Ecotourism Activities Research Articles

Asesmen Atraksi Beka’ Ecotourism Guna Peningkatan Kunjungan Wisatawan di Pulau Masakambing Sumenep

Beka' ecotorism is an ecotourism trip that offered by the Beka' Island Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis) in the KEE area of ​​Masakambing Island, Sumenep Regency, East Java Province. Ecotourism which is included in special interest category propose bird watching attraction of the yellow-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea abbotti) and panoramic views of the landscape on land, coast and waters. The study aims to assess the attractions that offered by Beka' Ecotourism consists of level of attractions, ecological conditions, conditions of facilities and infrastructure and local community perceptions related to ecotourism activities. The research design uses a quantitative approach with a descriptive analysis of frequency. The research location was conducted in Masakambing Island, Masalembu District, Sumenep Regency, East Java Province. The results of the study show Beka' Ecotourism Masakambing Island has a high ecotourism attraction, especially on the jungle track mangrove attraction and bird watching of the yellow-crested cockatoo. Ecological conditions are still considered very good, especially in the mangrove spot and Karang Pote island. Facilities and infrastructure are considered good, especially from the social infrastructure in the form of the kindess of the local community. Furthermore, local community has a positive perception for ecotourism activity because it will is considered able to support improving of economic for local community. Even though it has high attractions, Beka' ecotourism in Masakambing Island is still constrained by remote location, so proper promotion efforts are needed..

Identifying the hotspot area of Indo-Pacific humpback (Sousa chinensis) and Irrawaddy (Orcaella brevirostris) dolphins in Matang waters, Perak, Malaysia

Abstract. Sobri MF, Jaaman SA, Mohamed Z, Muda AM, Rashid MASA, Zhang X. 2022. Identifying the hotspot area of Indo Pacific humpback (Sousa chinensis) and Irrawaddy (Orcaella brevirostris) dolphins in Matang waters, Perak, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 23: 6106-6113. The Indo-Pacific humpback (Sousa chinensis) and Irrawaddy (Orcaella brevirostris) dolphins are commonly found in Matang waters, Perak, Malaysia. The area, filled with healthy mangrove forest cover and many estuaries, is not only frequented by the dolphins for its daily activities but also extensively used by locals for artisanal fishing, charcoal production and organizing ecotourism activities. There could be a high risk of human-dolphin interactions, hence determining habitat use and identifying critical habitats or "hot spots" for the dolphins in the area is important. In this study, a series of dedicated boat sighting surveys were conducted from March 2019 to January 2021 between Kuala Gula and Kuala Jarum Mas. The total survey effort was 3325.76 km, 44 days and 239.38 hours. A total of 69 dolphin sightings were made, consisting of 40 Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins and 29 Irrawaddy dolphin observations, respectively. During each sighting, every dolphin's behaviors were categorized as: foraging, socializing, evasive, and travelling, and the survey area was classified into four blocks. The results indicated that different dolphin species have different hotspot areas. For Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins, the hotspot area was Kuala Sangga, while the Irrawaddy dolphin's hotspot area was outside Kuala Larut, and there was a small overlap between the two dolphins' hotspots. Among the recorded behaviors (n: 281) for both dolphins, the most dominant was foraging (72.24%), followed by socializing (17%), evasive (7%), and travelling (4%). The sighted foraging behavior for both dolphin populations was dominant, indicating the hot spots were major foraging grounds for the two dolphin populations. This study shows the importance of Matang waters as a conservation area for the species and warrants further studies of dolphin population ecology to be conducted.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF GUA PELANGI, JELEBU, NEGERI SEMBILAN, MALAYSIA: ITS POTENTIAL AS A HERITAGE TOURISM SITE

Archaeological studies conducted in Gua Pelangi, Negeri Sembilan have been able to find an early civilization aged between 14,000 to 9,000 thousand years ago which was used as a shelter from hot rain and wild animals, in addition to making stone tools and food preparation. The interpretation was based on the findings of 299 lithic artifacts, 52,929 faunal remains and evidence of burning such as ash, charcoal and burning sediments that are still in situ have been recorded. This site is also used as a workshop for the manufacture of stone tools with the presence of hammer stone, cores, anvil, flake, chopper and debitage. Analysis of the fauna remains found clearly shows that this community hunts and collects terrestrial, arboreal/semi-arboreal and aquatic/semi-aquatic vertebrate animals and mollusk shells. Based on the scientific evidence, ecotourism activities involving cave exploration, pioneering and jungle trekking, camping, limestone hill climbing, cooking demonstrations in the forest and visits to local community villages have been carried out. This shows that efforts to develop Gua Pelangi into a tourism product have begun and this is able to develop the economy of the local community in the area.

ECOLOGICAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE NATIONAL PARKS OF BELARUS

The article is devoted to the development of ecological tourism in the national parks of Belarus. The methodological basis of the study was a systematic scientific approach, comparative geographical, cartographic, expert assessment methods. As a result of the research, the data on environmental requirements for ecological tourism organisation in the national parks of the Republic of Belarus such as state environmental institutions "National Park "Narochansky", "National Park "Braslav Lakes", "National Park "Belovezhskaya Pushcha", "National Park "Pripyatsky" are systematized. Landscape features of the national park’s territories are considered as a factor determining the direction of ecotourism activities. The analysis of ecotourism infrastructure development, innovativeness and complexity of the offered tourist services is given. Prospective directions of development of domestic and international inbound ecological tourism in the national parks of Belarus are substantiated.

Strategi Daya Dukung dari Jasa Ekosistem Wisata Muara Angke dengan Menggunakan SWOT dan IFAS-EFAS

Mangrove Ecotourism in Muara Angke has the natural attractions as tourist destinations in Jakarta. The sustainability of tourism function is an important role to support the economic development. This research aimed to determine the socio-economic characteristics of visitors and the carrying capacity to support the formulating analysis of ecotourism development strategies. The study used a survey method and deep interview. The results showed that the score of PPC < RCC > ECC indicated that the carrying capacity didn’t exceed the limitation conservation (has opportunity to developed). The development strategy were (1) the maintain the natural panorama of mangrove forests to support ecotourism activity; (2) The maintain fishing tourism activities; (3) the developing the instagramable photo spots; (4) The building canteens/food court that provides processed mangrove products; (5) Increasing the cost retribution to maintain the sustainability of environmental functions; (6) Involve the local communities to support ecotourism development

Flow Experience Study for Outdoor Recreation: Ilgaz Ski Area Case Study

Outdoor recreation is considered within the nature tourism potential of destinations. The study aims to measure the effect of the psychological levels of the ski athletes skiing in Ilgaz Mountain in the context of the flow experience dimensions on their perceived value for their activity and their behavioral intentions towards the destination. In addition, measuring the effect of the perceived value of the activity on the behavioral intention towards the destination is also within the scope of the other purpose. The study population consists of ski athletes coming to Ilgaz National Park. The Flow Experience Scale, developed by Jackson and Marsh (1996), was used in the study. The questionnaire method – a face-to-face interview technique, was preferred as a data collection tool. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS and AMOS package programs. As a result of the regression analysis, it was determined that the flow experience had a positive effect on the perceived value and behavioral intention. In addition, it was concluded that perceived value positively affected behavioral intention. The perceived value of amateur and professional skiers coming to the Ilgaz ski area is important for the destination. Athletes' enjoyment in the context of their flow experiences influences their goal-directed behavioral intentions. Local government support is needed to develop the potential of destinations where winter tourism and recreation activities are carried out. This study is important for promoting and sustaining eco-tourism activities and outdoor recreation.

Scuba Diver Environmental Orientation and Perceptions of Diving Impact Management on Coral Reefs: Evidence from Sri Lanka

Scuba diving has now become a regular feature of coral reef tourism and Sri Lanka has the potential to become a popular destination for scuba divers. Scuba divers were interviewed at two main diving destinations on the southwest coast of Sri Lanka: Hikkaduwa and Unawatuna. Most respondents were "experienced" divers. Enjoyment, viewing marine life in their natural environments, and adventure were the main motives of divers at these destinations. In general, the perceptions of respondents on scuba diving as an ecotourism activity were positive across all experience levels. The self-rating experience positively influenced divers' responsible underwater behavior. As such, diving operators must be aware of the potential damage to coral due to loss of control/buoyancy underwater and intentional touching of coral reefs by less experienced/novice divers. Experienced divers with strong environmental consciousness supported conservation-oriented reef management actions. Conversely, experienced divers were resistant to management actions that directly or indirectly compromised their dive experience. Less experienced divers did not favor management actions that restrict them from accessing healthy coral reefs. Respondents expressed a general concern regarding the negative environmental impacts associated with an increase in visitors to sensitive marine habitats.

Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Pengembangan Ekowisata Memancing di Desa Rantau Baru, Kecamatan Pangkalan Kerinci, Kabupaten Pelalawan, Provinsi Riau

Community service activities regarding community participation in the development of fishing ecotourism involve Rantau Baru Village officials, traditional leaders and stakeholders, fishing communities, traders in Rantau Baru Village, Tourism Office, Fisheries Service of Pangkalan Kerinci Regency, Pelalawan Regency. The number of participants who were involved in this activity is 23 people. Fishermen in Rantau Baru Village were selected by 5 people per hamlet. While the traders who will be involved are 10 people consisting of day traders and fish collectors who always do business in Rantau Baru Village. A location survey was conducted to determine the number of people who work as traditional fishermen and businessmen (traders) in Rantau Baru Village. At the same time to record fishermen who are already involved and who have not been involved in fishing tourism activities. Furthermore, the survey was conducted to coordinate with the tourism and fisheries services in Pelalawan Regency, Riau Province. This counseling is addressed to a number of stakeholders that have been determined. Selection of stakeholders based on direct involvement with fishing tourism activities and also those who have the potential to develop and invest in the provision of facilities and infrastructure to support fishing tourism activities. The implementation of the activity will be carried out at the Rantau Baru Village Office, Pangkalan Kerinci District, Pelalawan Regency, Riau Province. Furthermore, this activity will also involve tourists who always visit Rantau Baru Village to get opinions regarding their needs and convenience while carrying out fishing tourism activities. The results of the activity showed that the community service activities went well which was attended by 23 participants who work as fishermen and staff of the Fisheries and Maritime Service, Pelalawan Regency. The success of this service activity is indicated by the results of the post test and the responses of the participants. Most of the participants were very enthusiastic and interested in being involved in this fishing ecotourism activity. Some of the participants who owned pompong boats, robin boats and rowing boats also wished to become tourist guides for fishing tourism activities. The participation and enthusiasm of the participants was very good for this activity. This is indicated by the perception, response and evaluation of this activity by using a preliminary test and a posttest. Most of the participants felt interested in presenting material about community participation in the development of fishing ecotourism. The participants' understanding of the material was also very good, this indicated that most of the participants really understood and understood the strategies for developing fishing ecotourism. Apart from that, there was a lot of input in the form of the hopes of all parties, such as the local government, related agencies, regional heads, investors and the university to be involved in the development of fishing tourism in Rantau Baru Village. Improving the facilities and infrastructure to support fishing tourism is also a demand in the future to be able to implement fishing ecotourism activities in Rantau Baru Village. Fishing ecotourism activities are supported by facilities and infrastructures, therefore it is necessary to provide lodging, communication (Telkomsel tower) restaurants, shops selling fishing tackle and bait, information facilities, security and health facilities. In addition, in implementing the development of fishing ecotourism, it is necessary to carry out promotion, community participation and support from all parties.

Evaluation of the potential of the observation of Alouatta palliata for local conservation and development in fragments of rainforests: the case of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico

In order to develop a quantitative, georeferenced instrument for evaluating the factors that favor or impede the successful implementation of ecotourism activities based on the observation of A. palliata in fragments of rainforests, we devised a set of indicators that permit a multidimensional quantification of the potential, both natural and socioeconomic, of this activity. Based on a normative vision of ecotourism, these indicators (i) assess the natural conditions that determine the potential long-term conservation of this species, and (ii) provide indices for evaluating the social and professional potential of the populations that reside near fragments of the rainforest for developing ecotourism services capable of generating socially-balanced economic benefits. Based on fragments of rainforest with extant troops of A. palliata in the northern Isthmus of Tehuantepec, we demonstrate the applicability of the indices in decision-making founded upon transparent, multivariable criteria related to assigning economic and human resources to foment ecotourism in specific regions.

Bird Diversity as a Support of Ecotourism Activities in the Mangrove Ecosystem of Lembongan Island Bali

Research has been carried out on bird diversity to support ecotourism attractions in the mangrove area of Lembongan Island. The research was conducted in April - August 2021. The focus of this research is the identification, description of bird species and the use of habitats for bird activities. To achieve this goal, the following steps were taken: Identification of bird species based on morphological characteristics, determining the abundance of bird species using the point count method, determining bird activity at each ecosystem site of mangroves with ad libitum sampling method. Bird species diversity was determined by the Shannon-Wiener index. The results of the study found 32 species of birds belonging to 26 families. Most of the birds found were terrestrial birds with 21 species, and water birds (shore birds) with 11 species. Overall, the diversity of bird species in the mangrove ecosystem is in the high category (diversity index 3.03) and the species evenness index is high (evenness index 0.87). The types of vegetation used by birds at the 7 research sites were mangrove vegetation, mangrove associations and dry land vegetation. The presence of birds, bird conservation status, bird activities, habitat use by birds in mangrove habitats are attractive attractions for ecotourism.

Assessing the impacts of local intention on community-based wildlife ecotourism in Tangkahan, Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP) and the development strategy in the post- COVID-19 outbreak

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been implemented to evaluate the structure of behavioral change of the local communities in the forest and wildlife conservation program in Tangkahan, the eastern part of GLNP. This study has the purpose to reveal the determinant factors of local community behavior to support forest and wildlife conservation through ecotourism activities and to formulate a strategy to recover wildlife ecotourism in the post-COVID-19 outbreak. The study was conducted in Tangkahan through a survey method to collect the data. The data were analyzed using linear regression analysis. This study found that the determinant factors of behavioral intention are the conservation attitude and perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention significantly affects the behavior to participate in conservation activities. To improve the visiting number and the ecotourism service in Tangkahan in the post-COVID 19 outbreak, the community should transform and develop the management system from a conventional to virtual/digital method, develop and follow the COVID-19 protocol of ecotourism, re-arrange the ticket fee and the tour packages to cope with domestic visitors and improve the access to the area by constructing the roads and provision of transportation services.

ECOTOURISM ACTIVITIES, HOMESTAY RECOVERY PLAN AND STRATEGY INDICATORS IN POST COVID-19 KUNDASANG, SABAH, MALAYSIA

The purpose of this article is to discuss strategies and recovery plans for communitybased ecotourism and homestays following the Covid-19 pandemic Movement Control Order (MCO), particularly in Kampung Mesilou, Kundasang, Sabah. The spread of the Covid-19 virus has had a significant impact, particularly on the tourism industry in Malaysia and, more specifically, on the ecotourism sector in the state of Sabah. The implementation of MCO in Malaysia, which aims to restrict population movement, has had a negative impact on the tourism sector, as all of them were ordered to halt operations completely. As a result, the question of the strategies and recovery plans implemented by ecotourism and homestay operators to restore the ecotourism sector, particularly in Kampung Mesilou, arises. Therefore, the main research approach in this study is qualitative and based on primary data. The primary data used were the results of in-field informant interviews, which were supplemented by secondary data from journal articles. The study's findings revealed that after the government announced the relaxation of the MCO, the communities in the area took the initiative to re-promote their ecotourism activities widely through social media, etc. One of the entrepreneurs' strategies for attracting tourists in their shorter and medium plans is the addition of new ecotourism products and the improvement of the quality of homestay facilities recently.

MARAGANG HILL TREKKING THROUGH COMMUNITY BASED ECOTOURISM (CBE): THE TOURIST GUIDES RESPONSIBILITY AND CHALLENGES IN KUNDASANG, SABAH, MALAYSIA

The issue of this article is tourist guides’ responsibility and the challenges they face when conducting Maragang Hill trekking activities through communitybased ecotourism (CBE) in Kundasang, Sabah. This study used mixed data collection methods: in-depth interviews with eight informants and observations around Mesilou village and at Maragang hill. The survey was also conducted on 63 community members in Maragang Hill as a supporting method to obtain more accurate data. Secondary sources refer to reinforce the study data. The concepts used in this study are interrelated to the topic and to understand the issue deeply. The results of this study have shown that although tourist guides did their responsibility perfectly (such as providing additional information to the tourists, a safety briefing, giving information about flora and fauna to the tourists, and hiking rules), some of the challenges remain for them. This study indicates the challenges tourist guides face while conducting Maragang Hill trekking activities through community-based ecotourism. This study enhances the concept of CBE in studies related to ecotourism activities, especially ecotourism based on nature. In so doing, the result of this study reduces the challenges faced by tourist guides or CBE management while conducting Maragang Hill-related activities soon.

Spatial Characterization of Green Space Landscape Structure in Kota Bharu for Sustainable Tourism Planning

Globally, green space landscape structure has been used as tourist attraction in cities to increase the economy of the country in the tourism sector. However, lack of characterization of green space landscape structure has led to poor management of green space landscape such as lack of information on green space landscape structure to tourists and younger generations, thereby decreasing tourism revenue. The purpose of this study is to characterize three sites of green space landscape structures with potential for tourism in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia for future sustainable ecotourism site management and planning. The three sites are Taman Perbandaran Tengku Anis, K4 Riding Horse and Splash Water Theme Park. To characterize the green space landscape structure in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, remotely-sensed data of 2016, Geographical Information System (GIS) and landscape metrics were used in this study. The results found that Taman Perbandaran Tengku Anis has the most potential to be developed as an ecotourism site compared to K4 Riding Horse and Splash Water Theme Park with the low number of patches, high mean patch area, high largest patch index and favorable ecotourism activity. A map of spatial distribution and characterisation of green space landscape has been produced, which is useful for future sustainable ecotourism planning, development and management of green space landscape structure.

Community-Based Whale Sharks Conservation to Strengthen Ma-rine Tourism Management in Sumbawa

Sumbawa is famous for its marine tourism, apart from the beauty of its beaches, Sumbawa also has marine fauna that attracts the attention of tourists, namely whale sharks. It is recorded that there are around 99 species of Whale Sharks located in Saleh Bay, Sumbawa. Thus, making Saleh Bay the location with the second largest whale shark population in Indonesia and UNESCO designated Saleh Bay as part of the SAMOTA biosphere reserve. Currently, whale sharks have protected fauna according to the decree of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries No. 18 of 2013. This is due to the pollution of whale shark habitats by pollutants including garbage and microplastics. In addition, the Overexploitation of whale sharks is some of the causes of the significant decline in whale shark populations. Marine ecotourism activities in the form of exhibiting Whale Sharks to tourists can be an alternative way of sustainable use because it has minimal impact on individual Whale Sharks, in addition, marine ecotourism activities can also provide economic benefits to the Sumbawa community and regional development including supporting efforts to protect and preserve the whale shark fauna. The Study "Community-Based Whale Shark Conservation to Strengthen Marine Tourism Management in Sumbawa “aims to present a blue economy model for coastal communities in Sumbawa and increase community participation in conservation activities, as well as improve the welfare of coastal communities in Sumbawa.

Conservation Hub: The Added Value of the Whale-Watching Industry

Nature-based tourism activities are often sold as ‘ecotourism’, yet not all are educational, environmentally friendly, provide economic benefits to local communities, nor help achieve conservation goals. Whale-watching has the potential for ecotourism due to opportunities for supporting cetacean research, environmental education, and community engagement. Whalesafari, the first whale-watching company in the Arctic, is based in Norway and combines whale-watching with research, interpretation, and benefits for the local community. Researchers from around the world have carried out research on several aspects of sperm whales (the main target species), from abundance to diving behaviour, as well as other species. Tourists learn about cetaceans during a guided experience in the company’s museum before the trip. This whale-watching model has attracted over 350,000 tourists over the years, benefiting the local community (e.g., hotels, restaurants, other attractions). Tourism and whale research can establish synergistic relationships, involving several agents and promoting research careers, while at the same time leading to innovative advances in the ecology and tourism fields. Here, we summarise over 30 years of whale-watching eco-tourism activities and research in Northern Norway, highlighting synergistic examples and the opportunities opened through linking marine tourism and research.

VIRTUAL TOOLS ECOSYSTEM FOR PERIURBAN GREEN AREAS MONITORING AND PROMOTION: OUTCOMES AND OUTLOOKS OF THE INSUBRIPARKS PROJECT

Abstract. Green areas such as natural and periurban parks provide support to biodiversity and landscape preservation while boosting local economic growth in their hosting territories, thanks to the establishment of eco-tourism activities. Smart management and promotion actions are vital for the sustainable exploitation of such benefits for citizens and visitors. These tasks may be hindered by a lack of economic resources and digital skills of public authorities but also by fragmented local political contexts to which these areas may be subjected. The parks in the Insubria region (between Southern Switzerland and Northern Italy) represent a relevant example of the above. The INSUBRIPARKS project aims at the harmonisation of management and promotion practices for the Insubria parks. The project activities encompass multiple actions, from the establishment of unified territorial marketing strategies to the development of supporting IT tools. Accordingly, this paper provides an overview of the IT tools ecosystem which was designed and developed within the project and an outlook on its role in empowering smart monitoring and promotion for these parks. Tools include a Web portal (enriched with Web mapping components) for a unified presentation of the tourism offers, an analysis framework for social media data exploitation in park visitors’ fluxes assessment, and a mobile tool for users’ engagement in the park areas monitoring. Alongside technical descriptions, lessons learned and residual challenges for the operative adoption of the tools are discussed as to their future improvements.

ISPARTA İLİ EKOTURİZM ROTALARI VE PESTE ANALİZİ İLE İNCELENMESİ

Ecotourism is a type of tourism whose main motivation is to protect the integrity of the ecosystem with a responsible tourism scientist and should be handled under the umbrella of sustainability. In ecotourism, natural areas are accepted as the home of all of us, with the principles of protecting nature and not destroying nature. In addition, ecotourism is envisaged as a tool for the protection of natural areas and sustainable development. Isparta province is a rich destination in terms of ecotourism activities with its unspoiled nature and rich ecology. Various studies have been carried out on ecotourism in the region and projects related to ecotourism are supported. In the study, firstly, the nature-based ecotourism routes in the destination were discussed, and a focus group interview was conducted to determine the economic, political, socio-cultural, technological and ecological dimensions of ecotourism in the destination with PESTE analysis, which is a strategic and external environment analysis. The opportunities and threats of ecotourism activities in the destination for the region were examined. It has been concluded that strategic ecotourism planning studies should be carried out and these plans should be maintained in a sustainable way in Isparta province, which is a destination rich in nature-based ecotourism routes. It has been concluded that the infrastructure facilities of ecotourism routes should be improved, technological developments should be benefited and environmental destruction on these routes should be prevented. It is thought that the study will contribute to the field of tourism and ecotourism activities and projects to be carried out in the region.

Identification and prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth eggs in Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) and Javan langur (Trachypithecus auratus) at Petungkriyono Forest, Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Kharismawan MYK, Maula I, Astuti P, Setyawan A. 2022. Identification and prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth eggs in Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) and Javan langur (Trachypithecus auratus) at Petungkriyono Forest, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 4501-4509. Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) and Javan langur (Trachypithecus auratus) are arboreal primates found at Petungkriyono Forest, Central Java, Indonesia. An increase in ecotourism activity in Petungkriyono Forest affected wildlife behavior and forest landscape along the road. Canopy connections separated by the main road is essential for both of these primates They were spotted foraging food and moved across the separated habitat using available canopy. Based on their activity and habitat along the main road, this research is conducted to identify and count the prevalance of soil-transmitted helminth eggs in their gastrointestinal through their feces. A total of 72 Javan gibbon and 46 Javan langur fecal samples were collected under 10% formalin preservation. Fecal samples were examined using the mini-FLOTAC method for Javan gibbon and the flotation method for Javan langur. The results indicate three orders, including Enoplida, Strongylida, and Rhabditida, were found and the prevalence of helminthiasis is 31.94% for Javan gibbon and 47.82% for Javan langur. Eventhough both of these primates helminthiasis prevalance is considered to be low, higher prevalance in Javan langur was caused by its behavior to be less arboreal than Javan gibbon.

Marketing Strategy and Willingness to Pay for Sport Tourism in the Kinmen Marathon Event

In this study, we applied an evaluation model of multiple attributes of sport-based tourism to the marketing strategy for a marathon event in Kinmen (Taiwan) based on a choice experiment methodology. We found that the participants appreciated the experience of authentic cuisine and the availability of marathon souvenirs. They also preferred engaging in ecotourism activities and supporting the establishment of a sport development fund. We applied market segmentation by dividing the participants into two groups. Those in the first group were primarily younger, had higher incomes, and had participated previously in the Kinmen Marathon. Those in the second group primarily had lower incomes, were over 40 years old, and were participating in the Kinmen Marathon for the first time. Both groups preferred entertainment, educational, and esthetic experiences, but only the first group desired an escapist experience. We propose three marketing strategies for sport tourism experiences as a reference for future practice in Kinmen sport tourism.