Export Economy Research Articles

Harmonizing Digital Trade for Sustainable Stride: Unveiling the Industrial Pollution Reduction Effect of China's Cross-Border E-Commerce Comprehensive Pilot Zones

As a key export-oriented economy, China faces significant challenges to its green economic development due to industrial pollution. While digital trade is crucial for sustainable development, its impact on industrial pollution has not been studied. This paper addresses this gap by adopting prefecture-level data from 2005 to 2021 and using a staggered difference-in-differences model to assess the impact of comprehensive pilot zones policy of cross-border e-commerce (CBEC) on industrial sulfur dioxide pollution. The findings indicate that CBEC significantly reduces industrial sulfur dioxide emission intensity, with the effect growing stronger over time. The effect is particularly notable in eastern and western regions, large cities, cities with underdeveloped digital infrastructure, and cities with lower pollution. Mechanism analysis reveals that CBEC lowers industrial emission intensity by driving structure upgrading, fostering green innovation, and advancing digital transformation. This paper emphasizes that the government can expedite the green transformation of the economy by integrating digital trade with industry.

The Export Dilemma of China under the WTO Framework: An Anti-Dumping Study on the Determination of Market Economy Status

As China emerges as a dominant force in the global economy, the issue of non-market economy status has become a key issue, particularly in the face of biased anti-dumping measures enforced by other nations. These measures have seriously affected China's export-oriented economy by creating substantial trade barriers. The essay utilizes a blend of literature review, comparative analysis, and data examination, drawing on historical experience and the legal principles and rules as outlined in the WTO agreements. The results show that although China has achieved certain advancements in pursuing acknowledgment of its market economy status, it still faces significant challenges due to political and economic factors.This essay will discuss anti-dumping measures exert considerable pressure on businesses operating within developing economies, and on this basis, it will provide corresponding thoughts and suggestions for China to secure the market economy status, and for Chinese enterprises not to be hit by it as far as possible.

The current world economic situation and its impact on China's foreign exchange and foreign investment

In 2023, the world economy shows clear growth divergence and complex changes driven by technology. The United States economy is showing strong resilience, but its growth is still affected by inventory movements. In contrast, the economies of the euro area and Japan face serious challenges, while some emerging economies, such as India and Vietnam, show signs of a positive recovery. Meanwhile, prices in major economies generally rose, international trade improved slightly and financial markets picked up. In the coming period of time, the world economy is likely to be in the process of bottoming out and bottoming out, will continue to affect China's foreign trade and foreign investment fundamentals, China should overcome the risks and challenges, enhance confidence, increase policy support, and make every effort to create an environment conducive to the development of an export-oriented economy, and actively tap the new advantages of industrial competition, and to promote China's sustainable development of the economy.

Smart City Construction, Artificial Intelligence Development, and the Quality of Export Products: A Study Based on Micro-Level Data of Chinese Enterprises

Quality improvement is essential for a nation’s economy to transition from large to strong. In the 21st century, a new wave of quality development has emerged globally, and upgrading the quality of enterprise export products is a key measure for driving exports and supporting high-quality economic development. The development of artificial intelligence, as the new core engine driving technological revolution and industrial transformation, will profoundly alter various aspects of economic activities, including production, distribution, exchange, and consumption. Exploring and cultivating new artificial intelligence-driven momentum to enhance the quality of enterprise export products is inevitably a major theoretical and practical issue of common interest to governments, enterprises, and academia. This paper uses China, a major developing and export-oriented economy, as a case study to explore the policy measures for stimulating new momentum in artificial intelligence development and their effects and transmission mechanisms on improving the quality of enterprise export products. Specifically, it constructs a theoretical model to examine the relationship between smart city construction, artificial intelligence development, and the quality of enterprise export products. By considering the smart city construction projects launched by the Chinese government as a quasi-natural experiment to facilitate artificial intelligence development, the study employs matched city-enterprise data from 2007 to 2015 and utilizes a difference-in-differences (DID) methodology to empirically test the impact of smart city construction on enhancing the quality of enterprise export products. According to the study, the policy-driven nature of smart city construction significantly enhances the quality of enterprise export products. This beneficial impact is particularly evident in the eastern regions, as well as in labor-intensive and capital-intensive industries, and among foreign-invested and private enterprises. Mechanism tests and additional analyses indicate that artificial intelligence development is significantly more advanced in smart cities than in non-smart cities, with the gap between them steadily widening. The construction of smart cities significantly advances artificial intelligence development, which subsequently enhances the quality of enterprise export products. Furthermore, smart cities can substantially contribute to this improvement by facilitating a more efficient, market-oriented allocation of resources.

Translation of signs and a renewed understanding of the post-pandemic cosmopolis: a diachronic study of street signs in the hybridised area of Guangzhou

ABSTRACT From a translational perspective, the researcher conducts a diachronic study of the changing street signs in one of the hybridised areas in Guangzhou. The street signs in the present study were investigated through an ethnographic process and were compared and discussed in relation to their changing contexts before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings show a decrease in multilingual signs in the area post-pandemic time, which may indicate the influence of the pandemic on international visitors. In contrast, increasing monolingual Chinese signs exhibit the authorities’ reassertion of the dominant ideology and restoration of social order. On the other hand, however, a large number of bilingual and monolingual English signs in multifarious modes, among which many are from the business sectors in the 2023 corpus, may signal the open nature of an export-oriented economy in the area and recovery of international business after the pandemic. The changing translational landscape of the area constructs a gateway for us to renew our understanding of the influence of the pandemic on the cosmopolitan city and the relationship between language practice and the city.

Global arms exports : the formation of a new paradigm

The modern world market for arms and military equipment (WME) is experiencing a whole range of structural and dynamic changes caused by numerous global problems in the development of the world economy, the nature of competition in this market, as well as the formation of a multipolar world order. The purpose of the study was to assess possible changes in the long-term program of research on international trade in arms and military equipment, taking into account the specified triggers. As the research has shown, the political economy of global arms and military equipment exports is undergoing a significant transformation when, with the emergence of new players in the global arms and military equipment market, its qualitative characteristics and development parameters change, unconventionally affecting global demand and supply for weapons. In turn, the dynamics of defense spending have an ambiguous impact on the market under study, which can both crowd out investments in other sectors and affect the economic growth of the country and its position in global arms and military equipment exports. Finally, the global arms and military equipment market is witnessing serious and previously unknown changes in the global architecture of multilateral regulation, which determine the formation of global value chains within the framework of military-political blocs. These transformations lead to a new understanding of international cooperation between countries exporting and importing weapons and military equipment and form a new set of research problems.

Identifying opportunities for blue economy exports in caribbean small states

ABSTRACT The blue economy balances oceanic economic activity with sustainable development. It includes harvesting and extractive industries, such as fishing, resource generation (energy and water), trade and health. Existing literature has linked the blue economy to positive economic growth when its potential is maximised. Despite the importance of the subject, there are few studies on the economic benefits and opportunities that Small States can derive from the blue economy. This paper uses the case of the CARICOM region, whose combined exclusive economic zones is 4.5 times larger than the land area. This study analysed the potential economic benefits of the blue economy in CARICOM by investigating the comparative advantages of blue exports in ocean goods traded for the region and the individual member states. The results suggest that CARICOM countries have a comparative advantage in their traditional industries and opportunities to exploit many other blue industries.

Fossil-fueled stories: an ecolinguistic critical discourse analysis of the South African government’s naturalisation of fossil fuels in the context of the climate crisis

ABSTRACT In recent years, aging coal power plants, lack of maintenance, and issues of poor governance have resulted in a high frequency of rolling scheduled blackouts, throughout South Africa. This has led to greater urgency being placed on switching to renewable energy sources, which South Africa has great potential for. Despite this, and the current reality of the global climate crisis, South Africa continues to rely heavily on coal, not only as an energy source at home, but also as a key part of the country’s export economy. This paper utilises a corpus-assisted, ecolinguistically-informed critical discourse analysis framework to investigate the ways in which members of the South African national government construct the use of coal and other fossil fuels in light of a global climate crisis. The data for this paper consists of a variety of public-facing texts from the South African national government on the topic of climate change. Our analysis revealed that despite a stated commitment to prioritising renewable energy by the government, its implicit messaging normalises the continued use of fossil fuels and minimises their serious negative impacts.

Comparison of the Impact of Different Economic Patterns on Population Inflows: Evidence from China’s Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang Provinces

Between 2000 and 2022, China’s top three highest GDP provinces, Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu, each having distinct economic structures, displayed different paths of development in their net population inflows. This prompts us to ponder how the economic patterns of the most economically developed regions impact population inflows. To answer the question, we first examine each economic pattern and use the entropy weight method to construct a comprehensive index to capture the features of each economic pattern in different regions. Then, we employ a two-way fixed effects model with panel data from the three provinces to conduct the empirical analysis. Moving forward, we expand the sample size to 10 provinces, including China’s eastern metropolitan areas, to extend the analysis beyond the previously selected regions and corroborate the consistency and robustness of our model. The results show that the Wenzhou pattern, featured primarily by the private sector, has the most impact on population inflows, followed by the Pearl River pattern, driven by an export-oriented economy. In contrast, the Sunan pattern, characterized by the collective economy, has an insignificant impact. We further dissect and determine the essential factors influencing population inflows within the three economic patterns and estimate the sustainability of the economic pattern via net population inflows. Our findings can provide insights for policy-makers to understand and utilize economic patterns in order to impact population inflows effectively. Specifically, we propose that the observable net population inflows can serve as an indicator to evaluate the sustainability of local economic patterns, thus providing another perspective on assessing the region’s economic development.

How Does Foreign Capital Impact Urban Green Development? Evidence from Central China

Background: Foreign capital, a significant component of the contemporary export-oriented economy, helps to solve ecological and environmental issues and encourages the green transformation of urban development techniques. This study develops an assessment framework for urban green development using panel data from 80 cities in Central China between 2007 and 2022. Simultaneously, the impact of foreign capital on urban green development was tested through the mechanism of green technological innovation using the panel mediating effect model, and the impact of economic development level on the impact of foreign capital on the same was tested using the threshold effect model. The primary research findings are as follows: (1) Foreign capital has greatly enhanced urban green development in Central China; (2) Green technology innovation acts as a major mediating variable in the process by which foreign capital influences urban green development; (3) Economic development has a single threshold effect on foreign capital influencing urban green development. This article suggests that the government focus more on the prudent use of foreign capital in light of the findings above. The study's findings offer an empirical foundation for more effectively encouraging urban green development as well as some theoretical direction for the long-term growth of human society in underdeveloped nations or areas. Objective: The objective of this study is to explore the key factors affecting urban green development in Central China, including the direct impact of foreign capital, the mediating effect of green technology innovation and the threshold effect of economic development, with the aim of improving urban green development in Central China. Theoretical Framework: This study mainly refers to Sustainable Development Theory and Schumpeterian Innovation Theory. Because urban green development belongs to the category of sustainable development, and the mediating analysis in this article is consistent with Schumpeterian Innovation Theory. Method: The entropy method is used to measure the degree of urban green development. Baseline regression is used to analyze the direct impact of foreign capital on urban green development. The mediating model is used to analyze the mediating role of green technology innovation in the impact of foreign capital on urban green development. The threshold model is used to analyze the threshold effect of economic development on foreign capital in affecting urban green development. Results and Discussion: The results confirmed the hypothesis. First, foreign capital has a positive impact on urban green development. Second, green technology innovation plays a mediating role in the process of foreign capital affecting urban green development. Third, economic development plays a single threshold effect in the process of green technology innovation affecting urban green development.However, this study still has certain limitations. Because there are certain differences between official statistics and reality, and the indicators selected in this article are limited, they cannot fully reflect the actual results. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing new ideas for urban green development in Central China from the perspective of foreign capital. And the role of green technology innovation and economic development cannot be ignored. This is not only in line with the world theme of green and sustainable development, but also conducive to accelerating the internationalization process of Central China. And this research also provides theoretical support for green development in developing countries or regions. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by being based on official data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China and using a series of recognized empirical methods to study Central China's urban green development and key influencing factors. The value of this article is that it not only enriches the research on urban green development in Central China. It also provides a reference for green development and international development in other developing regions in China and other developing countries or regions around the world.

Risk management based on hedging tools in an export-oriented economy

The object of this study is the process of risk management at enterprises in the metallurgical industry as a subject of foreign economic activity. Under the conditions of an export-oriented economy, it is important to have tools for early response to crises and challenges caused by various factors. Volatility of the market and global and domestic prices for key products and raw materials add uncertainty and encourage management to look for tools to protect their financial income. The construction of a risk map and the use of mathematical tools for forecasting and minimizing the negative consequences of the occurrence of risky events could contribute to making optimal management decisions in operational activities and in the pricing process. Interpretation of the risk management cycle for the needs of enterprises in the metallurgical industry will make it possible to adequately identify the risks inherent in the industry and devise measures for flexible response to crises and challenges. In the course of the study, it was found out that exporting companies need protection, first of all, against price risk, which increases significantly under the conditions of inflation and due to jumps in the consumer price index in a particular country. It is suggested to use hedging as a protection tool. Determining the perimeter of risk hedging by means of a risk-oriented selection of indicators (external and internal, commercial, and non-commercial risks) depending on a certain market situation will make it possible to establish a correlation between key influencing factors. The implementation of the risk-hedging cycle in the practice of the enterprises in the metallurgical industry will make it possible to ensure flexible management of the pricing procedure for metal products both in the domestic market and during foreign trade

The agroforests of the east coast of Madagascar

This article explores the significance, challenges, and future prospects of Madagascar’s cash crops: vanilla, cloves, lychees, black pepper and cinnamon. Cultivated by small-scale farmers in biodiverse agroforestry plots, these cash crops have historical importance in Madagascar's export-oriented economy that has seen Madagascar become the world's leading producer of vanilla, the second largest exporter of cloves and essential clove oil, and the leading exporter of lychees to the European market. Despite contributing substantially to the country's exports, farmers remain vulnerable, as the markets for these products are controlled by global food industry giants and are subject to significant price fluctuations. Other factors that contribute towards farmer’s vulnerability include climate change, local security conditions, competition from other producing countries and the introduction of synthetic vanillin. Despite the volatilities, farmers’ income and food security remain tied to these cash crops. Diversification is recommended to ensure better resilience against volatile conditions, including diversification of crops, land management practices, and product uses. By adapting agroforests to integrate a variety of cash crops and food crops, farmers’ income and food security will be protected long-term. Further research on agro-biodiversity management is now needed to continue to mitigate market dynamics and environmental challenges.

Putting wage growth back on the table: Labour incorporation, political exchange, and wage-boosting policies in advanced peripheral economies

Growth model scholarship posits that wage-led growth has become increasingly difficult to achieve in advanced capitalist economies since the demise of Fordism. The constraints to the pursuit of policies compatible with wage-led growth strategies could be expected to be particularly stringent in peripheral economies, which often rely on price-sensitive exports, suppression of domestic demand, and labour disempowerment to compete in global markets. Yet, empirical experience shows that even advanced peripheral economies that adopted export-led growth strategies have successfully implemented policies intended to raise wages and expand social transfers. How to explain the emergence of such wage-boosting policies in the context of advanced peripheral, export-oriented economies? Drawing on the cases of Israel, Poland, and Spain since the Great Recession, we identify one common mechanism accounting for this unexpected outcome: the contingent political incorporation of organized labour through a cross-class political exchange in the coalition supporting a country’s growth strategy. We identify two scope conditions that enable the implementation of such policies in unlikely contexts. Domestic political instability, coupled with a contingent relaxation of prior economic constraints, leads governing parties of both left and right orientation to activate political exchange with unions, resulting in the implementation of diverse policies boosting household income. These policies also increase the role of domestic consumption as a key growth driver. Nonetheless, the depth and durability of such changes remain conditioned. The findings develop our understanding of the role of, and structural limits to, organized labour’s agency to promote wage growth in advanced peripheral economies.

Empowering energy security through it: The path of export-oriented economies

Empowering energy security through it: The path of export-oriented economies

IMPROVEMENT OF THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF FACTORS THAT HINDER THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NON-OIL INDUSTRY BASED ON INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE

The study of the problems of improving the mechanism of the management of the factors that slow down the development of the non-oil industry confirms the instability of the development rates of the Azerbaijani industry in 2005-2021, the disparities in the development of the industry in the production and processing areas, as well as in the regions. As a result of the study, the classification of internal and external factors that hinder the development of the non-oil industry is justified. Application of ISO standards in enterprises operating for the creation of a non-oil industry based on innovative economy, a new concept of regulation of production activities based on the data of technical projects, technical and economic justifications and project estimates were presented as the main direction of improving the management system of factors that hinder the development process of the non-oil industry. The relevance of the subject. In recent years, factors such as creating an inter-sector balance and effective use of natural and material resources have played an important role in ensuring economic stability in our country, but it is necessary to solve the economic and institutional regulation issues related to the development of the non-oil sector of the industry. Because ensuring the development of the non-oil sector has been set as a priority direction and main task of the state’s economic policy. The main goal in the implementation of the specified task is to increase the level of welfare of the population, transition to an export-oriented economy and improve the competitiveness of the economy. From this point of view, the relevance of the research of the subject is not in doubt. The purpose of the article. The main goal of the research is to create an effective management structure, which ensures the elimination of obstacles that slow down the development of this section of the industry, taking into account the role of the non-oil industrial sector in ensuring the sustainable development of the country’s economy and raising the standard of living of the population, through the formation and evaluation of a qualitatively new model of sustainable economic development of added value growth and structural changes in production areas and enterprises. Elucidation of practical aspects of using the concepts «technical structure of production», «organic structure of capital and turnover rate» to improve the management system of non-oil industries and enterprises, which are considered as objects of study of economic theory, is a priority direction of research. Research methods. The article was written on the basis of scientific research methods which includes theoretical analysis, systematic analysis, statistical analysis, generalization, comparative structural analysis, etc. Scientific innovation. In the article, based on the analysis of the production structure and current situation of the non-oil industry in 2005-2021, the classification of the obstacles that slow down the development of the industry was justified for the first time, and specific proposals for their elimination were put forward. Acknowledging the dependence of solving issues such as the application of ISO standards in the non-oil industry sector and the admission of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the World Trade Organization on the condition of ensuring the quality and safety of goods and services, determination of the technical structure of production on the basis of project-estimate documents and proposals for regulating the distribution of income (profit) according to the capital structure and turnover rate should be evaluated as innovative development directions of management in the industry.

SIGNIFICANCE AND TAX TREATMENT OF REVERSE FACTORING AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR FINANCING SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

In modern market circumstances, when competition is becoming more and more ruthless, especially in the period of the continuing immanent duration of the effects of the world economic crisis, which has a vertical depth effect (both those who have significant funds and those who do not have free funds, i.e. they are not liquid, feel it) when fresh capital is getting harder and harder, only those companies can survive that have a constant and regular inflow of fresh capital. In an economic situation in which the dominant role is played by large capital (multinational corporations or regional corporations), where acquisition is increasingly sought, the pressure on small companies becomes more pronounced and stronger. For companies that are organized as small or medium, the inflow of fresh capital is a luxury for the reason that the right to claim is exercised over a longer period of time (30-90 days) with the risk of being unable to collect the claim. It should be emphasized that: a) lack of fresh working capital; b) the frequent absence of own funds (reserve funds) and c) the impossibility of obtaining favorable loans in the current circumstances, inevitably implies that small and medium-sized companies are finding it increasingly difficult to survive. In addition to the fact that globalization has negative effects on the micro-economy, it should be emphasized that the development of the market economy continuously and permanently affects the creation of new and the evolution of existing financial instruments for financing production. Factoring is one of the modern financial instruments that is gaining more and more importance both at the macro and micro level (primarily referring to the countries that belonged to the Eastern Bloc market), and which belongs to the group of parabanking operations. Factoring as a parabanking business in export-oriented economies appears as one of the indispensable financial instruments for financing small and medium-sized companies. One of the specific forms of factoring that has evolved in modern business practice caused by the COVID pandemic is reverse factoring. Reverse factoring as a special type of factoring is contracted between the factor and the debtor from the contract for the sale of goods or the provision of services in the country and abroad, on the basis of which the factor, by taking over invoices from the debtor, assumes his obligation to pay towards the creditors, and has the right to collect from the debtor within from the agreement for the sale of goods or the provision of services in the country and abroad. The legal validity of the reverse factoring deal depends on securing the creditor’s consent. The debtor is obliged to secure the creditor’s consent, otherwise the reverse factoring contract cannot be concluded. The paper will also pay special attention to the tax treatment of income generated on the basis of factoring business in accordance with the positive legal regulations of the Republic of Serbia.

The spatial spillover effect of seaport capacity on export trade: Evidence from China pilot free trade zones

Ports play a pivotal role in driving regional development, particularly in the context of the economy and trade. Seaports, in particular, function as gateways for export trade and contribute significantly to economic growth. This research utilizes the coastal China pilot free trade zones (PFTZs) as a case study to investigate the impact of seaport capacity on export trade. Using panel data covering 114 cities (including 51 seaport cities) within PFTZs in coastal China during 2008–2019, this paper employs statistical and spatial econometric methods to investigate whether seaport capacity has direct influence on export trade in PFTZs, as well as the spatial spillover effect of seaport capacity on nearby cities. Our findings reveal a statistically significant and positive relationship between seaport capacity and export trade in port cities located within China pilot Free Trade Zones, as well as a spatial spillover effect affecting the surrounding cities. The findings of this study considerable value for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to boost the competitiveness of seaports and promote export-oriented economies in the coastal regions of China PFTZs.

Empirical Analysis of Export Tax Rebate on Inwards Foreign Direct Investment in China

Export tax rebate (ETR) and inwards foreign direct investment (IFDI) are important driving forces for the steady development of China’s export-oriented economy. Based on data from 2004 to 2019, this study puts forward relevant assumptions on constructing a model for empirically analyzing the impact of the ETR on China’s IFDI from the perspective of the national and the sub-national. The result demonstrates that there exists a complementary relationship between the ETR and IFDI; the weak lag effect of ETR on IFDI in the eastern, middle, and western regions of China; an explicit impact on the performance in the western region, which lags behind only one period; and no significant lag effect of ETR on IFDI in developed, moderately developed, and underdeveloped regions. On the basis of this evaluation, the conclusion could be achieved that that ETR has a significant effect on IFDI, though there may be differences in the direction and value of the impact. The highlight of this research is to detect the impact of ETR on IFDI by taking China as a case, and achieved that there exist sub-national differences, including the geographical and development-level differences.

A study on the value of carbon compensation in the Huai River basin based on land use from 2000 to 2020

Watershed carbon studies can help coordinate watershed development, but there is less research on carbon compensation for land usage in watersheds. The Huai Rivers region is a case in point, the article first identifies a space-time analysis of land usage and carbon emissions from 2000 to 2020; constructed a coupled coordination model of the land use intensity system and carbon compensation value system, and studied the reasons for changes and correlations between land use and carbon compensation in 34 cities; finally, determined the carbon compensation amount based on the above results. The findings indicate that the transformation of land use is mainly reflected in the interconversion of built-up land and cropland; cities in the north-eastern part of the basin have experienced a stronger degree and correlation of carbon emissions growth, mainly influenced by energy consumption and the export economy; since 2010, the degree of reconciliation of overall land use and carbon offsets has changed from a dysfunctional to a transitional phase, varying considerably between cities, but with a positive trend. This study improves the existing carbon compensation evaluation system and creatively introduces the coupling connection with land and carbon into the calculation of land usage carbon compensation amount.

Export profitability and firm R&D: on China's export diversification under trade war

China has become the world's largest export economy and the Sino-US trade war since 2017 has brought about serious implications for its foreign trade. To mitigate the effect of the trade war, China has tried to diversify exports from the US to other major trade partners. This paper aims to study the impact of the trade war on the export profitability of Chinese manufacturing firms and examine the role of firm R&D activities in their export diversification process. It is found that under the trade war, firm export profitability with intensive exports to the US declined, but the negative shock is less potent for firms with more R&D activities. In addition, the resilience of R&D-intensive firms stems from two distinctive abilities, i.e., the ability to attract new customers in different alternative markets and the ability to optimize the composition of market niches.