Ecosystem In Turkey Research Articles

The Power of Innovation: Entrepreneurship Ecosystem, Components, Research and Start-Up Approaches and the Development Process of the Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in Turkey

This article, under the title "The Power of Innovation: Entrepreneurship Ecosystem, Components, Research and Start-up Approaches and the Development Process of the Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in Turkey", examines how Turkey's dynamic entrepreneurship environment is shaped by innovation and the important components in this process. While entrepreneurship has a critical role in economic development and social transformation, innovation stands out as the main driving force of this process. First of all, Turkey's young and educated population, increasing digitalization and access to technology strengthen the entrepreneurial culture and create new business opportunities. In the article, the basic elements of the innovation ecosystem in Turkey, namely the interactions between universities, public institutions, the private sector and entrepreneurs, are discussed in detail. Additionally, the difficulties faced by entrepreneurs in Turkey are analyzed through factors such as limited financial resources, inadequate mentoring and training opportunities. In this context, the effects of the state's innovation strategies, incentive mechanisms and entrepreneurship support programs are examined. For example, the contributions of the supports provided by organizations such as KOSGEB and TÜBİTAK to the realization of entrepreneurs' projects are emphasized. In the article, the contribution of international collaborations and foreign investments to Turkey's innovation ecosystem is discussed, thus focusing on its competitiveness potential in the global market. Additionally, successful domestic enterprise examples are supported by concrete data showing how innovation and entrepreneurship create synergy. As a result, the development of the entrepreneurship ecosystem in Turkey is directly linked to the power of innovation. In order to create a sustainable innovation environment, the need for continuous support, training and policy development comes to the fore. This article aims to provide readers with a comprehensive perspective by presenting the paths and strategies to be followed to maximize Turkey's entrepreneurial potential.

Evaluating dynamic soil quality by the soil management assessment framework (SMAF) in the watershed scale in a semi-arid Mediterranean ecosystem in Turkey

Soil is an indispensable and important natural resource and it is necessary to manage and monitor soil quality with appropriate methods in order to ensure the sustainability of the soil. The aim of this study is to determine the current state of soil quality in different land uses where soil functions change. This study was carried out in the Karasu river watershed with an area of 19,178 ha where Entisols soil order is dominant, located Andırın, Kahramanmaraş. The Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) method and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to assess the dynamic soil quality in watershed scale. In the evaluation of soil quality, random samples were taken from a total of 360 topsoil layers (0−30) according to land use and physiography. Soil indicators such as bulk density, aggregate stability, total organic carbon, pH, electrical conductivity, available phosphorus (P), potassium (K), available water amount and water-filled pore volume were selected to create the minimum data set (MDS). The results showed that the productivity, environmental protection, waste recycling quality scores and general soil quality index of forest lands are higher than agricultural lands. According to expert opinion, general soil quality scores were found to be 0.86 in forest land, 0.78 in crop land and 0.83 in grassland, while in PCA, general soil quality scores were calculated as 0.85 in forest land, 0.79 in crop land and 0.78 in grassland. Contribution level of soil functions to management targets was observed in water relations function the most. The contribution levels of the water relations function to the productivity, environmental protection and waste recycling management targets are 0.38, 0.32 and 0.34 in forest lands, 0.42, 0.33 and 0.35 in croplands, respectively; It was showed that 0.40, 0.33 and 0.36 in grasslands. Contribution rates of productivity, environmental protection and waste recycling management targets to soil quality were 30%, 37% and 33%, respectively, in forest lands; 29%, 37% and 34% in crop lands; It has been determined as 30%, 36% and 34% in the grasslands. Negative effects such as heavy rainfall in the watershed, wrong agricultural practices (excessive fertilization and irrigation, improper tillage, and crop selection, etc.) and excessive grazing have led to soil degradation and erosion, reducing the soil function capacity of agricultural lands and meadows. In order to increase the functional capacity of the soil, a soil management approach aimed at protection, improvement and sustainability must be adopted and implemented.

Abundance and composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of twelve alpine lakes in the Central Taurus Mountains.

The regions of Bolkar Mountains and Aladağlar accommodate a unique ecosystem in Turkey, due to being in a transitional climate between the continental and the Mediterranean and hosting alpine lakes which are considered as good indicators of regional and atmospheric pollution due to being far from directhuman impact. On the other hand, these regions are surrounded by various power plants, and also subject to occasional human activities, where anthropogenic effects are expected to be. Sediment samples were collected from 12 lakes in Central Taurus Mountains, 6 lakes in Bolkar Mountains, and 6 lakes in Aladağlar. Fifteen PAHs, identified as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as well as lake water chemical characteristics were determined. The distribution of analyzed PAHs was investigated, and PAH diagnostic ratios were calculated to identify their potential sources. It was a remarkable observation that only low-molecular-weight PAHs exist in the lakes of Aladağlar, whereas high-molecular-weight PAHs are also found in the lakes of Bolkar Mountains, likely reflecting more isolated characteristics of the Aladağlar region. As compatible with this observation, total PAHs (T-PAHs) were found lower in Aladağlar (0.00-105.78ng/gw.w.) than in Bolkar Mountains (9.08-380.16ng/gw.w.). Overall, T-PAHs of sampled lakes were found in a similar range when they are compared to the other high-altitude alpine lakes around the world, indicating no significant difference in terms of atmospheric pollution of the global average.

Characterizing and assessing key ecosystem services in a representative forest ecosystem in Turkey

Characterizing and managing multiple ecosystem services is vital for decision-making in sustainable forest management. This study focuses on characterizing and assessing the biophysical and spatial distribution of ecosystem services such as wood production, biodiversity and carbon sequestration in the Kumluca state forest (Turkey). The key ecosystem services were thematically characterized, economically valued, spatially mapped and mobilized as a knowledge-base for ecosystem based planning. Average wood production is higher (135.06 m3/ha) than the overall average (72 m3/ha) in Turkey. The average carbon stock is 119 tC/ha, indicating a medium capacity. The habitat potential for biodiversity is low to medium, based on the 15 target species. Total economic value of the key ecosystem services is estimated at US$624,748,191 (US$6132/ha). The composition and spatial distribution of vegetation determines the extent and potential of ecosystem services. This study emphasizes that comprehensive quantification as well as valuation of ecosystem services can facilitate underpinnings for efficient communication and good decision making in sustainable resource management for multiple values. The orchestrated vision of conservation and sustainable use of ecosystem services based on a comprehensive characterization, modeling, valuing and participatory approach is a strategy for sustainable forest management.

Defining the Podcast Ecosystem in Turkey and Serbia Through Listener Habits

Defining the Podcast Ecosystem in Turkey and Serbia Through Listener Habits

Environmental flow methodology approach based on ecological impact assessment for hydroelectric power plants and hydraulic structures on stream ecosystems in Turkey.

Use areas of streams such as agricultural irrigation, drinking water and energy are important for people's needs. The uncontrolled increase in all these demands on the streams leads to a change in flow amount and regime thereof over time, causing the stream and dependent ecosystems to be adversely affected. The hydrological system and the stream ecosystems may not be significantly affected, with the removal of some water and/or the use of the stream for energy such that a stream does not differ substantially from the natural flow regime in the past. In this context, environmental flow assessments are considered, which are called the flow that should be provided in order to minimize the environmental impacts specific to each stream's flow basin characteristics and its ecosystem. The most reliable method is to determine the environmental water need in different stream systems with a holistic ecological impact assessment, as well as different scientific assessment methods. This study reveals environmental flow methodology studies, which have been revealed by integrated ecological impact assessment aiming to determine the principles and methods suitable for the geographical and climatic conditions of Turkey in order to minimize environmental risks for the design of river type hydroelectric power plants and water retention structures such as ponds and dams, which have been intensively planned, constructed and used for hydroelectric energy especially after 2010 in Turkey, and assessment of the "environmental flow" results established by these studies.

Solid waste composition and COVID-19-induced changes in an inland water ecosystem in Turkey.

The composition and abundance of solid waste and the effect of COVID-19 measures were studied in an inland water ecosystem in Turkey. Solid waste items were collected annually for 5 years from 2017 to 2021 from seven stations located in Borçka Dam Lake (B1–B4) and Murgul Stream (M1–M3) in the Artvin Province. The highest densities by number and weight were recorded at M3 in 2020 (5.72 items/m2) and M1 in 2020 (0.39 kg/m2), respectively. However, no significant difference in density was recorded (p < 0.05) between the years. Plastic was the most abundant waste material by number of items in all the stations with a percentage contribution varying between 25.47 and 88.89%. There was a considerable increase in medical items during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–2021. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and ANOSIM results revealed visually and statistically significant differences in solid waste composition between the years and stations. The dissimilarity between the years was driven by plastic and medical waste. The main sources of solid waste were river transportation (22.93%), improper disposal (20.74%), aquaculture activities (16.42%), and recreational and tourism activities (14.72%). The results of our study can be a baseline for transportation models, local administrations, and non-governmental organizations. Besides, the current waste management measures in Turkey are not effective in preventing waste accumulation in inland aquatic systems such as the Borçka Dam Lake and Murgul Stream. Furthermore, these findings indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic influenced solid waste composition and increased its abundance in the study area.

Phytotoxicity of clopyralid at high rates on seed germination of mediterranean pines

Black pine (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold), maritime pine (P. pinaster Aiton), Scots pine (P. sylvestris L.), and Turkish red pine (TRP, P. brutia Ten.) are ecologically and economically important conifers of the Mediterranean Basin, and in particular for Turkish forestry. They are commonly used for the regeneration and restoration of degraded ecosystems in Turkey. Weeds compete with tree seedlings for vital site elements such as soil moisture and nutrients and solar radiation, substantially reducing tree establishment and growth. Herbicides can offer the practitioner efficient and cost-effective weed control compared to other methods. Rapid herbicide seed screening allows testing of crop-safe herbicides and application rates at much lower costs in a very short time-frame when compared to lengthy field trials. Clopyralid is a systemic herbicide used to rid pine seedlings of competing vegetation. The present study examined the effect of clopyralid phytotoxicity on these pine species using a rapid herbicide seed screening test in order to compare different application rates on seed germination and to identify crop-safe rates. Clopyralid was not phytotoxic to any of the pine species at low rates (i.e., &amp;lt;2%, v:v); however, pine sensitivity to the herbicide increased with increasing rates, especially for rates higher than 3%. Moreover, at high rates, clopyralid reduced the germination speed. This herbicide can be used at low rates for degraded areas and nursery sites in which sowing is used as the main regeneration or restoration method. Field confirmation of the obtained results is also recommended.

The impact of institutional voids and ecosystem logics in the spread of ecosystems in emerging economies

ABSTRACT Business ecosystems can be formed with the contribution of stakeholders from countries with different conditions. In this research, we investigate how institutional voids and their management impact the spread of business ecosystems with developed market origins in emerging economies. We conduct our analysis on the screen reader ecosystems in Turkey, which characterise the assistive technology industry for the blind. In our abductive study with three screen reader dealers of US-based producers in Turkey, we find that the spread of ecosystems in emerging economies is determined by how ecosystem logics fit with the institutional conditions regardless of the home market dominance of ecosystems, and how different types of institutional voids are effectively addressed by local entrepreneurs.

Towards a circular economy: Investigating the critical success factors for a blockchain-based solar photovoltaic energy ecosystem in Turkey

Novel business models can be implemented through digital platforms to enable better circular economy (CE) performance in the renewable energy industry. For example, blockchain can assist in developing innovative business models throughout the solar photovoltaic energy ecosystem (SPVEE) to improve CE. Ranked fifth in total installed photovoltaic (PV) capacity, Turkey, as a developing country, should take the necessary steps and make progress towards achieving CE in the SPVEE. The solar PV industry requires further innovation to address the negative environmental impact of existing linear business models. To ensure favorable results, identifying and evaluating critical success factors (CSFs) are necessary. However, no study has investigated CSFs for SPVEE or any other renewable energy source to achieve a blockchain-based infrastructure towards increased CE performance. Therefore, the goal of this study is to identify and examine the CSFs to improve the performance of a blockchain-based SPVEE towards CE in Turkey. To this end, first, the CSFs for blockchain-based SPVEE were identified through both a literature review and the Nominal Group Technique (NGT). Then, Intuitionistic Fuzzy (IF)-DEMATEL was used to explore their interrelationships based on the expert data. Finally, IF-DELPHI was employed to validate the results. Our findings suggested that effective government incentive programs and regulations are significant for blockchain-based SPVEE towards CE in Turkey. The findings of this study assist macro and micro decision-making in the potential implementation of blockchain in Turkish SPVEE to improve CE. They are also invaluable for other countries and can be used as a reference point.

Nitrogen Fertilizer Effects on Microbial Respiration, Microbial Biomass, and Carbon Sequestration in a Mediterranean Grassland Ecosystem

Natural grasslands represent the second largest ecosystem in Turkey. However, the impact of varying nitrogen (N) fertilization rates on overall soil health indicators have not been reported in the country. A 2-year study was conducted in the Kahramnmaras Plateau region in Turkey to evaluate the impacts of seven N application rates [i.e., 0 (N0), 50 (N50), 100 (N100), 150 (N150), 200 (N200), 250 (N250), and 350 (N350) kg N ha−1] on physical, chemical, and biological parameters of soil health. Nitrogen addition decreased bulk density by 8–12%, and increased aggregate stability by 3–5% and EC up to 110%. Application of ≥ 100 kg N ha−1 increased soil porosity up to 6.7%. Soil pH and C:N ratios were not affected by N addition. The lowest plant available water occurred with the N0 and N50 treatments, decreasing around 24% and 17% compared to N300. Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and C and N stocks increased with increasing N addition. Application of N300 rates increased C stocks between 4 and 34%, and N stocks between 15 and 22% compared to all other treatments. Compared to control, N250 increased microbial biomass carbon by 349% and nitrogen by 250%. Microbial respiration in the N250 and the N300 treatments was 97% and 129% greater than control. Addition of N fertilization for a first time in a grassland ecosystem with a previous history of long-term overgrazing, even at low rates, positively impacted several parameters of soil health, a positive impact that could ensure a greater sustainability of these fragil systems over the long-term.

Assessment and valuation of key ecosystem services provided by two forest ecosystems in Turkey

The study was designed to quantify value and the spatial distribution of key ecosystem services such as wood production, habitat for biodiversity, carbon sequestration and air quality regulation in two areas: Ereğli and Yeşilkuşak of Turkey. Wood production was quantified using forest inventory data and yield tables. Carbon storage was estimated based on the above - and below - ground biomass, deadwood and litter and soil. Habitat for species was characterized with a practical method based on the protection categories of stands. Vegetation cover in close proximity to the artificial surfaces and total health care cost avoided by the vegetation were used to quantify air quality regulation. Value transfer method was used in the valuation of ES in both areas.Average amount of wood production is quite low (5.7 m3/ha in Ereğli and 6 m3/ha in Yeşilkuşak) compared to the overall average (72 m3/ha) in Turkey. The amount of carbon is largely low (64–100 tC/ha), indicating poor to medium capacity of the areas. The value of habitat for biodiversity is medium with some crucial habitats and target species. Both areas indicate low air quality regulation capacity. Total economic value of the key ecosystem services was estimated $438,128,571 in 2017 ($127,303,516 for Yeşilkuşak, $310,825,054 for Ereğli). Composition and configuration of ecosystems determine the sustainable provision of ecosystem services. The potential economic value of ecosystems constitutes the basis for trade-off analysis in allocating best land use and utilization strategy. Developing enabling environment, accessing the best use of technologies and adopting best practice example for realizing sustainable forest management initiative is proposed to be the apparent strategy to enhance the role of ecosystem services in livelihood.

Visibility analysis of fire lookout towers protecting the Mediterranean forest ecosystems in Turkey

Brza detekcija požara i precizna identifikacija njegovog mjesta od presudne su važnosti za uspjeh u borbi protiv šumskih požara. Vatrogasni tornjevi, odnosno motrionice, te njihovo pravilno korištenje, predstavljaju prvi korak u uspješnom otkrivanju šumskih požara u Turskoj. Cilj ove studije bio je izvršiti analizu vidljivosti vatrogasnih tornjeva postavljenih u planinskom mediteranskom šumskom dijelu Turske te procijeniti njihovu učinkovitost. Za zaštitu šumskog okoliša potrebno je utvrditi funkcionalnost i kapacitet ovih tornjeva. Područja koja su s tornjeva vidljiva i nevidljiva identificirana su pomoću geografskog informacijskog sustava i digitalnih podataka o nadmorskim visinama visoke rezolucije. U analizi vidljivosti, skeniranje je izvedeno rotacijom za 360 stupnjeva u radijusu od 18 kilometara od mjesta na kojem se nalazi vatrogasni toranj. Prometnice u ovoj regiji jedan su od elemenata koji se mogu koristiti u motrenju požara. Ljudi koji putuju ovim prometnicama mogu prijaviti šumske požare pomoću mobitela. U tom smislu, učinkovitost/djelotvornost tornjeva povezana je sa šumskim cestovnim prometom. Stoga je izvršena i analiza vidljivosti prometnica radi provjere mogućnosti motrenja s cesta. Iako su na ovom području, u kojemu su crnogorične vrste drveća poput brucijskog i crnog bora vrlo osjetljive na vatru postavljena 37 promatračka tornja, 40% šuma nalaze se u području koje nije vidljivo, a 15% tih šuma izložene su visokom riziku od požara. Preko 100 tisuća hektara područja osjetljivog na požare u ovoj regiji nije bilo moguće kotrolirati s tornjeva. Mreža tornjeva pokrivala je 56 % ukupnog područja i 59 % šumskog područja. Ljudi koji su koristili ceste doprinijeli su sustavu za detekciju požara s 11 % pa je na taj način, zajedno s tornjevima, 70 % šumskog područja u ovoj regiji bilo vidljivo. S druge strane, 59 % od 523 tisuća hektara šumskog zemljišta koji nisu bili vidljivi s cesta bili su uočljivi s tornjeva. Naglašeno je da je participativno ponašanje ljudi koji žive u šumama i koriste šumske prometnice važan dio sustava motrenja požara pri zaštiti okoliša.

Morocco's Participative Banking Sector: A Cross-Analysis of Current State, Opportunities and Challenges of Its Five Banks and Three Windows

Launched two and a half years ago, the model of Islamic banking adopted by Morocco consists of five banks and three windows. This paper aims to present an exploratory case study of the performance of the eight actors of Morocco participative banking. The study reveals an increase of Murabaha funding and deposits while the total net profit remains negative (MAD -420 million) mainly due to the start-up costs absorbing an enormous amount of resources. Presented in a SWOT Analysis, the study’s results confirm that the sector is facing many difficulties and gaps that negatively affect the business especially the incomplete participative financial ecosystem. Then, the paper presents a benchmark study of Turkey’s participation in banking. Findings show that the financial ecosystem in Turkey is much more developed compared to Morocco. Consequently, this situation favored the rise of the five operational participation banks whose asset growth rate reached 99%, between 2014 and 2018, and recorded positive net profits which exceeded TL 2 billion. Nevertheless, both Morocco and Turkey participation banks are still too young and can make headway only if the regulators and the operators properly address the challenges which hamper their development.&#x0D; JEL Classification: G21, 057.

The analysis of fintech ecosystem in Turkey

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamics of creating a wealthy FinTech Ecosystem. The state of the Turkish FinTech Ecosystem will be used as a case to determine the components of a healthy FinTech Ecosystem. Methodology – This paper is designed on a self-reflection methodology. The author is the co-founder of FinTech Istanbul Platform, which is acting as a FinTech Hub to gather all the building blocks of the Ecosystem in Turkey since 2016. The reflections are based on the experience of the author gained both from Turkey and international hubs. Findings – The main components of a FinTech Ecosystem consist of 8 elements: New technologies and tools that enable innovations; telecom and technology companies that create infrastructure for distribution; startups that create innovative business models; government and regulators that define the rules of the game; financial institutions that cooperate with startups; customers and users who benefit from innovations; investors, incubation centers and accelerators that enable both financial aid and space for innovators. Conclusion – To create a wealthy FinTech Ecosystem, all players and stakeholders must work together and try to create synergy in order to sustain competitive advantage.

Evaluating different spatial interpolation methods and modeling techniques for estimating spatial forest site index in pure beech forests: a case study from Turkey.

Spatial interpolation methods are widely used to estimate some ecological and environmental parameters that are difficult to measure. One of these parameters is forest site index, which is a demonstration of forest productivity. The aim of this study was to estimate forest site index in a beech forest ecosystem in Turkey. In this context, soil characteristics, stand parameters, and topographic features were measured in 70 temporary sample plots of beech forest stands. Forest site index of beech forest stands was predicted using different modeling techniques such as multiple regression analysis (MLR), multilayer perceptron (MLP), radial basis function (RBF), multiple regression kriging (MLRK), multilayer perceptron kriging (MLPK), and radial basis function kriging (RBFK). The results showed that the RBFK (R2 = 0.98) and MLRK (R2 = 0.96) outperformed the others to predict forest site index in the study area. The greatest improvement occurred when krigged residual used with MLR, which increase from 0.23 to 0.96. Thus, MLRK method significantly improved the prediction accuracy for site index. The models combined with krigged residuals were more successful than those used without krigged residuals. The results of this study suggest that the combined methods may help obtaining improved site index maps for forest management.

ASSESSMENT OF R&amp;D ACTIVITIES IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR

Objective: In recent years, drug research and development (R&D) activities have increased due to public incentives. The aim of this study is to assess pharmaceutical R&D activities, the perspective of national and international pharmaceutical companies on R&D as well as R&D investments of international pharmaceutical companies in Turkey. Material and Method: This study is a qualitative research and individual in-depth interview technique was employed for data collection. Interviews were conducted with sixteen pharmaceutical companies which were the members of Association of Research-Based Pharmaceutical Companies and Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association of Turkey, with seven Universities, and Ministry of Health, Ministry of Industry and Technology, Turkish Pharmacists Association, the Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey, and the Marmara Research Center. Result and Discussion: The national pharmaceutical companies need to focus R&D activities on high added value drugs. Bayraktutan and Bidirdi [10] emphasized in their research on technology and competitiveness that the countries and the enterprises which perform R&D and give importance to technology development will gain a competitive advantage in international markets. Although biosimilar drugs are the first step in technology transfer, it is unknown whether the industry will switch to original biotechnology drug R&D in the future. There is a need for clusters and an effective R&D ecosystem in Turkey.

Correlations between biochemical composition and biogas production during anaerobic digestion of microalgae and cyanobacteria isolated from different sources of Turkey

Twenty one species of microalgae and Cyanobacteria were isolated from different ecosystems in Turkey to investigate the relation between biochemical methane potential (BMP) and biochemical characterization. Since the highest dry weight (X), specific growth rate (µ) and maximum productivity (Pmax) were obtained from the five species, identification of species and BMP tests with the composition analyzes were examined. BMP values were determined 308, 293, 242, 229 and 230 mLCH4/gVS for Desertifilum tharense, Phormidium animale, Chlorella sp., Anabeana variabilis and Chlorophyta uncultured. The Pearson correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to extract and clarify the correlation between composition of species and their methane production. Pearson correlation shows that glucose, Kjeldahl nitrogen and chlorophyll are highly and positively correlated with BMP. PCA revealed that Chlorella sp., Chlorophyta uncultured and Desertifilum tharense were placed against Phormidium animale distinguished by its extreme and different profile because of Kjeldahl nitrogen and glucose content.

A hidden challenge for fostering innovation: selection of IP valuation methods

Purpose- There exist a large variety of sources on the definition or application process of the IP Valuation methods in literature, but there is still room for research for applications, related cases and preference criteria of each method as the theoretical and practical publications are very limited. Before starting IP valuation process there are some fundamental prerequisite steps such as setting the purpose of valuation, acquiring deep knowledge about the IP technology being valued, definition of the type of the process of patent application, defining TRL of IP and identifying the available data. To fulfil the gap of knowledge, the main aim of this study is to provide a case study for developing country context by exploring the current practices of patent valuation methods and determining the applicability, usefulness, challenges, necessities and advantages of IP valuation methods in IP ecosystems of technology. Methodology- Within a qualitative research methodology which utilized the experiences of the IP valuation experts and professionals in technology transfer ecosystem in Turkey, Europe and USA, data were collected through structured in-depth interviews and Delphi Survey about level of expert knowledge, level of usage for different quantitative IP valuation methods, the purpose of using different IP valuation methods, challenges or benefits of applying the methods in patent valuation. Findings- Findings revealed that replacement cost, reproduction cost, sales comparison, DCF, the 25 percent rule, comparable profit margin and RFR methods are widely preferred and known IP valuation methods which are priorly expressed by the respondent experts of this study. Advanced valuation methods are much rarely known and used when compared to previously stated methods. In order to make effective and well-supported estimates of an IP value, more than one valuation method which can be selected according to the objectives and different situations and qualitative parameters should be considered because of their indirect effect to the valuation. Conclusion- The findings of this study show the whole necessities/inputs to apply valuation method in line with the literature. When an IP is valued, qualitative parameters should be considered because of their indirect affect to the valuation. In order to make effective and well-supported estimates of an IP value, more than one valuation method which can be selected according to the objectives and different situations and qualitative parameters should be considered because of their indirect effect to the valuation. This study is expected to help valuers that are in need of choosing most suitable valuation method for their IPs.

Who Should Provide Education For Entrepreneurship An Evaluation Of Government-Led Entrepreneurship Education Programs In Turkey

The aim of this study is to evaluate the state-dominant position of entrepreneurship education in Turkey and to reveal whether the government institutions which mainly carry out entrepreneurship education provide expected economic and social outputs. Within this scope; by using phenomenology design, a qualitative research was carried out with 44 professional and experts who are informed in entrepreneurship ecosystem in Turkey. In addition, a survey with 111 participants among attendants of KOSGEB Applied Entrepreneurship Education and a qualitative research with 12 of these trainees was performed in order to examine the data obtained from quantitative research in depth as well. As a result of the research, it has been found out that the success of the government efforts is suspicious in entrepreneurship education regarding to the intended results and that the role of non-governmental and private institutions in entrepreneurship education should be more efficient.