Edible Oil Refinery Research Articles

N, F Co-Doped Carbon Derived from Spent Bleaching Earth Waste as Oxygen Electrocatalyst Support.

Affordable nitrogen and fluorine co-doped carbon nanostructure was prepared from the hazardous industrial waste of edible oil refinery, spent bleaching earth (SBE), and used as raw material for obtaining high-performance non-noble metal bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts. Waste SBE contains 35 % residue non-saturated oil as a carbon source and the assistance of montmorillonite (MMT) as the template. This study converts waste SBE into a fluorine-doped carbon nanostructure through a pyrolysis process followed by removing the aluminosilicate layers of the MMT by HF etching. Furthermore, the impregnation of the support with Co and Fe nitrates readily gives rise to N, F co-doped carbon (NFC) electrocatalysts, as confirmed by XPS analysis. Electrochemical results evidenced that the Co-NFC catalyst proved to be a valuable bifunctional competitor for oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline media, showing activity in both reactions and superior stability compared with the Fe-NFC catalyst in accelerated tests. This work offers a straightforward, economical, and eco-friendly strategy for designing N, F co-doped carbon-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reactions in electrochemical devices.

Sensitivity Analysis of Edible Oil Refinery Industry using Machine Learning

This research paper discusses the use of machine learning for sensitivity analysis in the edible oil refinery industry. The edible oil refinery consists of four units, and subsystem A (Cleaning) contains parallel subcomponents that enable it to function in reduced capacity when some of its components fail. As a result, the system operates in reduced capacity and fails entirely when unit A fails. There is single repairman who is available for 24x7. The failure and repair time distributions are distinct and constant for each unit. Subunits B (Shelling), D (Crushing/Ribbing), and E (Expeller Pressing) are connected in series, so, if any of them malfunctions, the entire system fail. System parameters' behavior for various repair and failure rates is discussed graphically and in tabular form. Comparison of the Performance of system parameters is carried out using linear Classifier and Logistic Regression and graphs are drawn. From the comparative analysis of models, it is concluded that the linear classifier is better than logistic regression for MTSF, Busy Period of server and Availability.

Integrated enterprise input-output and carbon emission pinch analysis for carbon intensity reduction in edible oil refinery

It is important to properly account for the emissions contribution of process units in order to develop cost-effective industrial decarbonization strategies. However, there is limited literature on this topic in the edible oil refining sector. This work addresses this research gap by developing a novel systematic technique for assessing decarbonization options in the palm oil refining process. This technique combines enterprise input-output analysis (EIOA) with graphical carbon emission pinch analysis (CEPA) into a unified approach to examining cost-effective decarbonization measures. Results show that the average carbon intensity of the system was 0.0432 kg CO2/$ while the total carbon footprint was 2339.97 kg CO2. Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) has the highest carbon intensity contribution (0.0392 kg CO2/$) among the multiple products. Four scenarios to achieve a 20% reduction in CO2 emissions based on heat integration and process changes were examined. Economic evaluation was also conducted for each proposed strategy.

Photodegradation and kinetics of edible oil refinery wastewater using titanium dioxide

Edible oil refinery wastewater (EORW) is one source of environmental pollution in Nigeria. The treatment of EORW before discharge into the environment remains a significant challenge in the edible oil refinery industries. This research was aimed at photocatalytic treatment of EORW using a batch photocatalytic reactor with titanium dioxide photocatalyst. We investigated the physicochemical parameters: chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), oil and grease, phenol, chloride (Cl-), total suspended solids, sulfate (SO42-), and phosphate (PO43-) using American Public Health Association methods. The results showed that the reduction efficiency of the treated EORW with TiO2 catalyst ranged between 65.8% (PO43-) and 87.0% (COD), and the improvement in efficiency was 54.1% (pH) and 60.8% dissolved oxygen. However, the results showed no significant difference (p<0.05) in the control treatment without catalyst. The biodegradability of EORW increased from 0.196 to 0.32. It was observed that the optimum values were an initial EORW concentration of 100 mL/L, irradiation time of 90min, catalyst dose of 1.25 g/L, and an agitation speed of 900 rpm. The kinetics of the photodegradation process was well described by the pseudo-first-order equation (R2>0.96) and pseudo-second-order equation (R2>0.98). The intra-particle diffusion model fairly represented the diffusion mechanism with an R2 value of 0.806. The treated EORW met the most acceptable water quality standards for discharged effluent according to the maximum permissible limits of the Nigerian National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency.Significance: Photocatalytic treatment of EORW gave negligible results in the absence of a photocatalyst. The photocatalytic degradation of EORW improved its biodegradability. Photocatalytic treatment of EORW significantly reduced the pollutants in the wastewater. The pseudo-first-order equation (R2>0.96)

Fatty acid distillate as an alternative boiler fuel

This paper investigated the use of fatty acid distillate (FAD) produced as a by-product of edible oil refining as a fuel source for boilers. Using a diesel heater to model the combustion chamber of a fire tube boiler showed that diesel blends with FAD up to 60% could be used with different levels of preheating. A small to medium sized edible oil refinery was used to generate an economic model. It was estimated that an edible oil refinery of this size required a boiler able to supply 3 GJ/h of energy. In this situation, the FAD produced could provide approximately 57% of the yearly energy requirements for the boiler. An economic analysis revealed that using FAD (42 MJ/kg) as fuel will increase its value from New Zealand Dollar ($) 0.425/kg to approximately $1.30–1.55/kg depending on the cost of standard boiler fuel. Running the boiler on LPG ($30/GJ) or diesel ($37.7/GJ) was estimated to cost $960,000 and $1,200,000 respectively per year. If all the FAD was used as alternative fuel to provide 57% of the yearly energy, then up to $700,000 could be saved each year.

Application of Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Deviation Equations to the Formulation of a Mixed‐Surfactant Washing Agent for Crude Rice Bran Oil Removal from Spent Bleaching Earth

AbstractIn Thailand, spent bleaching earth (SBE) (20–40 wt.% remaining oil), an industrial waste from edible oil refineries, has usually been disposed of by improper landfilling at industrial sites. This study aims to formulate microemulsion‐based washing solutions from mixed surfactants for cleaning SBE contaminated with crude rice bran oil using the hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) concept. Binary nonionic‐anionic surfactant mixtures consisting of System A (Dehydol LS3TH‐Levenol WX), System B (Dehydol LS5TH‐Levenol WX), and System C (Dehydol LS7TH‐Levenol WX) were formulated for use as microemulsion‐based washing formulations. A HLDmixed equation extended with the excess free energy term (GEX/RT) was developed and proposed for predicting the optimum salinity. The optimum salinities obtained from the HLDmixed equation were close to those obtained from the phase behavior. In the SBE washing study, the mixed‐surfactant systems showed a washing efficiency of 90% with low surfactant adsorption capacity on bleaching earth (qmax = 0.01–0.03 mol g−1). The mixed surfactants showed improved washing performance compared to that of the single‐surfactant system. This work highlights the utility of using the HLD concept in designing microemulsion‐based washing formulations from surfactants for the removal of vegetable oil from SBE.

Mechanism Controlling High‐Temperature Degradation of Sunflower Oil Triacylglycerols in the Absence of Oxygen

AbstractThe aim of the present study is to describe the mechanism controlling heat‐induced formation of sunflower oil triacylglycerol and fatty acid methyl ester oligomers. The unique combination of high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography with hyphenated electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization‐MS, and high‐temperature gas chromatography‐MS techniques allows differentiating between radical coupling species and Diels–Alder cycloadducts. Targeted analysis of thermally degraded sunflower oils confirms the exact structures of various acyclic oligomers accompanied by less‐abundant products of pericyclic transformations. A series of model experiments simulate the impact of dienophile nature on the course of Diels–Alder reactions. Thus, α‐tocopherylquinone, δ‐tocopherylquinone, and methyl‐(E)‐11‐oxoundec‐9‐enoate are synthesized as naturally occurring dienophiles bearing electron‐withdrawing groups. The geometry of poor dienophiles does not affect concerted cyclization, while the structure of electron deficient dienophiles can overcome low reactivity.Practical Application: In the absence of oxygen, heat‐induced degradation of polyunsaturated triacylglycerols proceed predominantly via a radical pathway, whereas concerted reactions represent minor mechanisms. Sunflower oil triacylglycerol molecules in the system without propagation stage can be effectively protected by natural and/or synthetic antioxidants. Application of chelates is also recommended. However, antioxidant‐derived quinones, such as α‐tocopherylquinone, can enter the Diels–Alder reaction even more easily than dienophiles without electron‐withdrawing groups. Unsaturated core aldehydes possess the same reactivity. Examination of the mechanism controlling high‐temperature degradation of triacylglycerols is especially important for processing engineers in edible oil refineries and food technologists. New perspective may help them to minimize undesirable changes in polyunsaturated species.

Resilience-based Integrated Process System Hazard Analysis (RIPSHA) approach: Application to a chemical storage area in an edible oil refinery

The hazard that prevails in the chemical storage area of a process industry is exceptionally high in contrast to other different areas. In the present scenario, upcoming process industries handle different hazardous chemicals for processing, due to which the chemical storage area draws more attention with regard to safety. It is very hard to repair the damages brought about unintentionally in a chemical warehouse. Resilience-based Integrated Process System Hazard Analysis (RIPSHA) approach is a recently developed methodology to examine the varied nature of an accident. In this study, storage areas of chemicals, namely sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, caustic (sodium hydroxide), ammonia in an edible oil refinery in South India were considered for resilient analysis. The results of the study were made in RIPSHA worksheet and represented graphically. The existing risk has been adequately investigated in both plant system layers and managerial system layers, and it has been found that the safety precautions and structural design of the chemical storage area needed development.

Plant Design for Regeneration of Spent Bleaching Clay by Boil-Off Method and Acid Treatment

There are significant economic and environmental benefits to the recycling of the waste generated by edible oil refineries, spent bleaching clay is one of the major ones. These spent bleaching clays are disposed into landfills which causes environmental pollution in addition to odors and fire hazards. The amount of fresh clay used in edible oil refineries in Saudi Arabia is estimated to be 6000 tons per year. Thus, boil-off method followed by acid activation is explored in this paper as a chemical recycling method for spent bleaching clay. This treatment can remove the adsorbed oil content and reactivate the clay to recover the bleaching ability where it can be sold again with a reasonable price. The proposed process handles a feed of 26 tons per day of spent bleaching clay, the suggested design achieves a deoiled and activated clay with bleaching ability as fresh one. The plant includes batch reactors to carry out the oil removal by boil-off method then followed by acid activation. After both reactors, filter presses combined with washing process to separate the filtrate and neutralize the products. Heat exchangers, dryers and storage equipment are also included in the design. The suggested design requires a capital investment of $2.079 MM and the cash flows of this plant suggests that it will break even by around 5.2 years.

Regeneration and reuse waste from an edible oil refinery.

A spent bleaching earth (SBE) from an edible oil refinery has been regenerated by thermal processing in oven, followed by washing with a cold solution of hydrochloric acid (1M). Optimal regeneration conditions have been controlled by decolorization tests of degummed and neutralized soybean oil. Optimal values of treatment (temperature 350°C, carbonization time 01h, and HCl concentration 1M) gave a very efficient material. After bleaching oil by regenerated spent bleaching earth (RSBE), the chlorophyll-a and β-carotenes contained in crude edible oil and observed respectively at 430, 454, and 483nm, value of λ max, are very much decreased. The results obtained after decolorization of edible oil by RSBE material indicate, that, during the process, the bleaching oil did not undergo any changes in the free fatty acid content. The peroxide value (PV) was reduced from 4.2 to 1.8meqO2/kg, and the color has been improved (Lovibond color yellow/red: from 50/0.5 to 2.7/0.3, respectively). The RSBE material obtained was characterized by several techniques (FTIR, SEM). The results show that the heat treatment did not affect the mineral structure of RSBE, and the regenerated material recovered its porous structure.

WASTE WATER QUALITY OF EDIBLE OIL REFINERY OF RAJNANDGAON (C.G.) BEFORE TREATMENT AND AFTER TREATMENT.

21Jun 2017 WASTE WATER QUALITY OF EDIBLE OIL REFINERY OF RAJNANDGAON (C.G.) BEFORE TREATMENT AND AFTER TREATMENT. Rubina Alvi and H. Mohabey. Govt. Digvijay College, Rajnandgaon (C.G.)

Uncovering industrial symbiosis potentials in a small island developing state: The case study of Mauritius

Small island developing states (SIDS) face a serious issue of sustainability as far as waste management within the industrial sector is concerned. This paper makes an attempt at addressing the eventual practice of industrial ecology in SIDS with Mauritius as a case study. Three major polluting industries namely the slaughterhouse, edible oil refinery and the scrap metal recycling plant have been considered with a particular focus on the recycling of electric arc furnace slag as concrete aggregates. Along with the potential areas of applications for the different waste materials, this research has also addressed the benefits, barriers and factors for implementing industrial symbiosis projects within SIDS. The most striking benefits are the preservation of the fauna and flora of the island and reduced dependency on developed countries for the importation of raw materials while the absence of a landfill disposal fee for non-hazardous wastes and lack of awareness of industrial symbiosis projects have been identified as the main barriers. To overcome these barriers, a shift from manufacture-consume-dispose to manufacture-consume-recycle-manufacture is recommended. This study concludes that if a sustainable island is anticipated in the future, a combination of recycling options along with all necessary factors such as technology, funding from international organisations, regulatory framework and involvement of stakeholders, general public and non-governmental organisations is required. Ultimately, this would result in the establishment of networks among source and sink industries, thus being in harmony with the environment.

Electricity and methane production from soybean edible oil refinery wastewater using microbial electrochemical systems

High strength soybean edible oil refinery (SEOR) wastewater has been produced largely with the increase of global production of soybean edible oil over the last decade. This study describes that bioelectricity and biomethane production from SEOR wastewater using microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). Different organic loading of SEOR wastewater influenced obviously power output and removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of MFCs. The maximum power density of ∼746 mW/m2 (∼24.1 W/m3) was obtained in MFCs with middle high organic loading of 2900 ± 100 mg/L COD. The maximum removals of COD were ∼96.4% and ∼95.8% for MFCs and MECs, respectively. The methane yield of 45.4 ± 1.1 L/kg-COD and production rate of 0.133 ± 0.005 m3/(m3 d) of MECs were higher than that obtained by conventional anaerobic digestion, indicating that microbial electrochemical system (MES) is a highly efficient technology for treating SEOR wastewater in a waste-to-energy form.

Bioremediation of wastewater from edible oil refinery factory using oleaginous microalga Desmodesmus sp. S1

ABSTRACTEdible oil industry produced massive wastewater, which requires extensive treatment to remove pungent smell, high phosphate, carbon oxygen demand (COD), and metal ions prior to discharge. Traditional anaerobic and aerobic digestion could mainly reduce COD of the wastewater from oil refinery factories (WEORF). In this study, a robust oleaginous microalga Desmodesmus sp. S1 was adapted to grow in WEORF. The biomass and lipid content of Desmodesmus sp. S1 cultivated in the WEORF supplemented with sodium nitrate were 5.62 g·L−1 and 14.49%, whereas those in the WEORF without adding nitrate were 2.98 g·L−1 and 21.95%. More than 82% of the COD and 53% of total phosphorous were removed by Desmodesmus sp. S1. In addition, metal ions, including ferric, aluminum, manganese and zinc were also diminished significantly in the WEORF after microalgal growth, and pungent smell vanished as well. In comparison with the cells grown in BG-11 medium, the cilia-like bulges and wrinkles on the cell surface of Desmodesmus sp. S1 grown in WEORF became out of order, and more polyunsaturated fatty acids were detected due to stress derived from the wastewater. The study suggests that growing microalgae in WEORF can be applied for the dual roles of nutrient removal and biofuel feedstock production.

A Material Compatibility Study of Automotive Elastomers with high FFA based Biodiesel

Abstract Application of renewable fuels and changes in fuel composition often create many trouble in gaskets, seals, elastomers and O-rings in the engine fuel system. In a CI engine fuel system, fuel comes in touch with different elastomeric components. The compatibility of automotive fuel system components like seals, gaskets and hose materials using conventional fossil based diesel has long been recognized and documented but there is concern over the use of elastomeric materials with biodiesel. Based on these concerns, a study of compatibility of Natural rubber, Nylon and EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer) with biodiesel and diesel was carried out. High FFA oil, which is a byproduct of edible and non-edible oil refineries, is available at low price and in considerable quantities at vegetable oil refinery sites. In the current study, high FFA oil is synthesized into biodiesel by two step process i.e. esterification followed by transesterification. The methyl ester content of biodiesel is determined by GCMS. The fuel properties of the produced biodiesel were found to be comparable with that of biodiesel specifications. Static immersion test in biodiesel and diesel has been carried out as per SAE J1748 standards. This paper aims to characterize the compatibility of Natural rubber, Nylon and EPDM, commonly encountered in the automotive fuel system in diesel engines. Static immersion test in B100 and diesel fuel was carried out at 55±2 °C (SAE J1748 para 5.2) for 500 hours. Fuels were replaced weekly as suggested in SAE standard. Before the immersion test, mass measurements and visual inspection were recorded. Before and after immersion, comparative behavior was investigated by weight loss, volume change, hardness; tensile strength measurements. Changes in surface morphology were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy. It was found that natural rubber showed less detrimental effects while significant detrimental effect on EPDM and Nylon was observed.

Waste Clay for Biodiesel Through Base Catalyzed Transesterification of Residual Cotton Seed Oil.

After processing of cotton seed oil (CSO) the activated bleaching clay (ABC) is converted to low valued waste bleaching clay (WBC). The chemical composition of ABC from Mirpur, Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan is found out as; SiO2 71.34, Al2O3 15.54, CaO 2.72, MgO 1.48, Na2O 0.51, K2O 0.23, Fe2O3 0.02. The clay has bleachability (74 %) and oil retention (32.70 %) by standard method (ASTM). The cotton seed oil recovered (CSOR) with polar/nonpolar solvents (31.1-36.3 %) have different FFA values (0.2-0.85). However, lower percentage of tri-esters (88 %) was found out in dark coloured CSOR as compare to freshly n-hexane extracted CSO (92.5 %) from edible oil refinery. The lower FFA (0.2) valued CSOR with n-hexane is transesterified at optimized conditions to mono alkyl esters (CSOR-FAME). The reaction was optimised by performing series of experiments to observe molar conc., of methanol-oil (3-18:1), catalysts; NaOH, NaOCH3, KOH, KOCH3- oil (0.25-1.5), temperature (20-80°C), reflux time (120 min) and mixing intensity (200-650 rpm). The maximum yield of biodiesel (98.5 %) has been found out by NaOCH3 (1.00 %) as catalyst, methanol-oil (6:1) at temperature (65°C) and stirring intensity (650 rpm). The properties of CSOR-FAME (biodiesel) are also under limits as per standards; ASTM 6751, EN 14214 and WBC/ CSOR-FAME appear to be an acceptable feedstock for fatty acids/biodiesel production as renewable fuel.

Biocatalytic approach on the treatment of edible oil refinery wastewater

The number of edible oil refineries has increased in the last few years, with a corresponding increase in oil production. As a result, edible oil-containing wastewater (EOCW) is being produced in huge quantities. Conventional technologies are inefficient at treating this wastewater due to the highly hydrophobic nature of the lipids. In the present study, we have used lipase immobilized nanoporous activated carbons and surface functionalized nanoporous activated carbons for the treatment of lipid-containing wastewater. The nanoporous activated carbon (NAC) was prepared from rice husks and the NAC was surface functionalized by the addition of ethylenediamine and glutaraldehyde with (FNAC2) and without (FNAC1) the addition of a reducing agent, sodium borohydride. The lipase obtained from marine Pseudomonas otitidis, using cooked waste sunflower oil (CWSO) as the substrate, was then immobilized onto the NAC and the functionalized nanoporous activated carbons (FNAC1 and FNAC2). The maximum immobilization capacities of NAC, FNAC1 and FNAC2 were 3640, 4788 and 4400 U g−1, respectively, at the optimum conditions. The carrier matrices in the free and lipase immobilized form were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. The thermal behavior of the free and immobilized lipases was studied using thermogravimetric analysis. Michaelis–Menten enzyme kinetics, adsorption isotherms and nonlinear kinetic models were evaluated for the immobilization of lipase. The lipase immobilized carrier matrices were employed in the treatment of EOCW under batch and continuous mode operations. At the end of the 50th cycle, FNAC1-L (89.78%) showed a higher operational stability than FNAC2-L (87.36%) and NAC-L (76.59%). The treatment of EOCW by immobilized lipases followed the pseudo second order rate kinetic model.

Improving the environmental performance of vegetable oil processing through LCA

Abstract In the present work, the environmental impacts of edible sunflower oil production are evaluated by life cycle assessment (LCA), with a particular focus on the processing and packaging phases. The assessment is performed using both a resource oriented method (cumulative energy demand, CED method) and an impacts oriented method (ReCiPe method). Both methods show similar results in the evaluation of two alternatives for energy management in an edible oil refinery. However, the CED method gives misleading results in the identification of hot spots in the life cycle because it does not consider environmental impacts not correlated with the energy consumption. The hot spots of the refining phase are the bleaching step, the production of steam from natural gas and the wastewater treatment plant. A substantial environmental improvement in the processing and packaging phases of the life cycle can be gained by reducing the energy and material consumption (bleaching earth and water) required by the oil refining processes and by reducing the materials used for the packaging of the final product.

Regeneration of spent bleaching earth by treatment with cethyltrimethylammonium bromide for application in elimination of acid dye

A spent bleaching earth from an edible oil refinery has been treated with an aqueous cetyltrimethylammonium bromide solution in order to remove the edible oil impregnating the solid material and to intercalate the ammonium cation in the interlayer space of the bentonite. The obtained material was characterized by XRD and TGA-DSC and the results were compared with that of a virgin bleaching earth. The prepared organophilic bentonite was used to remove the dye acid black 10B from the aqueous solution. The removal study included the sorption isotherms, kinetics, pH and temperature effect. The maximum removal capacity obtained (100 mg g −1) was better than those of some non conventional sorbents.

Regeneration of a solid waste from an edible oil refinery

This work presents a valorization of a solid waste originating from an edible oil refinery called spent bleaching earth (SBE). The SBE material is first impregnated with an ammonium chloride solution (3 M), then treated directly in furnace at 400 °C during an hour followed by a washing in the cold by HCl 1 M. To elucidate the changes in its crystalline structure, induced by the regeneration method, the obtained material (RSBE) is characterized by several physicochemical methods (X-ray diffraction, FTIR, thermal analysis, BET and SEM). The characterization results show that the heat treatment in furnace and the chemical treatment (decomposition of NH 4Cl) don’t affect the structure of montmorillonite of regenerated material (RSBE). The study of porous texture by the nitrogen adsorption technique at −196 °C shows that the specific surface area S BET and the pore volume increased in the RSBE material compared to those of virgin bleaching earth VBE (unused) and their values are respectively of 145.68 against 115.5 m 2 g −1 and of 0.287 against 0.234 cm 3 g −1. Calculations by the adsorption equations using BJH method, applied to both materials, show that the treatment generate an increase in the micropores in the RSBE material. We belonged the values of the micropores area of S mic = 41.98 cm 2 g −1 and of V mic = 0.074 cm 3 g −1 for the volume.