Economical Field Research Articles

Characteristics of TOC Treatment for Industrial Wastewater Treatment -Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater TOC Treatment Status and TOC Treatment by Ozone and Advanced Oxidation Process-

Objectives:As the organic pollutant indicator is changed from COD<sub>Mn</sub> to TOC and the demand for TOC treatment of industrial wastewater increasing, the current situation of TOC treatment of wastewater discharge facilities of each industrial category is analyzed, and it is intended to consider the possibility of residual TOC treatment by ozone and advanced oxidation process.Methods:To review the TOC treatment situations of wastewater discharge facilities of each industrial category, the field survey data (46 sites) by Environment Ministry and Korea Environment Corporation were analyzed according to inflow TOC concentrations, direct/indirect discharge type, and main treatment process of wastewater treatment facilities. To review the characteristics of TOC treatment by ozone and advanced oxidation processes, previous studies and the results of field pilot tests conducted by ozone companies were comprehensively analyzed.Results and Discussion:The TOC treatment level varies depending on the inflow TOC concentrations to each industrial wastewater treatment facility, direct/indirect discharge type depending on the location of the wastewater treatment facilities, and the main treatment process of the wastewater treatment facility. In particular, the TOC removal rate differed by more than 20% depending on the presence or absence of biological treatment. The wastewater treatment facilities that require additional treatment of residual TOC were divided as follows (1) when the facility has biological treatment as main process, increasing unexpected inflow TOC load in treatment facilities or the condition of the biological treatment become worsen. (2) when the facility has phy-chemical treatment as main process, increasing unexpected inflow TOC load. (3) extending the replacement cycle of activated carbon to save maintenance cost. The advance oxidation process decomposes easily by OH radicals through the radical substitution of unsaturated hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds, so the removal rate of TOC by the O<sub>3</sub>+H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> advanced oxidation pilot test was 14.7~93.5%, higher than that of ozone oxidation. The specific ozone consumption per TOC removal amount (O<sub>3</sub>/ΔTOC) by O<sub>3</sub>+H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> advanced oxidation is 8.5~22.5mgO<sub>3</sub>/mgTOC, which is 1/5 of that of ozone oxidation only. In addition, comparing ozone demand by COD<sub>Mn</sub> and TOC removal, ozone demand of O<sub>3</sub>+H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> advanced oxidation to remove TOC is 2.7 to 4.3 times compared to that by O<sub>3</sub> oxidation to remove COD<sub>Mn</sub>.Conclusion:In order to reduce residual TOC from industrial wastewater effluent, it is necessary to secure stability of the existing main treatment process in preparation for load fluctuations, and the technologies research on complex advanced oxidation processes, hybrid advanced oxidation processes, and pretreatment technology to reduce ozone demand is needed for economical field application.

Subsurface Technology Pivoting from Oil and Gas to Geothermal Resources: A Sensitivity Study of Well Parameters

Summary There is enough geothermal energy several miles underneath to supply more power globally than the entire oil and gas industry. Geothermal energy is renewable, abundant, and has a minimal carbon footprint. However, the current geothermal energy use is only 1% of the global energy production. To scale it up, several technical problems need to be solved, addressing how, where, and when to harness it safely, efficiently, and cost-effectively. In this paper, the synergies and differences between the hydrocarbon and geothermal wells are reviewed and an opportunity assessment and management framework are proposed to improve the outcomes of diverse geothermal hydrocarbon projects. Producing geothermal energy from existing hydrocarbon wells, as electricity and/or low-temperature waste heat, can yield significant advantages over traditional geothermal wells, especially in terms of reduced capital expenditure. Geothermal and hydrocarbon well studies related to geothermal hydrocarbon field development are reviewed, presenting the similarities and differences between the geothermal and hydrocarbon wells, and the challenges for economical geothermal hydrocarbon field development. To unlock the potential of geothermal hydrocarbon field development, several areas of research are identified and explored. There are many hydrocarbon wells drilled worldwide that are either abandoned or will be abandoned in the future. This inherently brings exit options repurposing these wells in terms of extracting residual value in an environmentally friendly way. There is a great potential to extract energy in the form of low-temperature waste heat and/or work with the right power fluids, including CO2. In this study, a numerical solution and several analytical solutions are presented for closed-loop wells (i.e., concentric pipes in wells). They can be extended to enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs) (i.e., injecting and producing casedhole wells with perforations along vertical, inclined, and horizontal sections) by allowing fluid inflow into the wells. The time- and space-dependent temperature solutions for all well configurations are obtained for time- and space-dependent fluid and flow properties. A sensitivity study is then performed, showing the effects of several parameters on the flowing fluid temperature for such parameters as the fluid flow rate, well length, inner tubing and annulus diameters, geothermal temperature, and overall heat transfer coefficients. Existing hydrocarbon fields produce larger volume of waste water over their lives, increasing their operating costs owing to greater water management expenditure. Conceptually, those operating costs could be reduced by electricity and/or heat coproduction. The proposed modeling approach is useful for the design of EGSs and closed-loop systems. It can also be used as an operational tool to monitor the well and reservoir performance over the life of a deep geothermal resource. Last but not least, it can be used to assess the conditions for economically converting abandoned oil and gas wells for sustainable geothermal energy production.

Inventario y transcripción parcial de uno de los copiadores de cartas de la compañía «Ventoso» (Puerto de la Cruz) entre los años 1827 y 1859

Review, selection and transcription of part of the trading correspondence of the firm Ventoso, suscribed almost entirely by Francisco Gervasio Ventoso Romero (1797-1856). Through the reading of the letters we make an interesting approach to the existing trading practice on the first half of the XIXth century in the Canary Islands as well to the human and business network linked to the economical field in the Archipelago, Peninsula, England and Cuba.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Implant Dentistry: 13-36 months Follow-up-A case series

The actual pandemic caused by the highly virulent SARS-CoV-2 virus has an enormous impact on daily dental services and therefore changed the future approach towards dentistry. The corona virus became a game changer in the environmental, clinical, psychological and economical field [1]. Several new recommendations were introduced to create a safer workplace for both, patients and clinicians.

Outcomes of a novel bubble ultra-wide field viewing system for vitreoretinal surgery.

To report the clinical outcomes and evaluate the efficacy of a novel bubble ultra-wide field viewing system for vitreoretinal surgery. Prospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. One hundred and fifty-one eyes of 146 consecutive patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), vitreous haemorrhage originating from retinal vein occlusion (VH-RVO), epiretinal membrane (EM), macular hole (MH) or retinal detachment (RD) who underwent vitreoretinal surgery using the bubble ultra-wide field viewing system were included. A standard phacoemulsification was performed on each patient. Core humour and mid-peripheral vitreous humour were removed using a planoconcave lens. A suitably sized bubble was infused to attach to the posterior capsule or the anterior chamber depending on the integrity of the posterior capsule. The planoconcave lens and the air bubble formed the wide-angle viewing system, through which peripheral vitrectomy was performed. Range of applications, field of view, model validation and complications were recorded. The new ultra-wide field viewing system was successfully applied in all eyes, including 34 with PDR, 28 VH-RVO, 28 EM, 25 MH and 36 RD. Peripheral vitrectomy, local or panretinal laser photocoagulation, and removal of the peripheral proliferative membrane were successfully performed while viewing through this system. Maximum peripheral retinal area observable during the procedure was positively correlated with pupil diameter. Model analysis results showed that when the pupil diameter was 6 mm, the maximum field of view was approximately 128.1- 148.0 degrees with this system. Of 142 eyes, the main intraoperative complication was iatrogenic retinal breaks (IRBs) in 8 eyes (5.3%) and posterior capsule injury by vitreous cutter during bubble removal in 6 eyes (4.2%). The postsurgery mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (0.48 ± 0.39 logMAR) was significantly improved compared with the preoperative mean BCVA (1.60 ± 1.08 logMAR, p < 0.001). No incidents of postoperative choroidal detachment, secondary glaucoma or endophthalmitis were recorded. For patients with lens excision or absence, vitreoretinal surgery can be successfully performed using the novel viewing system described here. The system is a safe, convenient and economical ultra-wide field viewing system with a wide range of applications.

Arabic Language as Representation of Muslim Identity in Indonesia

This study is a qualitative research by collecting data from multiple sites that discuss the importance of learning the Arabic language for the people of Indonesia. Top 5 sites with those keywords are Rumaysho.com., BelajarIslam.com, Islampos.com, Kompasiana.com., and kiblat.net. From those five sites will be analyzed with the Yasir Suleiman’s language and religious identity perspective which shows that language has a function as an instrument of communication and also, a symbol of identity. This study found that stereotyping against the Arabic language makes it even more exclusive and closed to non-Muslims in Indonesia. Learning the Arabic language itself is not limited to the religious orientation, but making it as a function of language itself, as a medium of communication. Arabic language has been ‘sacred’ with its strategic position in political, economical, ideological, and academic field.

Digitalisation in agriculture and its impact on social sustainability

Digitalisation in agriculture will lead to changes in the way farms are operated. In addition to the predicted changes in the ecological and economical dimensions of sustainability the social dimension which is examined in this publication, will also undergo a fundamental change. The social dimension of sustainability very often does not receive the same attention as the ecological and economical components. However, it is equally important and must not be neglected just because of the fact that quantification in this field is more complex than in the ecological or economical field. In order to predict which changes digitalisation will bring to agriculture a Delphi survey was conducted. The questions are based on the UNEP SETAC Guideline for social life cycle assessment. It should be mentioned that at DiWenkLa the material flows are in Germany. Issues such as child labor and forced labor which are major issues worldwide and which the UNEP SETAC guidelines aim to eliminate are not considered in this project. The focus is on how digitalisation is changing the social sustainability of agriculture in Southern Germany. The 17 questions were answered by experts in the fields of agriculture, sociology, agricultural extension, agricultural research, digitalisation and academia. The questionnaire is designed to determine the effects of digitalisation in agriculture on social sustainability. The main objective of this study is to develop a consensus on how digitalisation in agriculture affects the social dimension of sustainability. In Delphi Surveys, several rounds of interviews are conducted until the experts reach a consensus on the issue. A standardized questionnaire with predefined answers is sent out. After a successful response to the first round, the questionnaire is evaluated and the experts received the same questionnaire, amended with the answers from the first round, so that they can reconsider their decision. This procedure is repeated until a consensus is reached among the experts.

Comparative Analysis of Stock Price Prediction by ANN and RF Model

The elementary goal of this paper is to predict the best model for estimation of stock market. Machine Learning is a blooming field in computer science that has contributed to many predictions and analysis-based algorithm in Financial and economical field. Some of the algorithms used for predictions are Random Forest (RF), Support vector machine (SVM), Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Random Forest is an ensemble supervised learning algorithm for classification problems with high accuracy factor. ANN has matured to a great extend over the past years. With the advent of high-performance computing ANN has assumed tremendous significance and huge application potentials in recent years. The innovation of ANN technology mimics the large interconnections and networking that exists between the nerve cells to process complex task. The paper has presented ANN and RF model for stock price estimation based on historical data and computed the future price, with comparative result analysis of their performance. Further, a candlestick model is designed of the stock to show the variation in price of stock over a stipulated period of time. Keyword: Random Forest, Candle-stick, ANN, RNN, CNN, Support Vector Machine, Deep Learning

Пропозиції щодо вдосконалення і реалізації «Стратегії економічного розвитку Донецької та Луганської областей на період до 2030 року»

On the basis of generalization of scientific and practical developments of economic research centers of the country and leading domestic scientists on a set of problems concerning overcoming of consequences of war in Donbass, taking into account works of authors on the given subject, proposals on improvement and implementation of the "Strategy of economic development of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts for the period up to 2030" (SED), presented by the Ministry of Reintegration of the Temporarily Occupied Territories of Ukraine, are substantiated. The necessity and urgency of such a state legal act is emphasized (with the recognition of the country's economic and institutional losses due to ignoring its adoption in previous years). In order to elaborate the systemic principles of improvement and effective practical implementation of the discussed document in the context of development and implementation of medium- and long-term national plans for socio-economic development in the SED it is proposed to define optimistic, basic and pessimistic scenarios and time parameters of reintegration of the temporarily occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions into a single legal, economical and institutional (including - informational) field of Ukraine with further identification of the basic (most probable) scenario - within 7-10 upcoming years: during 2028-2030. Among the other proposed measures of state regulatory policy are: determination of additional expected results of adoption and effective and socially responsible implementation of the SED in relation to increase of the investment attractiveness of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts and formation of an effective management system for newly formed communities (with substantiated relevant Indicators 2030); departure from the generalized approach to the characterization of the territories of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts controlled by Ukraine; taking into account and reflecting in the SED the agricultural structure and the direction of functioning of the modern regional subcomplex of Luhansk region (with proposals of improving the structure of the agro-food sector of Luhansk region), as well as the necessity to identify priority "growth points" of socio-economic development of Donetsk and Luhansk regions (with the selection of such "growth points" on the example of the Luhansk region).

Santa Ana Dairy Producers Association (Asolesan) Bussiness Case An example of economics and local development

This article describes the investigation results applying the case of study method executed on the Solidarity organization Asolesan, which was born in the Vereda of Santa Ana and carries the same name on the municipality of Guasca in Cundinamarca department of Colombia. Asolesan organization was born in 2008 and since its creation has important accomplishments in difficult situations, specifically; crisis of dairy field in Colombia during the years 2011-2013, problems of accessibility to the farms and issues to link to the cooperative system for lack of knowledge. In the executed process methodological process an initial diagnosis was taken into consideration, identifying and analyzing strategies, success factors, decisions and needs among others implemented by the entity to overcome the moments of crisis and need to move along through the path of growth until get recognition on its region and its economical field. Those goals with the intention of concluded with proposals and offer viable alternatives to the organization that can allow them to obtain benefits, wellness and productivity for the associates as results of the work and investigation.

Comparison of two new in-house Latex Agglutination Tests (LATs), based on the DnaK and Com1 synthetic peptides of Coxiella burnetii, with a commercial indirect-ELISA, for sero-screening of coxiellosis in bovines

The in-house developed DnaK and Com1 synthetic peptide-based Latex Agglutination Tests (LATs) were comparatively evaluated with commercial indirect-ELISA kit, to provide a rapid, economical and onsite field applicable test for seroscreening of coxiellosis in bovines.

Simulation Study of Different Modes of Miscible Carbon Dioxide Flooding

Carbon dioxide flooding has been applied worldwide as a successful enhanced oil recovery. Carbon dioxide flooding may be applied as a continuous injection or as water-alternating-gas (WAG) process. Optimization of the injection mode of carbon dioxide is important for economical field application. This paper focuses on using a fully compositional simulation model for “AEB-3C” sandstone oil reservoir of one of the Western Desert oil fields in Egypt to predict the impact of CO2 miscible flooding on the reservoir oil recovery and net present value (NPV), to define the best mode of operation that is straight CO2 injection or water alternating gas (WAG) processes and to show the difference between pure and impure CO2. Moreover, several sensitivity runs were done on the oil price to show minimum profitable value of oil price when applying such a tertiary method in the subject field.The reservoir under study has been producing under a successful water flooding project since May-2010. The recovery factor by the end of water flooding project is predicted as 32%. CO2 flooding processes have started by the end of water flooding. A significant increase in the oil recovery factor was noticed due to applying this method; it reached up to 57%. Comparisons between different modes of operations were shown which showed better results when applying WAG process than that with straight CO2 injection. Moreover; sensitivities were done on the cycle periods in WAG processes and showed increase in the recovery factor with shortening the cycle periods. In addition to a comparison between pure and impure CO2 which showed very close results.

Economic and Environmental Impacts for Pollution Industry (Field study – Nash factory- Duhok Governorate)

Pollution is regarded one of the biggest risks that our world is facing right now. Because of the raise in the industrial sector and the increase of economical activities, the risks have been raised as well. The environment has been affected by having the air ,water and the soil being affected with .The effects are&nbsp; not bounded to the environment but it also exceeded the mankind's body health by having them affected by some diseases for instance asthma , allergy&nbsp; and its types , infertility , cancer&nbsp; and ..etc. The pollution's negative effects&nbsp; are reflected in the&nbsp; economical field such as in agriculture and livestocks. They are affected by either&nbsp; having low productivity&nbsp; and / or quality or the laborers themselves depart this career seeking for another career that gain them with more income. This research is highlighting the negatives effects that this factory is doing in Kawashi Village (it's environment and economy ) from one side, and on the laborers that are working in the factory from another side.The outcomes of this researches are Having the majority of the people in the&nbsp; village affected by asthma and allergy diseases with %69. 8 from the study and&nbsp; %80.79 percentage of the laborers who are working in the factory are affected by asthma and allergy. Half of the people in the village are working in the factory and they are getting their income from this kind of job that assist them sustain the life though they spend 1/3 of the income for the treatment.The questionnaire findings illustrate that the people who are living in the village and the laborers are not aware of the negative effect of the factory on their body health.

Field development optimization in mature oil reservoirs using a hybrid algorithm

Many optimization schemes have been proposed to simultaneously optimize various variables such as well locations, well operation schedules, well types, and the number of wells. However, most of these approaches often focused on fixed well type without considering conversion of existing wells.This paper proposes a new optimization for mature oil field development. Since converting from producers to injectors is a common practice in mature oil field, we have to optimize simultaneously type conversion schedules of all existing producers and infill wells as well as the number of infill wells, their locations, and operation schedules. We propose a new hybrid algorithm, which combines differential evolution (DE) algorithm and mesh adaptive direct search algorithm (MADS) to solve our optimization task.By considering well type conversion, it will increase the complexity of searching space but provide more realistic and optimal development plan. We demonstrate it in 2D synthetic and 3D PUNQ-S3 reservoirs for optimal field development. The proposed optimization considering well type conversion provides higher net present value than the fixed well type optimization in the both cases. The hybrid algorithm also shows better search performances than DE and MADS algorithms. Thus, we conclude that consideration of well conversion schedules is necessary for economical field development scenarios in mature oil fields.

벼 담수직파 논 잡초방제 체계에 따른 올방개 방제 특성

벼 담수직파 재배시 제초제 사용에 따른 잡초발생 생태를 구명하고, 합리적인 잡초방제 체계를 확립하고자 연구한 결과는 다음과 같다. 벼 종자 파종 후 12일에 설포닐우레아계 혼합제초제(azimsulfuron + carfentrazone-ethyl + pyriminobac-methyl) 처리는 피 등 일년생잡초의 방제효과는 높았으나, 올방개의 방제효과는 낮았다. 그러나, 설포닐우레아계 혼합제초제 초중기처리 후 20일에 설포닐우레아계 혼합제초제(pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + thiobencarb)의 체계처리는 올방개의 방제효과가 높고, 새로운 괴경의 형성량은 적었으나, 구 괴경의 휴면율은 높았다. 또한 설포닐우레아계 혼합제초제의 초중기처리와 파종 후 55일에 bentazone 액제의 체계처리는 올방개의 방제효과가 높고, 새로운 괴경의 형성량도 적었으며, 휴면 괴경도 적었다. This study was conducted to investigate the ecology of weed occurrence and to establish an economical paddy field weed control system for direct-seeded rice on water. The main problem weed among annual and perennial weeds was Eleocharis kuroguwai. The control effect of E. kuroguwai was low by the application of azimsulfuron + carfentrazone-ethyl + pyriminobac-methyl at the early stages of rice in directly seeded paddy fields, but most annual weeds including Echinochloa crus-galli were controlled. Also, the additional application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + thiobencarb GR at 20 days after first treatment or of bentazone SL at 43 days after the first treatment effectively controlled E. kuroguwai. Tuber formation of E. kuroguwai was inhibited by the additional application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + thiobencarb by 84%, but the dormancy rate of old tubers of E. kuroguwai under the soil was higher than that of E. kuroguwai tubers following single application of azimsulfuron + carfentrazone-ethyl + pyriminobac-methyl at the early stages of rice. Tuber formation was inhibited by the additional application of bentazone by approximately 87%, and the old tuber dormancy rate was low in the bentazone treatment. High amounts of old dormant tubers of E. kuroguwai were found in the weedy plots.

A view of Serbian-Bulgarian relations at the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century

The roots of Serbo-Bulgarian relations date back from the medieval period. The political relations between Serbs and Bulgarians were interrupted after the Turkish conquest of a part of South-East Europe. The beginning of a new kind of relations intensifies during the 19th century. The Serbo-Bulgarian relations in the 19th and at the turn of the 20th century range from mutual support in the fight for the national recognition and independence of the two nations which was manifested in the diplomatic, economical, cultural and educational field, to intensity, political conflicts, war propaganda and direct armed conflicts. This study deals with the analysis of the Serbo-Bulgarian relations from the Great Eastern Crisis (1875-1878), through the Serbo-Bulgarian War in 1885 and solving the problems related to solving the Macedonian Question, until the end of World War I and the signing of the peace treaty by The Kingdom of SHS and the Kingdom of Bulgaria in the Paris suburb Neuillysur-Seine. Analyzing certain important political and geopolitical questions of Belgrade and Sofia which appeared in the bilateral relations between the two countries in the aforementioned period it was tried to point out all the complexity of the Serbo-Bulgarian relations on which the safety and stability of Balkan peninsula depended to a great extent.

A Flexible and Economical Field Microscope

A Flexible and Economical Field Microscope

Temettuât Defterleri Işığında Eskişehir de Yetimlerin Sosyal ve Ekonomik Durumlarına Dair Bazı Bilgiler

Records which are placed in Temettuat registers help to the researches to understand the economic and social situation of a region. In these registers, while land, property, animal and tax records give information on economical field; number of houses, family names, occupations and titles inform us on the social fields. In this study, the orphans who were registered to different houses are examined according to Temettuat records of Eskisehir. Short information is given about the orphans. Some of the orphans lived with their mothers, uncles or guardians, while some of them lived without having relatives or legal protector. Some of them had land, property and animals, while some of them lived with only state benefits. Therefore in this study, some information will be given about the economic and social situation of the aforementioned orphans.

Estimation of Rabies Antibodies in Animal Sera Using Different Techniques

Rabies antibodies were detected in dog, cat and cattle serum samples and quantified through application of four different methods including Serum neutralization test (SNT), rapid fluorescence focus inhibition test (RFFIT), indirect ELISA and Dot ELISA. The comparison of rabies antibody titers determined in tested samples using RFFIT showed lower than indirect ELISA and SNT. The dot ELISA may have potential applications as a rapid, simple and economical field test in the detection of rabies antibodies but it revealed lower sensitivity and specificity than indirect ELISA and SNT but more than RFFIT. Otherwise, RFFIT needs more time and expensive test. So, the previous study confirmed that indirect ELISA is the best of choice for detection of rabies antibodies in sera of different animal species because of its highly sensitive, specific and safe laboratory technique.

Study Concerning the Dominant Type of Leadership in Students Regarding the Field of Completed Studies

This paper aims at highlighting the crucial role of leadership styles in the academic environment by identifying differences between the averages of two groups of students: one group, domain of economic studies, and a second group of studies pertaining to the social-human studies. Methodin elaborating the research, 87 participants were involved, 76 women and 11 men, aged 20-26 years (77 participants) and 26-30 years (10 participants). The instrument used was the questionnaire “Profile of the 21st century leader “, containing the 6 leadership factors: orientation towards reflection, society, diversity, ingenuity, people and business. Resultsanalyzing the data obtained, it was found that students in the economical field are statistically significant more oriented towards “the business leadership zone” rather than students from social-human studies. Regarding leadership oriented towards reflection, diversity, ingenuity and people, it were not reported statistically significant differences between the averages of two groups.