Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Scale Research Articles

Exploring the burden of postpartum depression in urban Bangladesh: Prevalence and its associations with pregnancy-related factors from a cross-sectional study.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a globally recognized public health concern, yet research focusing on women in urban areas of Bangladesh remains unexplored. This study aimed to address this research gap by investigating the prevalence and associated factors of PPD within the first 2 years after childbirth. A cross-sectional study was conducted, enrolling 259 women (26.66 ± 4.57 years) residing in urban areas who were attending healthcare delivery centers. Sociodemographic factors, child-related issues, pregnancy-related complications, and PPD using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) were used for data collection. Data analysis involved the application of χ 2 tests and logistic regression analysis using SPSS software. This study found a 60.6% prevalence of PPD using a cutoff of 10 (out of 30) on the EPDS scale. Logistic regression analysis identified several significant factors associated with PPD, including high monthly family income (odds ratio [OR] = 47.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.34-270.54, p < 0.001), income dissatisfaction (OR = 14.28, 95% CI: 4.75-42.87, p < 0.001), up to two gravidities (OR = 2.94, 95% CI = 1.25-6.90, p = 0.013), pregnancy-related complications (OR = 2.70, 95% CI = 1.05-6.96, p = 0.039), increased antenatal care visits, and higher childbirth expenses. This study underscores the high prevalence of PPD among urban mothers in Bangladesh. The identified risk factors emphasize the need for targeted mental health initiatives, specifically tailored to support the vulnerable group. Implementing such initiatives can effectively address the challenges posed by PPD and enhance the well-being of postpartum women in urban areas.

Mental health issues in antenatal women with prior adverse pregnancy outcomes: Unmasking the mental anguish of rainbow pregnancy.

Mental health issues in pregnancy have adverse implications on the quality of life, however still they go unevaluated and underreported. Women with previous history of abortions or stillbirth may have a higher risk of experiencing mental health problems. The present investigation was aimed to study the prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress and domestic violence in antenatal women with prior pregnancy losses and the need for interventions to treat the same. One hundred pregnant women with a history of prior pregnancy losses (group 1) and 100 women without obstetrical losses (group 2) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study carried out in a tertiary care hospital in India. Women were screened for depression, anxiety, stress and domestic violence using various questionnaires: EPDS (Edinburgh postnatal depression scale), PRAQ-2 (pregnancy-related anxiety questionnaire-revised 2), GAD 7 (generalized anxiety disorder-7) and PSS (perceived stress scale). The prevalence of depression (EPDS scale) and pregnancy specific anxiety (PRAQ-2 scale) was significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 (27 vs. 10%, P=0.008; and 15 vs. 6%, P=0.03). The prevalence of general anxiety (GAD 7 scale) and stress (PSS), however, was high and comparable in both the groups (33 vs. 29%, P=0.44; and 33 vs. 27%; P=0.35 respectively). Recurrent abortions was found to be an independent risk factor for depression [adjusted odds ratio=26.45; OR=28]. In group 1, 31 per cent required counselling in the psychiatry department and nine per cent required medication. Mental health issues, especially depression, are prevalent in antenatal women with previous losses. Unrecognised and untreated, there is a need for counselling and developing screening protocols at India's societal and institutional levels.

Does Prenatal Physical Activity Affect the Occurrence of Postnatal Anxiety and Depression? Longitudinal Study.

The aim of the foregoing study was to assess whether physical activity during pregnancy affects the occurrence of anxiety and depression during pregnancy, postpartum and 6 months following childbirth. This study tried to answer the following questions: How was the incidence of depression and anxiety different in the pre- and postpartum periods? What intensity level of physical activity protects against the symptoms of anxiety and depression? Does the time spent engaged in sedentary activities and MVPA affect the occurrence of depression and anxiety before and after childbirth? The study group under analysis consisted of 187 women aged 19–41 years. The research was conducted between April 2016 and November 2020. The study was divided into four stages: T0—qualification to participate in the study; T1—medical history acquisition, consisting of a short questionnaire and two long questionnaires (the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)), as well as an assessment of 7-day physical activity using Actigraph accelerometers during the pregnancy; T2—the completion of the EPDS and GAD-7 questionnaires after the birth; T3—the completion of the EPDS and GAD-7 questionnaire 6 months after giving birth. The obtained results were statistically processed in the Statistica 13.3 software package. A significance level of p < 0.05 was assumed. The highest percentage of depression occurred immediately after the delivery, followed by 6 months after delivery, and the smallest number of women suffered from depression before the birth (p < 0.001). The analysis of correlations of physical activity with anxiety symptoms did not show significant correlations. However, the situation is different in the case of depression symptoms. Women taking fewer steps before delivery showed a greater tendency to develop depressive symptoms before, immediately after and 6 months after the delivery (p < 0.001). Women who were less active (took fewer steps per day, spent less time in moderate-to-vigorous physical (MVPA) activities or spent more time being sedentary) showed symptoms of depression on the EPDS scale. It appeared that those with severe anxiety symptoms had the highest sedentary time scores before the delivery (p = 0.020). Reduced physical activity promotes the onset of postnatal depression, while being active reduces this risk. Interestingly, even light physical activity “protects” against the occurrence of depression and is better than sedentary activities. Such clear conclusions cannot be drawn in relation to anxiety symptoms. Sedentary behaviour may promote anxiety symptoms immediately after childbirth, but this study should be continued in order to confirm it during other time periods.

Schedules for home visits in the early postpartum period.

Schedules for home visits in the early postpartum period.

A comparative study to assess the prevalence of depression among postnatal mothers undergoing normal versus caesarean delivery

Among the women during the time of pregnancy and childbirth the most common psychiatric morbidity seen is post natal depression. In order to reduce the effect of delivery on the mental health of mothers and also to increase the quality of life among such mothers numerous scales have been developed and one of such scale is Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) which is considered to be reliable and effective in diagnosing mothers who are at risk for Post Partum depression. The present comparative study was done at a tertiary care centre from December 2019 to February 2020. Study subjects were divided into two groups (Normal delivery and caesarean delivery) and a total of 40 study subjects were included in each group for the purpose of the study. Prevalence of postnatal depression measured by EPDS scale was high in caesarean sections compared to normal deliveries. In normal delivery group, 27.5% of subjects had postnatal depression and in caesarean group, 55% of subjects had postnatal depression. The p value was found to be significant for Post natal depression between both the groups.In the present study it was concluded that the post natal depression was more among the subjects who underwent caesarean section when compared to those who underwent normal delivery.

Screen of Bipolar Disorder in Pregnant Women

Aim: Characteristically, the onset of bipolar disorder is the early adulthood and the first episode affects women of childbearing age. The studies indicate that 60-70 % of women with bipolar disorder experince mood symptoms during the periods of pregnancy and/or postpartum. The aim of the present study is to reveal the risk of bipolar disorder in pregnancy and the risk of bipolar disorder among pregnant women who had positive screening for prenatal depression. Methods: The study involved 347 literate pregnant women between the ages of 18-50. All patients were screened with self-report scales of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Mood Disorders Questionnaire (MDQ). Results: Of the 347 women participating in the study, completed both scales. Of the participants, 52 (16.5%) EPDS scale was found to be positive while 27 (8.5%) MDQ scale was positive. Diagnosis of bipolar disorder was considered in 3 (%11.1) out of 27 individuals who had MDQ score of 7 or above by a clinical interview with SCID-I. The results also indicated that the probability of positive EPDS screening is significantly higher than negative screening in participants with positive MDQ screen (p

Screening for Postpartal Depression with Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in Home Visits to New Mothers in Sarajevo Canton

Introduction Postpartum depression is a non-psychotic depressive episode occurring in postpartum period or continuing from pregnancy. Prevalence of PPD is about 12% in general population. The most dangerous consequences of PPD are mother’s suicide and infanticide. Aims Assess symptoms of PPD in the first month after delivery at regular home visits to new mothers using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and symptoms of acute stress reaction using Impact of Events Scale revised (IES-R). Determine correlation between EPDS and IES-R scores. Determine risk factors for PPD comparing results of EPDS scale and socio-demographic questionnaire. Methods Study included 50 women, ages between 21 and 42 who gave birth less than a month prior to assessment. Instruments used for this study were: EPDS, IES-R and socio-demographic questionnaire specifically designed for this study. Results 16% of women had EPDS scores indicating possible PPD, 16% had clinically insignificant symptoms, while 4% had clinically significant symptoms of postpartum PTSD. A significant correlation between EPDS and IES-R score was determined. These variables showed statistically significant influence on EPDS score:, age of mother at first pregnancy, education, work status, smoking during pregnancy and Caesarean section. All women who had EPDS indicating possible PPD had 3 or more risk factor for PPD. Conclusions The results indicate considerable presence of PPD in women in Sarajevo Canton, and the need for screening for PPD and timely interventions that can prevent possible complications some of which can be serious.

Analysis of Chosen Variables Psychological Determining the Occurrence of Mood Disorders After Childbirth.

Psychological factors are one of many that contribute to the increased risk of a psychiatric disorder's occurrence after childbirth. The aim of this work was to determine the relation between psychological variables, such as sense of self-efficacy and dispositional optimism, and the risk of mood disorder's occurrence in women after childbirth. Two hundred eighty five women, who gave birth in the University Hospital no. 2 in Bydgoszcz, took part in the study. To measure the risk occurrence of mood disorder symptoms after childbirth the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EDPS) was used. Obtaining a score of 12 or more points out of 30 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was an indicator of mood disorders. To study psychological variables the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) and Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) were used. Twenty three point two percent of women obtained 12 or more points in the EDPS scale. The average result in GSES scale for all women who took part in the study was 30.80 and indicated a high estimation of women's own capabilities in dealing with new situations. Obtained results indicated a surprisingly small group of women with low estimation of their own capabilities (n = 15). However, negative correlation between EDPS and GSES parameters, on a statistically significant level (p < 0.0001) was found (r = 0.27). In the course of analysis of the results concerning optimism-pessimism dimension rated with LOT-R, the average result was calculated to be 15.6. In the same group, 61 women showed pessimistic tendencies, and 23 (34.8%) suffered from mood disorders. Scores obtained in EDPS negatively correlated with the results in LOT-R (r = -0.43) and are statistically significant (p < 0.0001). In the first week after childbirth, one-fourth of women are in danger of the occurrence of mood disorders. There is a negative correlation between the sense of self-efficacy and dispositional optimism and risk of occurrence of mood disorders after childbirth.

Antenatal prevalence of fear associated with childbirth and depressed mood in primigravid women.

Aim:To investigate the antenatal prevalence of fear of childbirth and its association with depressed mood in low-risk primigravidae in a referral teaching hospital.Settings and Design:The study was conducted in a tertiary referral center catering to three districts in the state of Kerala. This was a cross-sectional study with internal comparison of associated factors.Materials and Methods:Malayalam translation (translation back translation) of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was self-administered by the participants. It was followed by a structured interview based on the International Classification of Diseases 10 (ICD 10) after which the EPDS scale was scored.Statistical Analysis:Chi-square test was used to compare the presence of fear in women with a EPDS of ≥ 12 and the association of fear and depression.Results:Fear associated with childbirth was expressed by 17.7% women. The prevalence of depressed mood based on the EPDS (score > 12) was 9.8% but based on the ICD 10 criteria, the prevalence of depression was 8.7%. A significant number of women with depressed mood and clinical depression had fear of childbirth of some sort.Conclusions:A significant number of primigravid women with depressed mood and clinical depression had fear of childbirth of some sort.

임신 여성의 산전우울 실태 및 영향요인

본 연구의 목적은 임신 여성을 대상으로 산전우울의 발생 정도와 이와 관련된 영향요인을 파악하기 위함이다. D광역시 소재 종합병원 및 산부인과 병원 외래를 방문하거나 원내 특강을 받는 160명의 임부를 연구대상으로 하였으며, 우울을 측정하기 위한 도구로 한국형 EPDS(Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale)를 사용하였다. 자료분석은 서술적 통계, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients와 stepwise multiple regression을 사용하였다. 연구결과, 임신 여성의 우울점수는 평균 $7.80{\pm}4.86$ 점(0-30점)이었으며, 대상자의 56.3%가 정상(0-8점), 23.1%가 경계선(9-12점), 20.6%는 심각한 수준(13점 이상)인 것으로 나타났다. 임신 여성의 산전우울 영향요인으로는 주관적 건강상태, 임부스트레스, 자아존중감 순이었으며, 이 변수들은 산전우울을 36.7% 설명하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 산전우울을 예방하기 위해 이러한 변수들이 충분히 고려되어야 할 것으로 생각된다. 【The purpose of this study was to identify the rate and influencing factors on antepartum depression in pregnant women. A self-administered questionnaire-based study was performed in 160 pregnant women who visited outpatient clinics or attended special lectures of the general hospital in D metropolitan city. All participants were interviewed using the Korean version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale(EPDS). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. On the results, the mean score of antepartum depression was $7.80{\pm}4.86$ scores(0-30 scores). The percentage of all participants for EPDS scale were 56.3% with normal level, 20.6% with a boundary line and 23.1% with serious level. Influencing factors on antepartum depression were accounted for 36.7% of the total variance which consisted of perceived health status, pregnancy stress and self esteem. The results indicate that these variables should be considered in preventing depression of pregnant women.】

One year follow-up of post-partum-onset depression: the role of depressive symptom severity and personality disorders

Objective. Long-term follow-up and risk factors of persistent post-partum depression (PPD) are fairly unknown compared with its prevalence in the developing countries. In this study, we did a follow-up measure of PPD and examined the factors, which were associated with PPD 1-year post-partum.Method. Our sample comprised of 34 women. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Edinburgh post-natal depression scale (EPDS) 6 weeks post-partum, and women with scores >12 on this scale was categorised as depressed. Personality disorders were determined at the same occasion by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R personality disorders (SCID-II). One year post-partum EPDS was completed.Results. The rate of PPD 1-year post-partum was 32.4%, and it was unrelated to age at assessment, primiparity, number of children, employment status, economical status and educational level. Women depressed 1-year post-partum had significantly higher basal scores of EPDS and more often also a diagnosis of any axis II disorder; and specifically dependent and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. In our sample, the predictors of 1-year post-partum PPD were having higher basal score of EPDS and the existence of a personality disorder.Conclusion. This study suggests that women with PPD, scoring high in the EPDS scale 6 weeks post-partum and having a personality disorder, run a higher risk for depression at 1-year follow-up.