This study explores the ideological foundation of education vouchers, focusing on educational support programs for commoners during the French Revolution and the educational philosophies of Thomas Paine and John Stuart Mill. Thomas Paine emphasized the expansion of educational choice through government support and assistance for the poor, while John Stuart Mill advocated for educational improvement through free choice and competition. Their philosophies have become core ideas in the modern school choice movement and were institutionalized in the education voucher policy by Milton Friedman. This study analyzes the outcomes of education vouchers from the perspective of public choice theory and examines models such as the Tiebout hypothesis, Demand Side Financing, and Home and Community-Based Services (HCBS). Additionally, it explores the relationship between Hirschman's Exit-Voice-Loyalty model and the principle of voucher choice. In conclusion, this paper emphasizes how these concepts are related to choice and competition in public services. Furthermore, it highlights that the principles inherent in education vouchers serve as an important ideological foundation for democracy and economic development.