Levels Of Educational Attainment Research Articles

Barriers in Seeking Dental Health Care Facilities by the Patients in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Patientsin Pakistan face considerable obstacles due to limited accessto oral health care services, which are exacerbated by socioeconomic factors such as income and education. Gaining an understanding of these obstacles is essential to improve the oral health system. Objective: To determine the factors related to barriers to seeking dental health care facilities among patients in Pakistan and their association with education and monthly income. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 400 patients used a non-probability convenience sampling method. Patientsofbothgenderswhowere25yearsof age andolderwere included, andallparticipantsgavewrittenconsent. The chi-square test found relationships between income, education, and obstacles to accessing dental care (p < 0.05).Results: A total of 400 patients aged 25 and older participated in the data collection. Patients encountered various barriers when seeking dental healthcare facilities, including costly treatment (23.1%), fear of pain (13.7%), and time constraints (13.7%). Educated patients predominantly faced issues such as time shortages and appointment-related challenges, whereas illiterate individuals cited treatment costs and fear of pain as their primary barriers.Conclusion: Costly treatment, time constraints, and dental procedure fears pose significant barriers to dental service utilization. These challenges are particularly acute among individuals with lower educational attainment and income levels.

The Impact of Educational Attainment on U.S. Unemployment Rates: A Regression and Log Difference Analysis

This study investigates U.S. unemployment rates among individuals aged 25 and older, segmented by four distinct levels of educational attainment. Understanding the interplay between education and employment is crucial for effective policy-making and long-term economic planning. To capture these dynamics, a regression model is utilized to derive equations representing the patterns observed in four separate time series, each corresponding to a specific educational group. In addition to this, logarithmic difference analysis is applied to compare these time series, resulting in the creation of three new plots that help further elucidate the relationships between educational attainment and unemployment rates. The analysis of these new plots reveals a narrowing disparity in unemployment rates across various educational levels, suggesting a trend toward convergence. Over time, this indicates a potential reduction in gaps based on educational background. The findings provide valuable insights into the evolving U.S. labor market, highlighting the influence of education on employment outcomes. These insights offer important implications for future policies aimed at reducing unemployment disparities and fostering equitable job opportunities across different educational levels.

Education, intelligence, and 20 gastrointestinal disorders: A Mendelian randomization study.

Previous observational studies have suggested that higher levels of education attainment and intelligence (IQ) are associated with better health outcomes in humans. However, the causal link between education attainment and IQ and their association with health outcomes remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the distinct impacts of intelligence and educational attainment on gastrointestinal symptoms. From the genome-wide association between educational attainment and the IQ study database, results were obtained from the FinnGen summary database. We used univariate and multivariate Mendelian randomization (MR) techniques to explore the relationship between exposures and outcomes. To assess the validity of inverse-variance-weighted-based results, we used several supplementary analytical techniques and performed sensitivity analysis. Our multivariate MR study confirmed the findings from univariable analyses and showed a genetically predicted causal association between educational attainment and 8 gastrointestinal disorders, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, chronic gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcer, cirrhosis, cholelithiasis, acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and irritable bowel syndrome. Our univariate MR study found an association between IQ and 6 gastrointestinal conditions: gastroesophageal reflux disease, cirrhosis, cholelithiasis, acute pancreatitis, pancreatic malignancy, and irritable bowel syndrome. However, the connection was much weaker in multivariate MR analysis. Our study revealed causal relationships between gastrointestinal disorders and educational attainment. Educational attainment may mediate between intelligence and the impacts on the gastrointestinal system. However, further research is required to understand the underlying pathogenic processes completely.

An examination of food insecurity among Canadian Aboriginal people

Background Food insecurity is a significant problem affecting many Indigenous people in Canada. This paper examines the prevalence, causes, and effects of food insecurity among Aboriginal populations. Methods Using a review of peer-reviewed articles, government reports, policy evaluations, and data from Statistics Canada, it highlights how factors such as remoteness, mental illness, traditional food consumption patterns, and socioeconomic conditions contribute to food insecurity. The paper also discusses existing policies, such as the Canada Child Benefit (CCB) and Nutrition North Canada (NNC), which are designed to address this issue. Additionally, it offers policy recommendations, including improving supply chain efficiency, monitoring subsidy programs, reevaluating eligibility issues associated with the NNC, providing support to improve access to existing government policies, and dismantling racist structures through initiatives such as Canada’s Anti-Racism Strategy 2024-2028. Results One important link made in the study is how educational attainment and income levels among Indigenous people are a reflection of structural injustices that lead to greater vulnerability to food insecurity, as well as the effectiveness of government policies designed to mitigate food insecurity. Conclusions The study emphasizes the need for a multi-pronged approach that combines modern strategies with traditional Indigenous values to build resilience against food insecurity. Addressing these factors can enhance the impact of policies targeted at effectively reducing vulnerability and improving food security among Indigenous communities in Canada.

Allostatic Load, Educational Attainment, and Risk of Cancer Mortality Among US Men.

Health disparities among racial and ethnic minoritized populations, particularly for cancer mortality rates, remain a major public health concern. Men from underrepresented backgrounds (Black and Hispanic men, specifically) face the pervasive effects of discrimination in their daily lives, which also contribute to the complex associations among allostatic load (a marker of chronic stress), educational opportunities, and elevated risks of cancer mortality. To elucidate the associations among educational attainment, allostatic load, and cancer mortality risk among men. This is a retrospective cohort analysis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationally representative sample of approximately 5000 people across the US, from 1988 to 2010 linked with data from the National Death Index, which served as follow-up data for the cohort and was available through December 31, 2019. Participants included men aged 18 years and older. Data were analyzed from June to October 2024. Allostatic load data were stratified by educational attainment levels, categorized as (1) less than high school education and (2) high school graduate and above. Allostatic load score was calculated as the sum of total abnormal biomarkers and health measures (9 total). Participants were considered to have high allostatic load if their score was 3 or more. The primary outcome was cancer death. Weighted Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of cancer death between educational attainment and allostatic load (adjusted for age, income, and smoking status). Among all 20 529 men (mean [SE] age, 41.00 [0.22] years), those with high AL and less than high school educational attainment had a greater than 4-fold increased risk of cancer mortality (unadjusted HR, 4.71; 95% CI, 3.36-6.60) compared with those with low allostatic load and a college degree or higher. Similarly, both Black men (HR, 4.19; 95% CI, 2.09-8.40) and White men (HR, 5.77; 95% CI, 4.06-8.20) with high allostatic load and less than high school educational attainment had higher risks for cancer death compared with race-specific counterparts with college education and low allostatic load. After adjustments for age, poverty-to-income ratio, smoking status, history of cancer, and ever congestive heart failure and heart attack, the associations were attenuated, but all men (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.15-2.47) and White men (HR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.16-2.85) still had greater than 50% increased risk of cancer death compared with men with college education and low allostatic load. This study highlights the detrimental association of not attaining a high school degree, combined with high allostatic load as a marker of chronic stress, with cancer mortality. Efforts to promote educational attainment and address the underlying social determinants of health are imperative in reducing cancer disparities in this population.

학교교육 생산성에 미치는 영향요인 분석

The purpose of this study was to empirically analyze factors influencing schooling productivity which means comprehensively by integrating quantitative educational outcome such as academic achievement and qualitative educational outcomes like school satisfaction of students. The subjects of this study were 1,060 students and 205 teachers from 18 general public and private high schools located in Jeollabuk-do. Multiple regression analysis was used by extracting a total of 12 variables predicted as factors affecting schooling productivity. Specifically, there were 4 school variables (number of students per teacher, number of students per class, facility level, administrative support level), and 4 student variables (educational expenditure per student, SES of students, teacher satisfaction of students, and principal satisfaction of students). And there were 4 teacher variables (teacher's educational attainment level, career level, teacher's job satisfaction, and teacher's principal satisfaction). The main findings of this study were as followings; First, the factors that affected academic achievement include the number of students per class, the facility level, the level of administrative support, and educational expenditure per student and the student's SES. Second, the factors that affected student satisfaction with school were the facility level, the student's SES, the student's teacher satisfaction and the student's principal satisfaction. Third, the factors that affected both academic achievement and student satisfaction in school were the facility level and the student's SES. Finally, among the school variables, the number of students per teacher and four teacher variables did not affect schooling productivity. While research on schooling productivity has been mainly focused on academic achievement for more than 50 years since Coleman's report(1966), this study was meaningful in defining schooling productivity to include students' school satisfaction as a qualitative outcome of schooling and academic achievement as a quantitative outcome of schooling, and empirically verifies the influencing factors. The results of this study would provide implications for the future direction of evidence-based education finance policy establishment and education financial investment by empirically analyzing the factors affecting schooling productivity.

Silicon caregivers: a multilevel analysis of European perspectives on robotic technologies for elderly care

ABSTRACT As populations age, women's workforce participation grows and AI advances, understanding attitudes towards care technologies becomes increasingly important. This study examines attitudes towards robot caregivers for older adults across 28 European countries, using 2017 Eurobarometer data from working-age adults (20–59; n = 13,839). We investigate how individual characteristics (gender, education, occupation) and local-level factors (GDP, female labour participation, over 65s as % of the population, spending on old age) are associated with comfort levels with domestic care robots. The results show that men, individuals with higher levels of educational attainment, and those in professional or managerial occupations report greater comfort with robot caregivers. Additionally, local context plays a significant role. Those living in local communities with higher female employment rates and lower spending on old-age support demonstrate higher acceptance of robotic care solutions. These findings highlight the dual influence of individual and community factors in shaping attitudes towards automated care technologies.

Empowerment and Sustainability: Investigating Barriers to Women’s Transition from Higher Education to Empowerment in Brazil

Gender equality continues to be a global issue, with significant disparities in attention and action between developed and developing nations. Women, in particular, face unique challenges when transitioning from higher education (HE) to empowerment compared to their male counterparts. In many developing countries, barriers to accessing formal education are prevalent, while, in others, despite access to education, women struggle to leverage their learning for societal advancement. This paper adopts the development theory approach by exploring the role of gender equality in fostering sustainable development, emphasizing how women’s empowerment is integral to overall societal progress. This study focuses on Brazil, where, despite high levels of female educational attainment, women still encounter substantial obstacles in transforming their education into meaningful societal empowerment. These challenges include restricted freedom and mobility, deeply ingrained gender norms, violence and harassment, cultural and societal expectations, economic limitations, and family obligations. Survey data were collated from 192 students, alumni, and staff at three academic higher education (HE) institutions in Brazil, utilizing a range of descriptive and inferential statistical analyses to uncover the most significant barriers. This study concludes with policy recommendations aimed at various stakeholders, including government bodies, employers, and other organizations, to support a smoother transition for women from higher education to empowerment. These recommendations include improving workplace policies, enhancing legal protections, and promoting gender equality in leadership roles, all of which are essential to narrowing the gender gap in Brazil.

Sharing Responsibilities for Children After Separation: A European Perspective

ABSTRACT (Policy frameworks in some countries encourage both parents to share responsibility for children after separation, but we know little about whether responsibility for major decision-making or day-to-day living arrangements (placement) are assigned to one parent or shared between them. In this paper we use recently-released data (European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, EU-SILC) to document the extent to which children in 20 countries have responsibilities shared between the parents, assigned to only one, or a mixture. Using an index that combines decision-making and placement, we find substantial differences across countries, confirming research showing great variation in living arrangements and adding variation in decision-making. We explore potential reasons for different levels of shared responsibility across countries. Using simple bivariate statistics, we find higher levels of sharing when the legal context acknowledged sharing longer ago, and when there are higher levels of gender equality, educational attainment, and parental separation.

The interplay of age, gender and amyloid on brain and cognition in mid-life and older adults

Deficits in memory are seen as a canonical sign of aging and a prodrome to dementia in older adults. However, our understanding of age-related cognition and brain morphology occurring throughout a broader spectrum of adulthood remains limited. We quantified the relationship between cognitive function and brain morphology (sulcal width, SW) using three cross-sectional observational datasets (PISA, AIBL, ADNI) from mid-life to older adulthood, assessing the influence of age, sex, amyloid (Aβ) and genetic risk for dementia. The data comprised cognitive, genetic and neuroimaging measures of a total of 1570 non-clinical mid-life and older adults (mean age 72, range 49–90 years, 1330 males) and 1365 age- and sex-matched adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Among non-clinical adults, we found robust modes of co-variation between regional SW and multidomain cognitive function that differed between the mid-life and older age range. These cortical and cognitive profiles derived from healthy cohorts predicted out-of-sample AD and MCI. Furthermore, Aβ-deposition and educational attainment levels were associated with cognition but not SW. These findings underscoring the complex interplay between factors influencing cognition and brain structure from mid-life onwards, providing valuable insights for future research into neurodegeneration and the development of future screening algorithms.

AN ASSESSMENT OF CUSTOMER SATISFACTION FROM THE INSURANCE POLICIES OF SIERRA LEONE NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY

<p>The primary focus revolves around dissecting the key factors influencing satisfaction and dissecting the intricate interplay between customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions exhibited by consumers within the company's context. The study employs a cross-sectional survey methodology, employing a meticulously designed self-administered structured questionnaire that has been disseminated among the customer base of the Sierra Leone National Insurance Company. Employing the robust Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach, the research orchestrates an insightful exploration into the dynamics of relationships between various variables. The outcomes of this meticulous inquiry underscore the paramount importance of reliability and responsiveness as integral facets affecting customer satisfaction within the realm of the Sierra Leone National Insurance Company. Contrarily, the study finds technical quality, price, and image quality to lack significant influence as determinants of consumer satisfaction within the company's domain. Significantly, the study unravels a substantial and positive nexus between customer satisfaction and diverse behavioral intentions, spanning from the intent to recommend, switch, and repurchase. Interestingly, the intricate interplay between customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions remains resilient even in the face of demographic influences such as gender, age, educational attainment, and income levels. In conclusion, this study presents insightful recommendations for future explorations, delves into the multifaceted implications for management and theoretical frameworks, and takes cognizance of the inherent limitations encountered during the research journey.</p><p><br /><strong>JEL:</strong> D12; D81; G22, L15; M31</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0799/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Determinants of smallholder farmers' choices of agricultural information sources and outlets: Evidence from East Gojjam zone, Amhara, Ethiopia

This investigation examines the various factors that impact the decision-making process of small-scale farmers in utilizing agricultural information outlets within the designated research area. A total of 403 farmers was surveyed, and the obtained data were meticulously analyzed through the implementation of a multivariate probit model. The model's analysis reveals a significant and positive correlation between farm size, membership status, credit accessibility, market proximity, extension services, total income, and willingness to share information in relation to the farmers' preference for electronic information channels. Moreover, the projected Most Valuable Player for the selection of printed outlets is favorably influenced by the level of education, farm size, total income and membership status. Conversely, frequency of market visits and proximity to development centers all adversely impact the preference for electronic outlets. Furthermore, membership status exerts a beneficial influence on the choices pertaining to outlets centered around human interaction, while family size has a detrimental effect on such choices. In addition, membership status, total income, distance to market, and extension services all exert positive influences on the selection of outlets associated with organizational entities, whereas marital status and educational attainment levels exert negative influences. Consequently, if farmers are provided with access to multiple information outlets, they are able to selectively choose the most advantageous combination of information sources to optimize their agricultural outputs. It is therefore recommended that equitable access to information outlet choices be enhanced in potential production sites, as well as in the development of rural-urban infrastructure.

Mortality from type 2 diabetes mellitus across municipalities in Mexico

BackgroundOne in six Mexican adults’ lives with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is the third leading cause of death in the country. Analyzing the geographic distribution of T2DM mortality helps identify regions with higher mortality rates. This study aimed to examine the spatial patterns of mortality from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) across municipalities in Mexico and to analyze the main contextual factors linked to this cause of death in 2020.MethodsWe employed a spatial Bayesian hierarchical regression model to estimate the risk and probability of death from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) across Mexico’s municipalities.ResultsThe SMR results revealed geographic and age-specific patterns. Central Mexico and the Yucatán Peninsula exhibited the highest excess mortality rates. For the population under 50 years of age, municipalities in Oaxaca had the highest T2DM mortality rates, whereas those aged 50 years old and older had the highest rates in Tlaxcala and Puebla. Socioeconomic factors such as low levels of educational attainment, lack of health services, dietary deficiency, and marginalization were positively associated with increased T2DM mortality risk. By contrast, GDP per capita showed a negative association. High-risk areas for T2DM mortality were prominent along the south of the Pacific Coast, the Bajío, Central Mexico, and southern Yucatán for those under 50, and along a central strip extending to the Yucatán Peninsula for the older population. Significant uncertainties in mortality risk were identified, with Central Mexico, Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Tabasco showing high probabilities of excess risk for those under 50 years of age and extended risk areas along the Gulf of Mexico for those 50 years old and older.ConclusionsThe assessment and identification of spatial distribution patterns associated with T2DM mortality, and its main contextual factors, are crucial for informing effective public health policies aimed at reducing the impact of this chronic disease in Mexico.

The association between health literacy and colorectal cancer screening uptake in Taiwan

Abstract Background Population-based cancer screening programs have been confirmed as a cost-effective strategy for early detection of colorectal cancer, leading to reduced mortality and morbidity. In Taiwan, the government has provided an immunochemical fecal occult blood test (iFOBT) every two years to all citizens aged 50 to 74 years since 2013. The study aims to determine the association between iFOBT uptake and health literacy (HL). Methods Data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a population-based cross-sectional survey conducted in 2021-22 in Taiwan, were applied. The European Health Literacy Survey Short Form (HLS-EU-Q16), self-reported iFOBT participation within the past 2 years, and covariates assessed by face-to-face interview. The present analysis included those age-eligible for screening (n = 3,871) and applied the survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression to estimate odds of iFOBT uptake between HL skill levels, controlling for age, education attainment, socioeconomic status, health status, and household urbanicity level. Results In general, 44.6% of participants had utilized the iFOBT, and 79.9% had adequate HL skills which reported higher iFOBT uptake rates (45.9%) than their counterparts (39.4%). Multivariable analysis showed that having adequate HL was associated with greater odds of iFOBT utilization (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.79; 95% CI: 1.29-2.49). Additionally, compared to those households registered in the township, participants in higher urbanicity levels had lower iFOBT uptake: city (aOR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.47-0.82). Other predictors that contributed significantly were participants’ gender and having 2 or more chronic diseases. Conclusions Inadequate HL skills and urban residency may reduce participation in the CRC screening program, despite its free availability. More efforts should include literacy-friendly designed materials and the provision of tailored support in urban settings. Key messages • HL skills are significantly associated with the CRC screening uptake in Taiwan. Improving HL could have positive effects on people’s participation. • Urbanicity levels are also predictors associated with screening utilization. Disseminating health service information in localized ways should be a potential option.

Development of an air quality communication strategy with underserved groups

Abstract Air quality is the greatest environmental health threat. Effective communication can support individuals to take actions to protect themselves, however, we know some groups are less likely to engage with exposure reducing behaviours than others. We aimed to explore what information individuals want to receive about raised air pollution levels, when, where and how they would like to receive it. In this qualitative study individuals participated in either semi-structured interviews (n = 6) or focus groups (n = 8) in North East England between Oct23-Feb24. We used purposive sampling underpinned by extensive community-based engagement to ensure inclusion of those who were underserved and/ or at risk of digital exclusion. The Capability Opportunity Motivation-Behaviour model was used to help guide discussions and the data thematically analysed using an inductive approach. Fifty individuals participated, many of whom were of non-white ethnicity (n = 23, 46%), spoke English as an additional language (n = 12, 24%), and had lower educational attainment levels (i.e., no-qualifications n = 7, 14%). Participants discussed four aspects that they deemed important to include in air quality communication: (1) the risk and harms of air pollution should be stated, and be tailored because “what’s a dangerous level for one person isn’t a dangerous level for another”(P41) (2) Participants felt detail about the pollutants should be included such as: “what is causing the air pollution?”(P15) to “avoid the exposure to this source”(P21). (3) Messages should also include actionable recommendations about how to protect oneself and, (4) various ways to communicate these messages (text-message-based approaches being the most popular) were suggested. Our findings indicated using a combined communication strategy including text messages and community-based approaches. This work can inform the development of inclusive future air quality information communication Key messages • Effective communication can support individuals to take actions to protect themselves from air pollution. • A combined communication strategy including text messages and community-based approaches were suggested as being effective communication strategies.

The Impact of COVID-19 Shocks on the U.S. Unemployment Rate

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the U.S. labor market, resulting in significant fluctuations in unemployment rates across various demographic and educational groups. This paper examines the trends in unemployment from January 2020 to December 2021, a period characterized by intense economic upheavals due to public health measures and subsequent economic recovery initiatives. Utilizing data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the study explores how unemployment rates varied among different racial groups and levels of educational attainment, identifying which groups were most vulnerable to job losses and which experienced more resilient employment patterns. The findings reveal that the pandemic exacerbated existing disparities in the labor market, with particularly severe impacts on Black or African American individuals and those with lower educational levels. The paper also discusses the gradual recovery observed in unemployment rates as the economy began to stabilize, though noting that full recovery was not uniform across all groups and make a conclusion that there are significant differences in the impact of different racial groups and levels of education on unemployment rates. Through this analysis, the research provides insights into the structural weaknesses in the labor market exposed by the pandemic and offers recommendations for targeted policy measures aimed at fostering a more equitable economic recovery. This study contributes to the broader understanding of the economic implications of global health crises and the critical role of inclusive policy interventions in mitigating these effects.

Tax knowledge in connection with tax compliance in Hungary

During the examination of tax education, a significant part of the professional literature defines taxpayers as a homogeneous group, however, among others, the level of educational attainment and the digital skills of taxpayers are also important. This research investigates the role of knowledge in connection with tax compliance. The article is based on the statements from the professional literature and analysis of secondary data from national and international authorities and institutions. It also includes some comparisons of the components of the COM-B model on the data of nine European countries and sets up a model of tax behaviour based on Hungarian conditions. According to the classification based on the comparison, the performance of Hungary is at the lowest level among nine examined countries. Considering the complexity of the tax system, the knowledge of taxpayers is incomplete in Hungary. A developed version of the COM-B model points out that there is a close connection between capability and opportunity as well and these components can reinforce each other. With the adequate motivation and literacy as well as the knowledge of procedures can facilitate tax compliance. It can be concluded that successful tax education recognises and targets various groups of taxpayers. The Hungarian tax authorities treat taxpayers as a homogeneous group, however, there are slight developments by using several communication channels. In the current situation, the most important is to find the forms and levels of tax education to make the taxpayer able to comply.

Improving learning outcomes for out-of-school children: evidence from a randomized evaluation of an accelerated learning program in Liberia

ABSTRACT Children in Liberia receive 2.2 learning-adjusted years of schooling, one of the lowest levels of educational attainment in the world. We study one approach to address low enrollment and low rates of learning: a 10-month accelerated learning program run by the Luminos Fund to help out-of-school children catch up to grade level. We conducted a randomized evaluation of the program across 100 communities in Liberia. We find that the program had large effects on reading and numeracy skills for out-of-school children, and that children in the program catch up to the learning levels of children in government schools.

Adolescent risk behaviours are associated with educational attainment in early adulthood: results from the Raine Study cohort

BackgroundHigher educational attainment is important for economic wellbeing and associated with better health and longevity. Previous research focused on intelligence, socioeconomic status and mental health or individual risk behaviours as predictors of educational attainment, but the role of multiple domains of adolescent risk behaviours is less clear. This study examined the association between multiple domains of risk behaviour in adolescence and educational attainment by 22 years-of-age.MethodsYoung people (Generation 2, Gen2) and their parents (Generation 1, Gen1) participating in the Raine Study completed questionnaires at years 1, 5, 8, 10 (Gen1 only), 14, 17 (both) and 22 (Gen2 only). The Raine Study is an ongoing longitudinal study initiated in Perth, Western Australia, between 1989 and 1991. The 1,102 Gen2 participants who responded to questions about highest educational attainment were included in this study. The association between Gen2 self-reported risk behaviours (including age at commencement of drinking alcohol, smoking, sexual intercourse and drug use) and educational attainment (defined as self-reported years of completed high school: ≤10, 11, 12 or tertiary education (> 12)) at year 22, after adjusting for mother’s age and combined parental education level, participant sex, and family income, educational performance and adolescent mental health, was explored using ordinal regression models and presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsOrdinal models suggested that never smoking or starting older than 18 compared with smoking before age 15 (OR 2.02, 95%CI: 1.28–2.14); first drinking alcohol between 15 and 17 years compared with younger than 15 (OR 1.52, 95%CI: 1.08–2.14); and, first sexual intercourse aged ≥ 18 years compared with under 15 (OR 1.67, 95%CI: 1.08–2.57) were associated with higher levels of educational attainment at 22-year follow-up. Additionally, lower (“better”) behavioural scores increased the odds of higher levels of attainment.ConclusionsAbsence of health risk behaviours at a younger age or later commencement was associated with higher educational attainment. Evidence-based interventions that address the societal influences underpinning risk behaviours in adolescents may support longer school retention.

8361 Impact of Social Vulnerability on Glycemic Control in Primary Care Patients with Diabetes

Abstract Disclosure: J.N. Tich: None. S.R. MacLeod: None. V. Zhang: None. T. Love: None. R.J. Fortuna: None. Introduction: According to the CDC, 29.7 million Americans are diagnosed with diabetes (DM), contributing to morbidity, mortality and strain on the healthcare system. The impact of social determinants of health (SDOH) and social vulnerability (SV), as measured by the social vulnerability index (SVI), on DM care and control is evident. In populations with lower educational attainment levels, lower income and higher rates of poverty, prevalence of DM and rates of complications are higher. However, less is understood about how the intersectionality between SDOH/SV and race impacts diabetes control. Aims: We sought to examine the impact of SV and race on DM control in primary care patients in Upstate NY. Methods: We examined 26,010 patients with DM in Upstate NY. We defined DM control based on national HEDIS standards. SVI were calculated for each patient based on census track data. The SVI is calculated based on 16 variables in four themes: socioeconomic status, household characteristics, racial/ethnic minority status, and housing/transportation. SVI scores range from 0 (lowest vulnerability) to 1 (highest vulnerability). In addition to calculated SVI scores, we examined patient-reported SDOH, including food insecurity, housing insecurity, transportation, and social isolation. Race and ethnicity related parameters were self-reported. We report preliminary descriptive data. Results: Overall, 73.6% of patients were controlled with a HgA1c <8% based on the HEDIS definition. Control rates varied based on race (white 75.9% Black 66.1%; Asian 73.7%; other race 66.6%), calculated SVI, and patient reported SDOH. Within each racial category, diabetes control rates worsened with increasing SVI. Patients who expressed food insecurity had lower rates of DM control than those who had no food insecurity (68.8% vs 79.7%). Similarly, patients with housing insecurity had lower control rates (67.5%) compared to those who had greater housing security (80.0%). Patients with unmet transportation needs had lower rates of diabetic control (67.4%) compared to those with stable transportation (80.6%). Additional statistical tests and multivariate regression models are pending. Conclusions: Across a large sample of patients with diabetes, increasing SV was associated with worsening glycemic control across all racial groups studied. In preliminary analyses, both race and SVI appear to be independently associated with DM control. SVI did not fully mitigate the influence of rate on DM control. Within same SVI category, non-white participants appeared to have a more negative impact on DM control compared to white participants. While SDOH are well known influences, these findings specifically demonstrate the link between SV and glycemic control, highlighting the fact that at the same SVI quartile, non-white participants may be more vulnerable to dysglycemia. Presentation: 6/2/2024 6/2/2024