Changes In Economy Structure Research Articles

Structure and Functioning of Urban Local Bodies in Infrastructure and its Challenges

India's society is now characterised by widespread urbanisation. Millions of people are moving to cities in search of employment because cities are the main benefactors of globalisation and are growing in population. This shows that Indian cities must act as the engine for the country's economy's structural change. Infrastructure has to be improved and upgraded, which necessitates active cooperation from both the state and federal governments. The 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution, which aim to establish an institutional framework for bringing about grass- roots democracy through the use of genuinely self-governing local bodies in both urban and rural areas of the nation, provide a clear mandate for democratic decentralisation in addition to the directive principle of state policy. The subjects covered in this research study include various urban local bodies, their relevance, their organisation, their tasks and responsibilities, and their problems and difficulties. Urban Local Bodies must deal with issues such financial scarcity, unplanned urbanisation, excessive state government control, and the proliferation of agencies, Low level of People’s Participation in socio-economic development. And how can the financial independence of urban local governments be increased? By incorporating technology, e-governance, financial instruments like municipal bonds, ensuring active citizen participation, and improving grievance redressal mechanisms. Keywords—urban local bodies, municipal corporation, municipal council, municipal bonds

Is Indonesia's growth rate balance-of-payments-constrained? A time-varying estimation approach

This paper analyses the performance of Indonesia's economy since the early 1980s using Thirlwall's balance-of-payments-constrained (BoPC) growth model, estimated in state-space form to take account of the varying nature of the income elasticities of demand for exports and imports. Results indicate that after peaking in the mid 1980s at above 10 percent, Indonesia's BoPC growth rate has declined significantly, to about 3 percent in recent years. This is the result of changes in the three components of this growth rate: the income elasticities of demand for exports and imports, and the growth rate of world income, all three significantly lower. Especially worrisome for Indonesia's future is the decline in the income elasticity of demand for exports, a variable that summarizes the non-price competitiveness of its exports. This is the consequence of the lack of progress in upgrading the export basket and increasing its sophistication, with natural resources and low value-added manufacturing still dominating the country's exports. Focusing on the two income elasticities, the analysis shows that their determinants are variables that proxy the economy's structural changes (for example, the manufacturing employment share) and within-sector productivity growth (for example, complexity of the economy, gross fixed capital formation as a share of GDP).

Green tourism development in conditions of forming of consolidated territorial communities

Nowadays tourism industry is only fifth in Ukraine by the component of budget revenues and its importance should grow significantly due to such objective preconditions as beneficial location of Ukraine in the center of Europe, availability of significant tourism and recreation capacity, favourable climate, rich flora and fauna and numerous landmarks of global level. For Ukraine rural green tourism in conditions of forming of consolidated territorial communities is a new phenomenon and requires the range of activities for its intensified development. Indeed, the priority of rural green tourism development in Ukraine is stipulated by the urgent need to solve socio-economic problems of contemporary villages. The paper aims to define the conditions and research the processes of green tourism development in conditions of forming of consolidated territorial communities. The paper characterizes the perspectives of green tourism development in rural settlements. In particular, it outlines the problems and perspectives of green tourism development in consolidated territorial communities. Endogenous capacity and opportunities of its use in the development of green tourism are defined. Green tourism is determined to be an additional factor of budget revenues in consolidated territorial communities. Global experience is analyzed and the perspectives of the use of global practices in the development of green tourism are outlined. SWOT-analysis of rural green tourism development is carried out. The paper defines top-priority regions for the development of rural green tourism. The authors emphasize that green tourism can play the role of a catalyst of economy structural changes, provide demographic stability and solve socio-economic problems emerging in the course of forming of consolidated territorial communities.

SANCTIONS: THREAT OR OPPORTUNITY FOR THE ECONOMY? GLANCE THROUGH THE PRISM OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF RUSSIA

Russia is very actively involved in the international economic relations (IER). Participation in the ERI brings both substantial benefits – through foreign currency earnings from the export of resources and extremely negative effects for the economy – the flight of capital, substitution of domestic products through goods manufactured abroad. This article discusses various aspects of Russia’s participation in international economic relations. The problem of global imbalances and the balance of payments in Russia is analyzed. It is shown that Russia is one of the countries receiving as a result of foreign trade, the greatest benefit from global imbalances At the same time, this effect is being annihilated by the negative financial account balance. The sanctions of Western countries against the Russian economy are scrutinized. The impact of sanctions on the economy is analyzed based on the analysis of foreign economic relations of Russia. A list of the measures necessary to ensure the modernization of the Russian economy both under sanctions and, regardless of their retention or abolition, as a whole, in the coming years is presented. Factors influencing the modernization of the industry, are development of the financial system, the control of tariffs of natural monopolies, development of infrastructure. The extremely important measures is increase of resource and energy efficiency ( targeted), including industry standards; updating of funds; productivity growth. The indirect measure to support the industry present government expenditures on research and development. Along with the devaluation as the course of sanctions it is necessary to maintain the systemic industrial and agricultural policy. Here is the key to development and changes in economy structure.

Impactos da mudança estrutural da economia brasileira sobre o seu crescimento

Na abordagem estruturalista, o papel da indústria tem destaque na dinâmica da economia devido a fatores inerentes a esse setor. Dentre os autores clássicos que se destacam nesse campo, podemos ressaltar as contribuições de Raúl Prebisch, Celso Furtado, Albert Hirschman e Nicholas Kaldor, os quais, ao longo de suas respectivas obras, apresentaram valiosas interpretações sobre a dinâmica do desenvolvimento econômico e enfatizaram a importância do papel da indústria de transformação nesse processo. Com base nos argumentos iniciais desses autores, o presente estudo busca analisar os efeitos da mudança estrutural da economia brasileira sobre o seu desempenho, com ênfase no setor industrial, para o período 1948-2007.

Poland and the euro zone enlargement: Monetary policy, ERM II, and other issues

In this paper, Poland's preparations to introduce the euro and discussions surrounding them are briefly analyzed. Its first part deals with legal and macroeconomic developments before Poland's accession to the EU in May 2004. The second part considers Poland's official position and possible future scenarios. The main conclusions are twofold. Firstly, it is argued that after finishing successfully the disinflation process, Poland's monetary integration is above all subject to fiscal and exchange rate developments. In both cases, they are a function of the economy's structural changes. Secondly, as a consequence, fulfilling the Maastricht Treaty nominal convergence criteria by Poland will imply enough degree of real convergence for its successful participation in the euro zone.

Home Market and the Artisans in Colonial India: A Study of Brass-ware

Studies on Indian artisans in the recent times have tended to be guided by the notion of a world market which, it is believed, drove them towards obsolescence through changing tastes or productivity. This framework, however, is not without problems. First, the presence of older industries in modern India, or their long continuance, tends to be seen in terms of ‘survivals’ or ‘revivals’, which terms deny them any inherent dynamics. On the other hand, the impression that many of them ‘survive’ today in strikingly modernized forms, utilizing production and marketing institutions vastly different from those that prevailed a hundred years ago, would demand of historians an account of how old industries evolve, and become integrated into the rest of the economy. Secondly, the crux of the world market story is the economy's opening up to trade. That foreign trade had a critical impact on crafts such as textiles, partially decimated by imports, or leather, where trade commercialized an erstwhile custom-bound exchange, is indisputable. But there are other notable examples where the effect of trade was benign, minor, or indirect, where artisans remained producers of a mass consumable; and where neither did they face significant competition from imported goods, nor were reduced to fodder for metropolitan industrialization. Yet they changed profoundly. In a way, their history reflects not the play of a dominant exogenous process, but the totality of the economy's structural change. Crafts history does not yet provide us with prototypes of this endogenous transformation.