This article presents a detailed assessment of the literature on the benefits and drawbacks of online English as a Second Language (ESL) learning settings. The study identifies and evaluates the major benefits of online ESL learning, such as flexibility, accessibility, engagement, customization, and global connectedness, based on a thorough review of research papers, reports, and academic articles. The paper also investigates the challenges that learners and instructors may face in online ESL environments, such as the digital gap, a lack of social engagement, digital literacy discrepancies, self-regulation issues, and concerns about quality and integrity. By combining current material, the paper provides insights into the intricacies and problems of online ESL learning, emphasizing the need of overcoming hurdles in order to utilize the potential of online learning settings. The findings highlight the need of collaborative efforts among educators, policymakers, and stakeholders to create ways for supporting inclusive, successful, and equitable online ESL learning experiences. Furthermore, the study underlines the need of continuing research and assessment in determining the influence of online ESL learning on student outcomes and informing evidence-based practices. Finally, this study contributes to our understanding of online ESL learning settings and has implications for practice, policy, and future research in ESL education.
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