Wild Edible Mushrooms Research Articles

Harvest and trade of wild edible russula griseocarnosa in North Vietnam

This study examines the harvest and trade of wild edible Russula griseocarnosa in north Vietnam. Russula griseocarnosa is an edible forest mushroom, but there is no reliable information on harvesting practices and trade in this species in Vietnam. This study aims to provide ethnomycological and marketing knowledge for this mushroom. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with mushroom collectors and traders over 2 years; harvest yields were obtained from local officials; and policy settings were sought from forest managers. About 85% of mushroom collectors were women of the Dao, Lo Ursula, Muong, Nung, Mong, San Chi, San Diu, and Tay ethnicities. The collecting season was bimodal, with the wet season beginning (May) and ending (September). The traders were Hoa, Kinh, Nung and Tay, and 57% were women. Fresh mushrooms sold for 9.1-10.5 US$/kg on dry days and 7.0-7.9 US$/kg on wet days. The best grade of dried product fetched 70.4-83.3 US$/kg. A number of interim policies have been established to encourage local people to protect forests and to help create a sustainable edible wild mushroom market. Our study provides the first detailed account of the role of edible wild mushrooms in northeast Vietnam, and this will inform the co-development of rural livelihood and sustainable forest management plans.

Rapid and non-invasive estimation of total phenol content and species identification in dried wild edible bolete using FT-NIR spectroscopy

The market for dried wild edible mushrooms is characterized by quality discrepancies and species disorganization, which are a matter of concern. The feasibility of using fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy with chemometrics to predict the total phenol content and identify species was investigated in dried bolete. For the determination of total phenolic content, FT-NIR spectral acquisition, and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) image acquisition, five common species of dried edible bolete (n = 144) were utilized. The results showed that partial least squares regression (PLSR) combined with Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy could predict the total phenol content of dried boletes, with the best prediction coefficient of determination (R2p) = 0.79. The partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model accurately identified Phlebopus portentosus, with Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), Precision (PRC), Sensitivity (SEN), and Specificity (SPE) all being 1. The support vector machines (SVM) model is performed optimally to identify processing edible bolete (Lanmaoa asiatica) with an accuracy of 100 % in the test set. 2DCOS images combined with the residual convolutional neural networks (ResNet) model demonstrated the feasibility of FT-NIR full spectral bands (10,000–4,000 cm−1) and characteristic spectral bands (6,500–4,000 cm−1) for species identification of boletes. The method applies to the case of consistent or inconsistent sample sizes between groups, with an accuracy of 1.00 for both the training and test sets. The study serves as a rapid, non-invasive, and convenient method for real-time evaluation of the quality of dried edible bolete in the market.

Nutritional, Phytochemical and Therapeutic Attributes of Edible Wild Mushrooms as Influenced by Substrates in Humid Tropical Environment

Nutritional, Phytochemical and Therapeutic Attributes of Edible Wild Mushrooms as Influenced by Substrates in Humid Tropical Environment

Nutrient Analysis of Selected Wild Edible Mushrooms Collected from Aizawl Mizoram, India

Nutrient Analysis of Selected Wild Edible Mushrooms Collected from Aizawl Mizoram, India

The Situation of Counterfeited and Mislabeled Commercialized Edible Mushrooms in China and the Development of Possible Controls

Edible mushroom products, encompassing both cultivated and wild varieties, are highly favored by consumers due to their rich nutritional profiles, including significant levels of proteins and amino acids. These mushrooms have extensive applications across the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, making the edible mushroom industry a vital component of global poverty alleviation efforts. Taking China as an example, the country produces over 45 million tons of edible mushrooms annually, accounting for 94.01% of the world’s total production, thereby establishing itself as the leading global producer of edible mushrooms. However, alongside the rapid expansion of this industry, concerns have emerged regarding counterfeit products and incidents of poisoning resulting from the consumption of toxic wild mushrooms. As follows, to advance the development and integrity of the mushroom production and processing industry: (1) This study presents the situation of counterfeit edible mushrooms and elucidates the factors contributing to the production of fraudulent products from both subjective and non-subjective perspectives. (2) We provide a detailed introduction to 22 varieties of freshly cultivated edible mushrooms and commonly encountered wild edible mushrooms in the Chinese consumer market, proposing the application of DNA barcoding, environmental DNA analysis, and other technologies for the future authentication of counterfeit mushroom products. (3) Concurrently, we present an overview of mushroom poisoning incidents in China from 2010 to 2023, emphasizing the challenges in mitigating the risks associated with wild mushroom consumption and preventing food poisoning, thereby necessitating heightened consumer caution. (4) Finally, we offer four recommendations aimed at ensuring the healthy, stable, and sustainable growth of the edible mushroom industry.

Characterization of volatile profiles and markers prediction of eleven popular edible boletes using SDE-GC–MS and FT-NIR combined with chemometric analysis

Wild edible boletes mushrooms are regarded as a delicacy in many countries and regions due to their rich nutritional contents and strong aromatic compounds. This study aimed to identify 445 samples of 11 boletes species collected from Yunnan and Sichuan provinces through molecular analysis. Using simultaneous distillation–extraction (SDE) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), 97 volatile compounds were identified. Chemometric methods were then applied to analyze the heterogeneity of these volatile compounds among the different species. The results showed that, 22 and 21 volatile compounds were selected using variable importance in projection (VIP > 1) and relative odor activity values (ROAV > 0.1), respectively. Partial least squares discrimnatint analysis (PLS-DA) was then employed to develop pattern recognition models for 11 species, which demonstrated strong identification performance. Furthermore, correlation heat maps, volcano plots, and Fisher linear discriminant analysis identified five volatile organic compounds, including methyl (9E)-9-octadecenoate, 2, 6-dimethylpyrazine, 1-decen-3-one, furfural, and methional as markers for distinguishing 11 boletes species. Ultimately, the rapid content prediction models of partial least squares regression (PLSR) were established by combining Fourier Transform Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-NIR) with the concentrations of these five marker compounds. These findings provide a methodological strategy for the effective species identification of wild edible mushrooms and the rapid prediction of their characteristic aroma compounds.

Broadening the horizon of Indian mycobiota: two new species and one new generic record in Boletoid mushrooms (Boletaceae)

A combination of morphological studies and multigene molecular phylogenetic analyses unveiled two significant novel species of boletes namely Anthracoporus indohimalayanus sp. nov. and Boletus dhakuricus sp. nov. from the states of Sikkim and Uttarakhand, respectively. The first novel species, i.e. A. indohimalayanus is also a new generic record of the genus Anthracoporus from India, whereas the second novel species i.e. B. dhakuricus is a member of wild edible porcini mushroom. Both the taxa are described with their morphological details and molecular phylogenetic inferences.

Growth Simulation of Lyophyllum decastes and Coprinus comatus and Their Influencing Factors in a Forested Catchment

Wild edible mushrooms are an important food source globally and have a crucial role in forest ecosystems. However, there is limited research on the growth characteristics and the contribution of agronomic traits to biomass, and the environmental factors affecting mushroom growth are limited. This study was conducted in the Qilian Mountains, China, and focused on investigating the growth patterns and agronomic traits of Lyophyllum decastes and Coprinus comatus. The results revealed that the growth of these mushrooms followed a logical growth curve. By calculating the model parameters, we obtained the maximum daily growth of height (PH), pileus diameter (PD), and cluster perimeter (CP) of L. decastes on the 5th, 7th, and 7th days, respectively, with values of 0.55 cm d−1, 0.54 cm d−1, and 4.54 cm d−1, respectively. However, the maximum daily growth of PH, pileus length (PL), and PD of the C. comatus appeared on the 3rd day, 2nd day, and 2nd day of the observation, respectively. This study identified near-surface relative humidity, air relative humidity, and rainfall as the primary factors influencing mushroom growth, as indicated by Pearson’s correlation analysis, redundancy analysis (RDA), and multiple linear and stepwise regression. Additionally, land surface temperature and air temperature were also identified as important factors affecting mushroom growth. By utilizing random forest and stepwise regression analysis, this study identified PH and stipe diameter (SD) as the most crucial agronomic traits affecting mushroom biomass. Overall, this study offers insights for industrial mushroom cultivation and basic fungal research.

Risk assessment of heavy metals in wild mushroom from Mizoram, India

Heavy metals (HMs) contaminate the environment and pose serious health risks to humans by accumulating in ecosystems, leading to toxicity and various diseases. In Mizoram, HMs pollution is a growing concern, with increasing research on contamination in various environmental sources. Present study aim to evaluate the HMs content in wild mushrooms collected from two different districts in Mizoram, India. Trichaptum biforme and Polyporus philippinensis were collected from Dampa Tiger Reserve (DTR), Mamit and Cantharellus tropicalis and Coprinellus disseminatus were collected from Lalsavunga Park (LP), Aizawl. The collected samples were identified based on standard mycotaxonomical methods and molecular analysis. Four species were evaluated for their cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) content and two species were assessed for their health risk associated with consumption of HMs. The ranges of element contents for cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were found to be 0.19 - 0.92, 4.77 - 24, 0.24 - 1.61, 0.23 - 1.84, 9.5 - 30.9 µg/ g dried weight, respectively. The amount of Cd content was found to be over the safety limits values and can cause adverse health effects when consumed regularly. Wild edible mushrooms are valuable nutraceutical foods, but careful collection is essential to avoid health risks from HM contamination.

GROWTH MEDIUM OPTIMIZATION AND GENETIC ADAPTATION OF A WILD EDIBLE AGARICUS MUSHROOM SPECIES IN UGANDA

In this study, experiments were carried out to optimize the growth medium of a selected wild edible Agaricus mushroom. The objectives of this study were to select the most popular edible Agaricus sp. sold in open food markets, and to determine the quantitative composition of the substrate formulation for optimal yield. The most popular species was found to be Agaricus bisporus and fresh samples were used to produce spawn for the experiments to determine the substrate quantitative composition, randomized complete design (RCD) was used. Molasses, chicken manure, and maize bran were varied in ten different formulations. Each formulation was replicated four times. Ammonium nitrate, Rice straw and gypsum remained constant in the different formulations. It was also verified that yield of the mushrooms varied within the different formulations. The best formulation was formulation 5, this formulation produced mean mushroom weight of 3.190https://www.journalijar.com/article/50007/growth-medium-optimization-and-genetic-adaptation-of-a-wild-edible-agaricus-mushroom-species-in-uganda/1.54 and the least produced mean mushroom weight of 1.5±0.41.

Nutritional value of edible Russula griseocarnosa in Vietnam

This study examines the nutritional value of edible Russula griseocarnosa in Vietnam. Russula griseocarnosa is a popular edible wild mushroom in northern Vietnam, where it is consumed locally or exported to China. Future market development and increased trade in Russula griseocarnosa require information on the composition and quality of mushrooms being harvested from the wild. As the nutritional value of this mushroom has not been documented, mushrooms were collected from secondary forests in Bac Giang and Cao Bang provinces, and primary forests in Quang Ninh province for determining the proximate and mineral contents. We dried the mushrooms and sequentially measured the proximate content using standard protocols. For mineral content, the mushroom powder was acid digested and analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The study found that Russula griseocarnosa in Vietnam contained 18-29% protein, 57-68% carbohydrate, 8.7-13.7% crude fiber, 0.8-2.1% crude fat, and 0.9-1.1% ash, and has high mineral content (mg/kg dry weight) of K (19,836-24,966), P (2,631-3,335), Ca (573-1,530), Mg (350-636), Fe (143-836), Zn (60-93), and Cu (31-42). The data in this study can be used in establishing official product brands of Russula griseocarnosa, which could improve the livelihood of local people who are dependent on non-wood forest products. Further studies should explore the market chain and mushroom product opportunities, the livelihood of rural households, and the sustainability of harvesting wild mushrooms.

Large wildfires alter the potential capacity of fire-prone Mediterranean pine forests to provide wild edible mushrooms over the long term

Projected trends of intensified wildfires due to climate warming and fuel-load accumulation are expected to significantly alter fungal diversity, but we know little about how these changes will impact ecosystem services. We aimed to analyze how large wildfires alter the capacity of fire-prone Mediterranean ecosystems dominated by Pinus pinaster Ait. to deliver the provisioning ecosystem service of mushroom production throughout the post-fire succession. We assessed this at early (<10 years), medium (10-20 years), and late (>20 years) stages after fire, compared to an unburned forest. Our results evidenced that large wildfires significantly reduced the capacity of these forests to provide mushroom harvesting opportunities. This adverse effect was most pronounced in the first few years after wildfire but persisted even after 20 years of post-fire succession. The total fungal species richness, abundance, diversity, and productivity at the post-fire successional stages remained lower than in the unburned forest, failing to reach their pre-fire levels even after two decades. However, the presence of commercially valuable edible fungal species, along with their species richness and productivity, began to recover in the medium and late stages after fire. In the immediate aftermath of the fire, saprotrophic fungal species dominated, while mycorrhizal species became more prevalent during the medium and late stages of secondary succession. Additionally, the abundance and productivity of mycorrhizal species in the late succession stage approached those found in the unburned forest. Soil pH and biochemical variables (microbial biomass C and β-glucosidase enzymatic activity) were key drivers of changes in species composition along the successional stages. This knowledge is essential to guide management solutions aimed at reducing ecosystem service loss and increasing resilience to the new scenario of extreme large wildfire events at shorter fire-free intervals, especially in southern Europe.

Nutritional compositions, microbial quality, bioactivities, and volatile compounds of a novel vinegar from wild edible mushroom, Russula delica Fr

Vinegar is commonly utilized in cooking and food preparation as a flavoring, preservative, and condiment. It can be made from various sources, including fruits, grains, and vegetables. This study produced vinegar from a wild edible mushroom, Russula delica Fr., using microwave-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis extraction. The nutritional composition, bioactivities, microbial quality, and volatile compounds were analyzed in the production process and final vinegar product. Sugar syrup as total soluble solids (TSS) and total phenolic content (TPC) were extracted from mushroom powder using commercial enzymes and yielded 5.60 ± 0.10°Brix and 7.01 ± 0.06 mg GAE/g substrate, respectively. The extracted syrup was rich in amino acids such as aspartic and glutamic acid, with glucose as the main type of sugar. Maximum alcohol content at 10.95 ± 0.21% (w/v) with 1.28 ± 0.23 mg GAE/mL TPC was obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation after 21 days, while highest acetic acid was obtained at 5.60 ± 0.42% w/v with 1.87 ± 0.14 mg GAE/mL of TPC content and 74.85 ± 1.24% of DPPH radical scavenging activity after surface fermentation using Acetobacter aceti TISTR 354. Thirteen volatile compounds, including acids, alcohols, and aldehydes, were found in the wild edible mushroom vinegar, contributing to the unique aroma of the product. This study presented the first report on the analysis of vinegar from a wild edible mushroom, R. delica Fr. which showed high nutritional value, antioxidant activity and volatile compounds, with the potential for future commercial production.Graphical

Chemical Profile and In Vitro Gut Microbiota Modulation of Wild Edible Mushroom Phallus atrovolvatus Fruiting Body at Different Maturity Stages.

Phallus atrovolvatus, a wild edible mushroom, has attracted increasing interest for consumption due to its unique taste and beneficial health benefits. This study determined the chemical components in the so-called fruiting body during the egg and mature stages and investigated its gut microbiota-modulating activities. The egg stage contained higher total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, glucans, ash, and fat, while the total protein content was lower than in the mature stage. Two consumption forms, including cooked mushrooms and a mushroom aqueous extract from both stages, were used in this study. An in vitro gut fermentation was performed for 24 h to assess gut microbiota regulation. All mushroom-supplemented fermentations increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to the blank control. Furthermore, all mushroom supplementations promoted the growth of Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus. Samples from the mature stage increased the relative abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto 1, while those from the egg stage increased the Bacteroides group. The inhibition of harmful bacteria, including Escherichia-Shigella, Klebsiella, and Veillonella, was only observed for the mature body. Our findings demonstrate that P. atrovolvatus exhibits potential benefits on gut health by promoting SCFA production and the growth of beneficial bacteria, with the mature stage demonstrating superior effects compared to the egg stage.

Nutritional, Phytochemical and Therapeutic Attributes of Edible Wild Mushrooms as Influenced By Substrates In Humid Tropical Environment

Nutritional, Phytochemical and Therapeutic Attributes of Edible Wild Mushrooms as Influenced By Substrates In Humid Tropical Environment

The edible mushrooms from small community Tierras Coloradas in Hidalgo, Mexico

In Mexico, there is a rich tradition of mushroom consumption. In the state of Hidalgo, approximately 120 edible species are reported; however, there are few ethnomycological studies in temperate forest regions. The aim of this study was to report the wild edible mushrooms in the small community Tierras Coloradas in Hidalgo, Mexico. Field trips were conducted between 2022 and 2023 during the rainy season in “La Loma del Maguey” of Tierras Coloradas, a community with around 20 inhabitants. Interviews were conducted with residents regarding the mushrooms they consume and their methods of preparation. In total, 12 species of edible mushrooms were identified, with grilling or frying being the primary methods of preparation in the region. This study reports for the first time in the state of Hidalgo the consumption of Xerocomellus chrysenteron and a possible first national report of the edible use of Lycoperdon flavotinctum. Highlights the importance of mushrooms in the community's diet, as they are not harvested for sale. Studies of this kind in small communities, where migration is a social issue, contribute to the preservation and strengthening of knowledge about edible mushrooms.

Heavy metal analysis of wild edible mushrooms grown in Türkiye and assessment of possible carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk

In this study, heavy metals (HM) composition of in seventy-three wild edible mushroom (WEM) species collected from unpolluted areas in fourteen provinces of Türkiye was determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The concentrations of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, Cd, Hg, Pb and As analyzed in WEM species varied from 1.1 to 76.3, 13.8–822.7, 9.5–8867.0, < 3.0–31.8, 5.1–44.4, 3.8–380.2, 17.9–912.0, < 0.5–19.5, < 0.8–4.9, < 0.9–15.6, < 0.8–31.9 and < 0.5–257.4 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The concentrations of Cd and Pb were higher than the limits recommended by the Turkish Food Codex for cultivated mushrooms. The potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks caused by the ingestion of WEM species containing HMs were assessed by estimating the hazard and total cancer risk index. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment reveals no risk for consumption of the studied WEM species for adult consumers, except for two WEM species. On the other hand, 26 % of the values of the total cancer risk index assessed for Cr, As, Pb, and Ni in WEM species exceed the acceptable limit (≥ 10−4).

Chemical composition and nutritional characteristics of popular wild edible mushroom species collected from North-Western Romania

Wild edible mushrooms contain substances of nutritional and biological importance for humans, but they can also accumulate potentially toxic elements. The study aimed to determine the proximate composition, fatty acids profile and content of 18 elements (As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Zn) in four species of popular wild edible mushrooms (Agaricus campestris, Boletus edulis, Lepiota Procera, and Russula cyanoxantha) collected from NW Romania. The analysed mushrooms contained 22 – 28 % proteins and 2 – 5 % lipids dry weight (dw) basis, in which the total unsaturated fatty acids contents prevailed over saturated fatty acids. The average contents (mg kg−1dw) of the essential macroelements were: 22900 (K), 5500 (P), 1920 (S), 1250 (Na), 701 (Ca), and 565 (Mg). The contents of potentially toxic elements were lower and decreased in the order of Zn>Fe>Cu>Mn>Cr>Hg>Ni>Pb>As>Cd. The toxicity of these elements is related to the ingested amounts, and thus the health risk was assessed considering their contents. The obtained scores indicated non-carcinogenic health risks, primarily because of the high Hg contents, and children’s vulnerability compared to adults. Fortunately, no carcinogenic risk was indicated for the ingestion of the studied mushrooms.

Knowledge and Documentation of Wild Edible and Non-Edible Mushrooms Used by the Local Communities of Jharkhand

The wonderful world of fungi has always fascinated the human race, by their appearances and characteristic nature. The word mushroom is used for fungi and moulds in French. Since ancient times, mushrooms have been regarded as a special kind of nutritious food. They are diverse in both their growing habitats as well as their medicinal and physiological benefits. Mushroom foraging has been practiced by humans for the same reason. The forest provides large and diverse options to the villagers in the form of varieties of wild edible and non-edible mushrooms. Wild edible mushrooms are very important in the food security of tribal groups throughout Jharkhand. The aim of this study is to produce a prior mushroom checklist based on the collection and document the edible and non-edible mushrooms from Jharkhand state which are collected during the rainy season by tribals for their livelihood.

Neoergosterol-rich mushroom extract, resourced from wild edible mushroom Termitomyces heimii Natarajan, induces robust apoptosis against lung cancer

The non-specificity of conventional cancer drugs imposes a significant obstacle in cancer treatment, so the development of a safe anti-cancer alternative by methodologically revisiting several traditional medicinal systems may be a possible way to get rid of this problem. Therefore, the present study evaluates the anti-cancer potentiality of one of the Asiatic and African regions’ widely popular edible and ethnobotanically significant termite mushroom, Termitomyces heimii Natarajan (T. heimii), against various cancers. The anti-proliferative and chemo-preventive potentiality of two different extracts of T. heimii was evaluated against a panel of eight cancer cell lines and normal cells through an MTT assay. In vitro screening highlights that the methanolic extract of T. heimii had the highest anti-proliferative potential against A549 cells and had a negligible effect on normal cells. The extract specifically induced robust apoptosis in A549 cells through augmentation of intracellular ROS, disrupting mitochondrial membrane polarity, thus ultimately resulting in caspase-dependent apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Post-treatment, down-regulation of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 coordinated up-regulation of BAX expression, and an elevated expression of p53 signified the p53-dependent apoptosis. Moreover, the mushroom extract restricted cellular migration in the palladin-dependent pathway by downregulating the expression of PALLADIN. LC-MS-based metabolomic profiling was conducted to identify the potential anti-cancer mycocompounds in the methanol extract. The metabolomic profiling analysis, followed by an in silico molecular docking study, identified a unique mycosterol, neoergosterol, as a possible anti-cancer compound in the mushroom extract. The present study concludes a novel mycocompound neoergosterol resourcing from Termitomyces heimii Natarajan, demonstrating selective robust apoptosis against non-small cell lung cancer cells and also provides a chemoprotective shield against normal cells, which holds great promise for future drug development to treat lung cancer.