Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale Research Articles

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Prenatal and Postnatal Depressive Symptoms in Babol Pregnancy Mental Health Registry: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Prenatal and postnatal depression (PND) is associated with adverse outcomes for mother, fetus, and child. The aim of study was to examine the prevalence and risk factors of prenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms. This was a cross-sectional and hospital-based survey of 2305 pregnant women and post-partum women (18-48 years) that was registered in the Babol Pregnancy Mental Health Registry (BPMHR) database from June 2020 to March 2021. Two questionnaires, including demographics and depression, were analyzed in this study. Also, the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess the depressive symptoms. Independent t test and the analysis of variance were used to compare the means. Multiple logistic regressions were used to determine risk factors for depressive symptoms. According to the EPDS scale, the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 19.8% in the pregnant woman group in comparison with the postpartum period (11.6%). Risk factors for antenatal depressive symptoms were parity (women with parity ≥ 4 vs. 1 parity, ß=1.808, P=0.020), two groups of gestational age (gestational age ≤12 weeks vs. 28 weeks, ß=1.562 P=0.030) as well as (gestational age 21-27 weeks vs. 28 weeks (ß=1.586, P=0.033), and high-risk pregnancy (high-risk vs. low-risk pregnancy, ß=1.457, P=0.003). For postnatal depressive symptoms, none of the factors were a significant risk. Prenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms should be screened, particularly for women in the first and second trimesters, with high parity, and those with a high-risk pregnancy, as recommended by the present study.

Effects of COVID-19 infection risk perception on depressive symptoms among pregnant women in different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic in China: A mediation model.

The study investigated the mediation mechanisms between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection risk perception and depressive symptoms among pregnant women during the different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic. Study data were derived from a sample of 463 pregnant women in Hubei Province, the province with the most severe COVID-19 outbreak in China. Data were collected in two phases (during and after the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic) using the COVID-19 infection risk perception scales, the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Peritrauma Distress Inventory (PDI). Mediation model analysis was used for data analysis, overall and by groups. The level of depressive symptoms among pregnant women after the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic was moderate (median, 9.00 [25th percentile, 75th percentile = 5.00, 12.00]), higher than the acute group (median, 7.00 [25th percentile, 75th percentile = 4.50, 10.00]). Perceived stress and traumatic stress fully mediated the relationship between infection worry (total indirect effect, 0.39 [95% confidence interval, 0.24-0.54])/infection possibility (total indirect effect, 0.41 [95% confidence interval, 0.22-0.61]) and depressive symptoms among pregnant women during the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas the relationship was only fully mediated by perceived stress after the acute pandemic. Effects of risk perception on depressive symptoms varied by periods of COVID-19. These findings have important implications for developing effective prevention and early psychoeducational intervention strategies for pregnant women with a high risk of depressive symptoms during different periods of emerging infectious diseases.

Postpartum depression and its relationship with the positive and negative perfectionism.

Depression is a common mental disorder after childbirth, which has serious consequences for the mother, baby, and family. A wide range of causes, including some personality traits of mothers, are involved in its etiology. Therefore, this study was conducted aiming to determine the factors related to postpartum depression (PPD) and its relationship with positive and negative perfectionism in Qom, Iran. This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 162 mothers who had been referred to health centers in Qom during 6-8 weeks after normal vaginal delivery (NVD) in 2020. After randomly classifying the health centers, the convenience sampling method was carried out. Data collection tools included social-individual information form, Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and Positive and Negative Perfectionism Questionnaire of Terry-Short. The data were analyzed using the Chi-square and Pearson correlation tests and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of PPD in this study was 29.6%. The results showed that with the increase in the negative dimension of perfectionism, the chance of PPD in people increases by 14% (OR = 1.14, CI = 1.06-1.21), while there was no significant correlation between the positive dimension of perfectionism and PPD (r = 0.006, P > 0.05). Furthermore, the chance of PPD was higher in student mothers, mothers who had a history of PPD, and unintended pregnancy. Moreover, some factors such as multigravidity, breastfeeding, and not worrying about body image reduce the chance of occurrence. Since mothers' negative perfectionism is associated with PPD, it is recommended to identify perfectionist individuals during pregnancy and after delivery and provide counseling service to them.

Family and facility care variables attributing to postnatal depression among women in two tribal-dominated districts of Odisha: Log model analysis to suggest intervention.

It is a proven fact that women are affected by poor mental health predominantly in the postnatal period. This is authenticated by the use of a validated and tested Edinburg Postnatal Depression scale (EPNS), which is a simple tool to measure depression among women after delivery by posing 10 questions and this is also validated in Odia language. Odisha has made laudable progress in delivering Maternal and Child Health care to women even in tribal-dominated districts through its robust Comprehensive Obstetrics care network restricting home delivery almost to a mere 4%-5% and reducing maternal deaths by 60%-70% as per the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5). As a part of an Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) extramural project to enhance contraceptive acceptance among males in districts that had a total fertility rate (TFR) higher than 3, a qualitative objective to measure mean postnatal depression in the early postpartum period (who are also the target to advocate contraceptive acceptance) was undertaken. A secondary objective was to compare family care vs. facility care as greater attributing factors for higher EPNS scores. Due to time constraints, the study was done on a fast-track mode wherein two villages each from the sampled blocks of Koraput and Boudh (with one of the highest birth rates) were selected. All women in villages who had a baby aged between 1 and 6 months, were the sampling frame and only those were selected who consented. A questionnaire was used that elicited information on familial sociodemographic details and also facility-based antenatal care (ANC) and postdelivery services that were availed for the last-born child. General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) scores were used as an independent variable and a proxy measure of cumulative familial stress. Descriptives and log regression were used to measure the odds of family vs. facility-based services. A total of 98 women, 50 from Boudh and 48 from Koraput, participated in the study. Koraput's mean EPNS scores were 6 points higher than Boudh indicating much higher postnatal poor mental health. Log models showed that there was no difference between facility-based care in both districts as both reported 96%-97.3% institutional delivery, with out-of-pocket expenditure (OOP) being less than 520 Indian rupees on average and nearly 100% reported receipt of iron folic acid and calcium as well as streamlined Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) services. However, the odds of men's participation in Family planning was 2.77 times less in Koraput (SD = 2.582), fourth birth order 1.33 odds, and female gender 5.66 odds higher for the district as a result of which GHQ 12 score mean was 21.00 (CI: 19.18-22.82) hinting very high psychological stress as compared with Boudh where the mean was 17 (CI: 14.59-19.41). This clearly indicates that a robust healthcare delivery alone will not be able to address the holistic health of women in the childbearing age group. Familial stressors compound poor mental health and hence counseling of the family as a whole is necessary to achieve sound mental health in women in the postnatal period. The spousal role is emerging as a strong determinant, especially in terms of nonacceptance or casual approach to contraceptive use. Interestingly, a skewed gender bias is noted for the female child, which is also a contributor to postnatal depression (PND) in both districts, though a bigger sample would be needed to statistically prove it.

Knowledge Analysis of Postnatal Mother about Essential Newborn Care with Incidence of Postpartum Blues: A Cross-Sectional Study

Stress in the postpartum period can cause anxiety, fatigue, and decreased self-care associated with an increased risk of postpartum depression. In Indonesia, the incidence of postpartum blues is between 50-70%. This study assessed knowledge of essential newborn care among postnatal mothers and identified the incidence rate of postpartum blues. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Bengkulu city. Respondents of this research were 57 mothers who met the criteria included in the 2 weeks postpartum in Public Health Facilities. Mother’s knowledge was measured by Essential Newborn Care Questionnaire. The symptoms of postpartum blues were measured by the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). The contingency coefficient shows a relationship between mother’s knowledge about essential newborn care and the incidence of postpartum blues (p = 0.002; r = 0.380). The multiple logistic regression proved that knowledge is the main risk factor of postpartum blues (p 0.007; OR 6.039). The results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between maternal knowledge about essential newborn care and postpartum blues with a weak relationship. Those with poor knowledge, who are 6.039 times more risky than those with good knowledge, should be targeted for newborn care education.

The prevalence of postnatal depression and associated factors among clinic attendees in Maseru, Lesotho

The purpose of the study was to screen for postnatal depression (PND) symptoms among women attending primary health care (PHC) facilities within Maseru City Council in Lesotho. The Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPNDS) was used to screen for PND symptoms in a sample of 393 postnatal mothers, and a quantitative questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data. The Pearson chi-test of association was used to explore associations between socio-demographic variables and EPND scores (p<0.05). The ages of the participants ranged from 17 to 40, with a mean of 27 years. Most were married (n = 310, 78.88%) and unemployed (n = 254, 64.63%), with high school as their highest level of education (n = 272, 69.21%). The majority (n = 312, 79.6%) had between 1 and 2 children. A third of the sample were HIV positive (n = 117, 29.77%). The prevalence of PND symptoms was 43%. Social support, financial support from the partner, relationships with the partner, knowledge of HIV status, and having experienced a severe financial crisis were significantly associated with PND symptoms. On multivariate logistic regression, only financial support from a partner and having experienced a severe financial crisis remained significantly associated with the development of PND (p = 0.05). Risk factors for PND are mostly socio-economic. The high prevalence of PND highlighted the need to integrate routine screening of mothers for PND, which will enable early diagnosis and treatment and thus contribute to the improvement of maternal and child well-being in the country.

Risk and protective factors for postpartum depression among Polish women – a prospective study

This prospective study conducted at a single center in 2022 aims to identify risk and protective factors for postpartum depression (PPD) in Polish women and to assess the impact of pregnancy, delivery, the postpartum period, and psychosocial factors on PPD. After delivery and 4 weeks later, 311 women filled out two questionnaires of our design related to risk factors for PPD. Immune Power Personality Questionnaire, Walsh Family Resilience Questionnaire, and Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale were also applied. The predictors of PPD identified at two time points included: use of antidepressants, previous depressive episodes, family history of depression, risk of preterm delivery, anxiety about child’s health, and breastfeeding and sleep problems. Risk factors for PPD found only after delivery were: suicidal ideation before pregnancy, stressful life events, premature rupture of the membranes, and cesarean section. Inhalation analgesia during labor reduced the PPD frequency. At 4 weeks’ postpartum, regular physical activity was also predictive of PPD, while breastfeeding, financial satisfaction, and sufficient sleep duration were protective factors. PPD after delivery was negatively correlated with capacity to confide, hardiness, assertiveness, self-complexity, and communication. PPD at 4 weeks postpartum decreased belief systems, organization patterns, and communication. Two proposed self-designed questionnaires can be useful for effectively screening PPD in the Polish population.

L’accouchement vécu négativement par les pères est associé à une augmentation du risque de dépression paternelle en post-partum

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the childbirth experience by primiparous fathers living in France on their level of postnatal depression, parental self-efficacy, and postnatal sense of security. MethodsTwo hundred and fifty men answered sociodemographic questions and filled up the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the First-Time Father Questionnaire (FTFQ), the Parent Expectations Survey (PES) and the Parents’ Postnatal Sense of Security Instrument (PPSSi). ResultsA negative birth experience was associated with a higher rate of postnatal depressive symptoms (P<.001) and a lower level of postnatal security (P<.001). However, no relationship was found between childbirth experience and sense of parental efficacy (P=0.09). ConclusionsSimilar to mothers, the way fathers experience the birth of their partner can have consequences for the way they go through the postpartum period. In order to prevent possible depressive affects that may impact the relationship with their child, and to strengthen their sense of security when returning home, it is important to provide fathers with appropriate support throughout the perinatal period.

Addressing the Maternal Mental Health Crisis Through a Novel Tech-Enabled Peer-to-Peer Driven Perinatal Collaborative Care Model

Addressing the Maternal Mental Health Crisis Through a Novel Tech-Enabled Peer-to-Peer Driven Perinatal Collaborative Care Model

A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE AND LEVEL OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION AMONG POST-NATAL MOTHERS ADMITTED IN THE SELECTED HOSPITALS OF KAMRUP (M), ASSAM

Women undergo various physical and mental changes during their postpartum period and are in a vulnerable state of mind. The aim of the present study is to assess the Knowledge and Level of Post- Partum Depression among Post-Natal Mothers admitted in the selected Hospitals of Kamrup (M), Assam. The study was conducted using descriptive survey research design with a total of 150 Post-Natal Mothers by convenient sampling. Data was collected by interview with self-structured questionnaire for knowledge and structured questionnaire by Edinburg's Postnatal Depression Scale for level of Post-Partum Depression. The study ndings reveal that 58% had moderate, while 34% had inadequate and the remaining 8% had adequate level of knowledge. 80% Post-Natal Mother had no depression and remaining 20 % had possible level of depression. Knowledge and Level of Post-Partum Depression of Post-Natal Mother was found negatively correlated and statistically signicant. There was signicant association between knowledge level of Post-Natal Mothers and educational qualication, family income per month, family history of depression. There was a signicant association of Level of Post-Partum Depression of Post-Natal Mothers and demographic variables i.e. bad obstetrical history, mode of delivery and family history of depression. The study concluded that majority of the Post-Natal Mothers had moderate Knowledge . There is need to put more efforts in spreading the Knowledge on Post-Partum Depression in developing countries

Does Weaning of Buprenorphine in Pregnancy (in Outpatient Setting) Improve Neonatal and Maternal Outcome? [ID: 1369357

INTRODUCTION: Treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) in pregnancy is challenging. There are reports of successful weaning in OUD in pregnancy, even though professional bodies maintain the recommendation of nonweaning during pregnancy. METHODS: It was a prospective, nonintervention study after the local IRB's approval. We have a university group of obstetrician providers who will wean buprenorphine during pregnancy after contracting with pregnant women while providing counseling and social services. Many women choose to wean, while many continue not to wean and get their obstetric care at university but their substance use disorder care at other medical-assisted treatment centers. Women in the weaning group consented at the prenatal clinic, while the nonweaning group consented to the study at the hospital when they presented for the delivery. Women were given questionnaires in the postpartum period for the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Demographics for mothers and neonates were extracted from medical records. RESULTS: There were 34 pregnant women in the weaning group, with 13 women in the nonweaning group. Polysubstance use and low-birth-weight infant were excluded from neonatal outcome measures for the length of neonatal stay in hospital analysis for obvious reasons. The mean buprenorphine dose in the weaning group was significantly lower (1.9 versus 11.7 [mean] with P&lt;.0001 [T test]). Also, the length of neonatal stay was significantly lower (4.9 versus 7.2, P&lt;.05) and a trend towards higher birth weight (3,137 versus 3,018 g) and decreasing morphine requirement (62 versus 249 doses) in weaning group. PSS and EPDS scores did not show statistically significant differences with lower scores in the weaning group. CONCLUSION: Our results show that weaning of buprenorphine in OUD women during pregnancy in an outpatient setting is possible and improves outcomes for neonates and mothers.

Association of disrespectful care after childbirth and COVID-19 exposure with postpartum depression symptoms- a longitudinal cohort study in Nepal

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has led to unprecedented mental stress to women after childbirth. In this study, we assessed the association of disrespectful care after childbirth and COVID-19 exposure before/during labour with postpartum depression symptoms assessed at 7 and 45 days in Nepal.MethodsA longitudinal cohort study was conducted in 9 hospitals of Nepal among 898 women. The independent data collection system was established in each hospital to collection information on disrespectful care after birth via observation, exposure to COVID-19 infection before/during labour and other socio-demographic via interview. The information on depressive symptoms at 7 and 45 days was collected using the validated Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) tool. Multi-level regression was performed to assess the association of disrespectful care after birth and COVID-19 exposure with postpartum depression.ResultIn the study, 16.5% were exposed to COVID-19 before/during labour and 41.8% of them received disrespectful care after childbirth. At 7 and 45 days postpartum, 21.3% and 22.4% of women reported depressive symptoms respectively. In the multi-level analysis, at the 7th postpartum day, women who had disrespectful care and no COVID-19 exposure still had 1.78 higher odds of having depressive symptom (aOR, 1.78; 95% CI; 1.16, 2.72). In the multi-level analysis, at 45th postpartum day, women who had disrespectful care and no COVID-19 exposure had 1.37 higher odds of having depressive symptoms (aOR, 1.37; 95% CI; 0.82, 2.30), but not statistically significant.ConclusionDisrespectful care after childbirth was strongly associated with postpartum depression symptoms irrespective of COVID-19 exposure during pregnancy. Caregivers, even during the global pandemic, should continue to focus their attention for immediate breast feeding and skin-to-skin contact, as this might reduce the risk for depressive symptoms postpartum.

A Cross-Sectional Study Elucidating Associated Predictors in Postpartum Depression among Pakistani Women

Postpartum depression is a psychological condition that deteriorates a mother’s cognitive health and overall family functioning. This survey-based cross-sectional study was done on postpartum mothers between 15-40 years of age to determine the epidemiology of postpartum depression in Pakistan. Edinburg postnatal depression scale (EPDS) and an adapted relationship assessment tool were used to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression. A total of n=103 responses were collected from different regions of Pakistan. Univariate and Bivariate analyses, Pearson Correlation Tests, and Binary Logistic Regression Analyses were applied to investigate the predictors. Postpartum depression was found in 67.96 % of the participating women and EPDS was found to be the most reliable tool to evaluate postpartum depression.

Depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances in late pregnancy: Associations with experience of induction of labor with a catheter

ObjectiveDepressive symptoms and sleep disturbances have been found to be associated with negative labor experiences, particularly an increased level of pain. However, the associations between maternal depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances and the experience of induction of labor (IOL) remain unknown. In this study, we evaluated these associations with balloon catheter IOL. Study designA prospective study was conducted on 106 women with planned IOL. Depressive symptoms were evaluated with The Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and sleep disturbances with the Basic Nordic Sleep Questionnaire (BNSQ) at the beginning of IOL. The IOL experience was investigated both during the IOL and postpartum with the same nine visual analogue scale (VAS) questions. ResultsRegarding sleep disturbances, during the IOL, women with worse general sleep quality were less satisfied (P = 0.019), less relaxed (P = 0.008), experienced more pain in general (P = 0.002) and reported higher contraction frequency (P = 0.003). Furthermore, women who experienced difficulties falling asleep were less relaxed (P = 0.009), reported more general pain (P < 0.001) and contraction pain (P = 0.005), while those with more daytime sleepiness reported less contraction pain (P = 0.033). In postpartum, women with worse general sleep quality reported more general pain (P = 0.003), while women with longer sleep duration and those with higher sleep loss reported more anxiety (P = 0.009 and P = 0.024, respectively). Additionally, women who woke up too early in the morning were less satisfied (P = 0.042), less relaxed (P = 0.004) and reported more general pain (P = 0.018). However, those who experienced more frequent nocturnal awakenings reported being more relaxed (P = 0.014) and having less general pain (P = 0.033). Higher depressive symptoms were associated with a higher frequency of contractions during IOL (P = 0.030), but with less general pain in postpartum (P = 0.027). ConclusionsWomen with sleep disturbances during pregnancy were more likely to report more negative experiences during the IOL. Specifically, they reported more pain, feeling less relaxed and they were less satisfied with IOL. Conversely, the association between depressive symptoms and the experience of IOL seemed weaker. Thus, the quality of sleep of pregnant women is important for a better experience of IOL.

Utilizing Sleep Education to Reduce Postpartum Mood Disorder in New Mothers

Background: Infant sleep biology and maternal intuition challenge the idea of behavioral sleep training being authoritative knowledge in Western society. Behavioral sleep training may increase stress levels in postpartum mothers who feel conflicted and wish to use alternative methods. The aim of this study was to determine whether having access to infant sleep education improves maternal mental health. Subjects and Method: A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design using web-based surveys was used to assess the impact of a three-week virtual infant sleep education program on the dependent variables of depression outcomes and consolidated infant sleep. The target population were postpartum women between the age of 18 and 50. Sample size was 18 subjects were recruited through convenience and criterion sampling. Pre-tests and post-tests included nominal questions, Likert scale items, and the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Analysis included difference analyses, Shaprio-Wilk normality checks, Spearman’s rho and Bayes factor bounds. Results: The average improvement on the EPDS was a decrease of 1.89 points, 95% CI= -∞ to 0.11; p= 0.116), VS-MPR = 1.47, with the highest magnitude of improvements in domains regarding feelings of failure if their baby does not sleep through the night (r= 0.78; 95% CI= 0.40 to ∞; p= 0.012, desire to sleep train (r= 0.50; 95% CI = -0.10 to ∞; p= 0.091) and decreased feelings of self-blame (r= 0.34; 95% CI= -0.13 to ∞; p = 0.080). Conclusion: Sleep education can be beneficial in reducing stress related to infant sleep and feelings of failure as a parent in postpartum women. Keywords: behavioral training, maternal mental health, sleep education, postpartum depression.

Prevalence and associated factors of postpartum depression among Afghan women: A phase-wise cross-sectional study in Rezaie maternal hospital in Herat province

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common mood disorder affecting about 10–15% of adult mothers annually. This study aimed to find the prevalence and associated factors of postpartum depression among women in Herat province in Afghanistan. Methods: Across-sectional study was conducted between 11 July 2021 and 15 September 15, 2021, among women who delivered a baby at Rezaie Maternal Hospital of Herat province (Afghanistan). A total of 242 women participated in the first phase of this study with a mean age of 25.40 ± 5.510. To assess the depression among participants, the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale was used. Results: Almost half the participants reported that it was their first labour (45.0%). In the first phase, nearly half of the participants were found to have depression (45.5%). In the second phase of this study, less than one in three participants had depression (30.7%). More than one in five participants changed from depression to normal (21.5%). Almost half of the participants remained the same in both phases of this study (47.8%). Conclusion: It is crucial to examine women's psychological health during the postnatal period to understand how we may assist women through targeted interventions based on their particular needs. Our study shows that the post-partum depression among women in Herat province of Afghanistan, decreases and factors such as educational level, number of family members, happening of bad event during the past month, and presence of physical illness have a direct impact on postpartum depression.

A study of postnatal depression in a tertiary care centre – A prospective observational study

Postnatal depression is defined as non-psychotic depressive episodes of mild to major severity which occurs during pregnancy or postpartum. It is one of the most common non obstetric disorders that causes significant morbidity in women during the perinatal period. It is often unrecognized, but an extremely common yet a disorder (100-150 per 100 births) and is prevalent among Indian women up to 19% - 22% as well. The aim of this study is to find out incidence of postnatal depression in Vijaya Hospital, a private tertiary care hospital. This study aims at identifying the incidence of postnatal depression in postnatal mothers in a tertiary care centre using Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) questionnaire and the risk factors contributing to postpartum depression. The results were incidence of postnatal depression at week one was 40% and week four was 27%.: It is a prospective observational study with a sample size of 100. Postnatal mothers were screened using EPDS questionnaire at one week when they are admitted in hospital and four weeks when they come for postnatal checkup. Women with EPDS score of 13 and above was considered having Postpartum Depression. Age, socioeconomic status, educational status, employment status, type of family, menstrual history, premenstrual syndrome, obstetric score, mode of delivery, planning of pregnancy, relationship with parents, in laws and partner was compared at one week and four weeks.The Primary outcome of the study was to measure the incidence of PPD at week one which was 40% and week four which was 27%. The secondary outcome identified the risk factors contributing to PPD in my study was menstrual history, mode of delivery, relationship with in laws, lack of partner support which was found to be statistically significant. In my study done in a private tertiary care hospital, the cumulative incidence of PPD was 52%. Delivery through Caesarean section, menstrual history and poor relationship with in laws at one week was found to be statistically significant with a p-value of &amp;#60;0.05. Lack of partner support at one week and four weeks were found to be statistically significant with a p- value of &amp;#60; 0.05.

Modifiable Maternal Factors and Their Relationship to Postpartum Depression.

The purpose of the study was to examine how modifiable maternal factors (body mass index (BMI), household income, fatigue, sleep, breastfeeding status, diet, and physical activity) relate to postpartum depression (PPD) at 6 and 12 months postpartum. Participants (n = 26) participated in two study visits (6 and 12 months postpartum) where vitals, weight, body composition (skinfold anthropometrics), and physical activity levels (Actigraph GTX9 accelerometer) were assessed. Validated instruments (BRUMS-32, Subjective Exercise Experience Scale, Pittsburg Sleep Quality index, NIH breastfeeding survey, NIH Dietary History Questionnaire, and Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale) assessed lifestyle and demographic factors of interest. PPD at six months was correlated to PPD at 12 months (r = 0.926, p < 0.001). At six months postpartum, PPD was positively correlated to BMI (r = 0.473, p = 0.020) and fatigue (r = 0.701, p < 0.001), and negatively correlated to household income (r = −0.442, p = 0.035). Mothers who were breastfeeding had lower PPD scores (breastfeeding 3.9 ± 3.5 vs. not breastfeeding 7.6 ± 4.8, p = 0.048). At 12 months, PPD was positively correlated to sleep scores (where a higher score indicates poorer sleep quality) (r = 0.752, p < 0.001) and fatigue (r = 0.680, p = 0.004). When analyzed collectively via regression analyses, household income and fatigue appeared to be the strongest predictors of PPD at six months postpartum.

Prospective Cohort Study of Depression During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period in Women With Epilepsy vs Control Groups.

Assess the incidence and factors associated with major depressive episodes (MDEs) and symptoms of depression and anxiety during pregnancy and postpartum periods in pregnant women with epilepsy (PWWE) compared with healthy pregnant women (HPW) and nonpregnant women with epilepsy (NPWWE) in comparable timeframes. Previous studies have reported higher rates of postpartum depression in women with epilepsy compared with women without epilepsy. However, the incidence of MDE using a structured interview during pregnancy and postpartum has not been directly compared with control groups, and the comparison of depression and anxiety symptoms and the role of associated factors remain ambiguous. The Maternal Outcomes and Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs study is a multicenter NIH-funded prospective observational parallel group cohort study of PWWE and their children. This report examines mood disorders. Unlike previous epilepsy pregnancy studies, the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (SCID) provided lifetime diagnoses, and repeated SCID mood modules assessed for MDE, the a priori primary outcome. Symptoms of depression (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI] and Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale [EPDS]) and anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory [BAI]) were also assessed along with multiple clinical factors. This study included PWWE (n = 331) and HPW (n = 102) during pregnancy and postpartum and NPWWE (n = 102) at comparable times. No difference in SCID-diagnosed MDE incidence was found across groups, but BDI depressive symptoms were worse during pregnancy in PWWE vs NPWWE and during postpartum vs HPW and NPWWE. BAI anxiety symptoms were worse during pregnancy in PWWE vs HPW and NPWWE and during postpartum vs HPW. Factors associated with MDE during pregnancy/postpartum for PWWE included >1 seizure/90 days, anticonvulsant polytherapy, unplanned pregnancy, and lifetime history of mood disorder. Suicidal ideation from BDI or EPDS was related to BAI anxiety symptoms. Although SCID-based MDE did not differ across groups, this prospective study confirms higher rates of psychiatric symptoms in patients with epilepsy during pregnancy and postpartum, provides new data on associated factors, and underscores the importance of anxiety in risk for depression and thoughts of death/dying or suicide. Given the risks, PWWE should be routinely assessed and symptomatic patients should be offered treatment. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT01730170.

Relationship between Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) Scores in the Early Postpartum Period and Related Stress Coping Characteristics.

Despite postpartum depression being a common mental health problem, there is no screening method for it. The only risk assessment used is the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). We investigated the relationship between Brief Scale for Coping Profile (BSCP) subscales performed during pregnancy and EPDS scores. We recruited 353 women with normal pregnancies (160 primiparas, and 193 multiparas) and performed BSCP at 26 weeks of gestation. The EPDS was first performed within one week after delivery (T1), and then after one month (T2). Spearman’s correlation coefficients were calculated for the BSCP and EPDS for the whole and primi/multipara groups. Multiple regression analysis was performed with the EPDS T2 scores as the dependent variable. The EPDS scores were higher in the primipara group compared to the multipara (p < 0.001), and the EPDS T1 scores were higher than the overall T2 score (p < 0.001). In the multiple regression analysis, EPDS T1 and the “seeking help for solution” subscale were selected as significant explanatory variables when analyzed in the whole group; EPDS T1 and “active solution” for the primiparas; and EPDS T1, “changing mood”, and “seeking help for solution” for the multiparas. The BSCP can be used as a screening tool for postpartum depression during pregnancy.