippine 2018- 2019 Expanded National Nutrition Survey (ENNS) reported in 2022, the prevalence of underweight among children less than five years old was 18.8% among males and 19.3% among females. It was higher in the rural areas and highest among the poorest wealth quintiles.1 In terms of magnitude and severity, the prevalence was considered as a medium public health problem.&#x0D; In line with this, we note an article published in this issue of our journal that looked at the factors affecting survivalof children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM). 2 They report that children with SAM have a mortality risk 11.6 times higher than well-nourished children. They also found that the educational attainment of parents, malignancy, and hypovolemic shock were significant predictors of mortality.&#x0D; Other studies have likewise mentioned the negative effects of undernutrition among children.3 They also mentioned increased risk for mortality and morbidity, substantial cognitive deficits in school-age children, grade repetition, and a reduced likelihood of employment in formal sectors in adulthood that may result in lower earning potential. Among school children in the Philippines, less diverse diet, food insecurity, residing in urban areas, being older and male, being part of a larger household, and having parents engaged in fishing or farming can be additional determinants. 4,5 Malnutrition among children, including overweight, is also a significant contributor to other diseases that affects them.6&#x0D; In their article, Pabustan-Calleja et al. reported that among the various demographic factors, only the paternal and maternal educational attainment were significantly associated with mortality. Low paternal educational attainment was significantly associated with mortality 21 times compared to high paternal educational attainment while low maternal educational attainment was significantly associated with mortality 51 times as compared to those with high maternal educational attainment.2 These highlight the potential of improving survival outcomes in SAM by improving education.&#x0D; The relationship between education (or lack thereof ) and undernutrition is a reciprocal one. Lack of education can lead to undernutrition directly due to poor food choices among those who may not know better. Indirectly, lack of education can lead to lower socio-economic status (SES) contributing to food insecurity and eventually undernutrition. 7 That our educational system leaves much to be desired is indicated by the latest reports. The Philippines has just recently been ranked 77th out of 81 countries in the student assessment conducted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) for 15-year-old learners. 8 The relationship between SES and academic performance, however, appear to be a more complex one. For example, in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), students from the Philippines performed significantly lower as compared to students from Turkey and Vietnam belonging to similar socio-economic background.9&#x0D; Conversely, undernutrition can lead to inferior cognitive performance, lower academic achievements, lower employment status and in the longer term, also lead to lower SES.10,11 Poor economic status has certainly plagued our country as well for the longest time. According to the latest data, the Philippines is ranked 99 th globally in 2023 in terms of GDP per capita (PPP) and 59 th in terms of the Gini coefficient (a measure of economic inequality with higher being better).12&#x0D; Addressing undernutrition among children is an urgent public health crisis. Although mortality due to SAM is obviously important, other consequences such as cognitive impairment and subsequent poor SES need to be recognized as these lead to the unending undernutrition. Improving education in our country in all its aspects, and not just on proper nutrition, can just turn out to be the way to sustain a win in the “hunger games”.

Associations between Parental Educational Attainment, Children's 24-h Behaviors and Children's Hyperactivity Behavior in the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Parental Educational Attainment and children's 24-h behaviors significantly influenced children's hyperactivity symptoms. This study aimed to examine the mediating role of children's 24-h behavior changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic between Parental Educational Attainment and children's hyperactivity index. It also aimed to investigate the associations between Children's Physical Activity, digital media use, sleep, and hyperactivity index between two clusters of Parental Educational Attainments. The goal was to provide targeted behavioral optimization recommendations for caregivers to reduce the risk of children's hyperactivity. The study was a collaborative extension of the International iPreschooler Surveillance Study Among Asians and otheRs project and the Chinese Children and Adolescent Sports Health Promotion Action Project. The Parent-Surveillance of Digital Media in Childhood Questionnaire® and the Abbreviated Rating Scales from the Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire were used to measure Parental Educational Attainment, children's behavior changes during the COVID-19 pandemic, and hyperactivity indexes. A total of 11,190 parents of 6-to-12-year-old children completed the online surveys in mainland China. A structural equation model was established by using Smart-PLS, and the linear regression model, and isotemporal substitution models were established by using a Compositional Data Analysis package with R program to achieve the research objectives. Changes in children's 24-h behaviors due to the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant mediation effect on the negative associations between Parental Educational Attainment and children's hyperactivity index (β = 0.018, T = 4.521, p < 0.001) with a total effect (β = -0.046, T = 4.521, p < 0.001) and a direct effect (β = -0.064, T = 6.330, p < 0.001). Children's Digital Media use was significantly and negatively associated with hyperactivity index among all children. Reallocated time from digital media use to both sleep and physical activity decreased the hyperactivity index, and vice-versa. For parents without tertiary education (R2 = 0.09, p < 0.001), sleep was significantly and negatively associated with the hyperactivity index (βilr-CSL = -0.06, p < 0.001); for parents with tertiary education (R2 = 0.07, p < 0.001), physical activity was significantly and negatively associated with the hyperactivity index (βilr-CPA = -0.05, p < 0.001), and sleep was significantly and positively associated with the hyperactivity index (βilr-CSL = 0.03, p < 0.001). A significant increase in the hyperactivity index was detected when physical activity time was reallocated to sleep, with a significant decrease in the opposite direction. Parental Educational Attainment and children's 24-h behaviors directly influenced children's hyperactivity index. However, a purposeful and targeted optimization of children's 24-h behaviors-namely, physical activity, digital media use, and sleep-could assist parents with different educational attainments to reduce their children's hyperactivity index and mitigate the risk of hyperactivity.

Abstract TP96: Association Between Infarct Volume, Neighborhood-Level Deprivation, and Outcomes in Pediatric Stroke

Introduction: Recent studies in adults have reported an association between neighborhood-level deprivation, infarct volume and outcome. However, this is yet to be investigated in pediatric arterial ischemic stroke (AIS). Our study aimed to assess the relationship between neighborhood-level deprivation, infarct volume, and neurological outcome in children diagnosed with AIS. Methods: We conducted a study of a consecutive cohort of children aged &amp;gt; 28 days-18 years and diagnosed with AIS between 2004 and 2019 at a comprehensive stroke center. Patient demographic, clinical characteristics and neighborhood material deprivation data including household income, parental educational attainment, the proportion of single-parent families, and housing quality were collected. Lesion volumes were determined by conducting semi-automatic segmentation of diffusion-weighted MRI brain scans at stroke presentation. Neurological outcome was assessed using the Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure Severity Classification System wherein poor outcome was defined as moderate-to-severe deficit at 18 months post-stroke. Wilcoxon rank sum test was conducted. Results: Seventy-two patients were included in the study (62% male, median age of stroke onset 6.1 years [IQR 1.0-12.7]). 39% of patients were White, 72% lived in an urban region, and 64% in highly deprived neighborhoods. 70% of patients arrived within 6 hours from onset of stroke. Cardiac disease and other risk factors including infection and head trauma represented the most common risk factor. 55% presented with moderate stroke severity (as per the PedNIHSS). Median lesion volume was 14 cm 3 (IQR 2-51) and a mean infarct volume of 3% was reported. Race, rurality, and neighborhood-level material deprivation were not significantly associated with either percent infarct volume or neurological outcome; however, percent infarct volume was significantly associated with neurological outcome at 18 months post-stroke (W = 79, p = 0.025). Conclusion: Our study findings confirm the relationship between infarct volume and pediatric AIS outcomes. Future multi-center studies are warranted to further understand the interplay between material deprivation, infarct volume, and post-AIS neurological outcomes in children.

Welfare state policy and educational inequality: a cross-national multicohort study

Abstract Proponents of welfare policy have argued that publicly funded early childhood education and care (ECEC), paid parental leave, and family benefits spending can weaken the influence of social background on educational outcomes by providing a supplementary source of early investment that particularly benefits disadvantaged families. We analyze whether the welfare state context in which children spend their early childhood (ages 0–5) moderates the association between parental educational attainment and the child’s educational achievement at age 10. We combine data from two large-scale international student assessments with data about welfare state policies. Results from multilevel models show that countries with higher public ECEC spending and higher family benefits spending exhibited a weaker association between parental education and student math achievement. Countries with longer parental leave exhibited a stronger association between parental education and student math, science, and reading achievement. Findings provide evidence of the mixed role of welfare state policies for social inequality in student achievement.

The relationship between student engagement and dropout risk in early adolescence

One of the most reliable predictors of school effectiveness is student engagement, which is not only related to students’ current achievement but also long-term outcomes. Using linear regression and structural equation modeling procedures, the present study was aimed at examining the relationship between dropout risk, dimensions of student engagement, and family background. The survey study involved 3251 7th grade Hungarian students who completed the adapted Student Engagement Instrument and self-reported background questionnaire. According to the results, student performance is mainly related to parents’ educational attainment, but a moderate or weak correlation with behavioral, academic, and cognitive engagement is also detectable. While affective engagement shows a weak association with performance, it correlates with other engagement dimensions linked to achievement. This result suggests that support from parents, peers, and teachers may have an indirect effect on achievement; however, the present study could not confirm this hypothetical model. Based on our data, parental educational attainment and student engagement account for approximately 41 % of student performance which draws attention to the complexity of the relationship between student engagement and performance and highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach to dropout and student engagement in this context.

Do parent media habits contribute to child global development?

Parents of preschoolers' report using screen media frequently. More frequent screen use by parents may undermine child development by displacing time for foundational parent-child interactions. The objective of the present study is to examine the extent to which parent screen use contributes to child global development 1 year later. Data are from a cohort of 315 preschoolers from Nova Scotia, Canada and their parents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Parents reported the number of hours per day they spent using screens, as well as child screen time and sex, and parent educational attainment. Our outcome is child global development scores, which combine assessments of communication, cognitive, personal-social, and motor skills measured at 4.5 using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) (N = 249, 79% retained). Parents in our sample spent on average 6.35 h per day using screen media outside of work (SD = 3.07) and children spent on average 3.43 h per/day using screens. Multivariate linear regression indicated that each 1-h increase in parents daily screen media use, corresponded to a 1.25 decrease in child global development scores, B = -1.25 p < 0.05, 95% CI between -2.37 and -0.13. Our results indicate that parent screen use may represent a key component of children's media ecology. Given the importance of global development in early childhood for later health and achievement, the present results suggest that interventions should include parent screen use habits in media wellness interventions.