Economic Structure Of City Research Articles

Profiling Public Transit Passenger Mobility Using Adversarial Learning

It is important to capture passengers’ public transit behavior and their mobility to create profiles, which are critical for analyzing human activities, understanding the social and economic structure of cities, improving public transportation, assisting urban planning, and promoting smart cities. In this paper, we develop a generative adversarial machine learning network to characterize the temporal and spatial mobility behavior of public transit passengers, based on massive smart card data and road network data. The Apriori algorithm is extended with spatio-temporal constraints to extract frequent transit mobility patterns of individual passengers based on a reconstructed personal trip dataset. This individual-level pattern information is used to construct personalized feature vectors. For regular and frequent public transit passengers, we identify similar transit mobility groups using spatio-temporal constraints to construct a group feature vector. We develop a generative adversarial network to embed public transit mobility of passengers. The proposed model’s generator consists of an auto-encoder, which extracts a low-dimensional and compact representation of passenger behavior, and a pre-trained sub-generator containing generalization features of public transit passengers. Shenzhen City is taken as the study area in this paper, and experiments were carried out based on smart card data, road network data, and bus GPS data. Clustering analysis of embedding vector representation and estimation of the top K transit destinations were conducted, verifying that the proposed method can profile passenger transit mobility in a comprehensive and compact manner.

Inferring Networks of Interdependent Labor Skills to Illuminate Urban Economic Structure

Cities are among the best examples of complex systems. The adaptive components of a city, such as its people, firms, institutions, and physical structures, form intricate and often non-intuitive interdependencies with one another. These interdependencies can be quantified and represented as links of a network that give visibility to otherwise cryptic structural elements of urban systems. Here we use aspects of information theory to elucidate the interdependence network among labor skills, illuminating parts of the hidden economic structure of cities. Using pairwise interdependencies we compute an aggregate, skills-based measure of system “tightness” of a city’s labor force, capturing the degree of integration or internal connectedness of a city’s economy. We find that urban economies with higher tightness tend to be more productive in terms of higher GDP per capita. However, related work has shown that cities with higher system tightness are also more negatively affected by shocks. Thus, our skills-based metric may offer additional insights into a city’s resilience. Finally, we demonstrate how viewing the web of interdependent skills as a weighted network can lead to additional insights about cities and their economies.

Creative spaces in the structure of strategic planning of contemporary urban development: case of Saint-Petersburg

In the article, the authors consider the topical issue of the development of creative spaces and their effects on the growth of the modern digital economy. In terms of effective development of the modern metropolis, creative spaces are one of the best sources of new knowledge and technological innovations, they provide additional jobs and employment and contribute to increasing flexibility of the city's economic structure. Development of such spaces and industries is directly and inextricably linked with the strategic planning in the modern cities. Using the example of St. Petersburg the authors show that development of creative spaces and industries can only give the expected economic and social effects if it is balanced, well-coordinated and integrated into the system of urban strategic planning.

A Linear Dirichlet Mixture Model for decomposing scenes: Application to analyzing urban functional zonings

Urban scenes are fundamental to assessing urban landscapes and analyzing the spatial arrangements of functional zonings. Thus, it is important to obtain the information on urban scenes automatically from high-resolution remote sensing images. Previous studies have focused solely on obtaining qualitative labels of scenes (i.e., scene classification) as opposed to quantitative measurements on scenes (i.e., scene decomposition). However, scene classification alone cannot satisfy the demands of practical applications, as most scenes are mixed and composed of many categories. This study aims at 1) developing a decomposition model for quantifying mixed semantics of urban scenes, and 2) applying the proposed model to analyze urban functional zonings. For the first target, a Linear Dirichlet Mixture Model (LDMM) is proposed to quantify the relationships between pure scenes (including one single category) and mixed ones (including multiple categories). Since both mixed and pure scenes are characterized by frequency features (e.g., gray histograms of shapes), the variations in the quantization levels of frequency features could lead to different decomposition results. Accordingly, the stationary Markov process is further introduced to estimate the convergent decomposition results. For the second target, the LDMM was applied to obtain the qualitative categories and their quantitative proportions of urban scenes in Beijing and Zhuhai and to assess their spatial arrangements and temporal changes. Our methods were experimentally verified to be reliable and more effective in performance than the Linear Mixture Model and scene classification techniques. The case studies also suggested that Beijing and Zhuhai significantly differ in urban functional zonings and the functional zonings in Beijing have changed much over time, indicating an important transition in the city's economic structure.

Requalifying the Built Environment: Challenges and Responses. By Roderick J. Lawrence, Hülya Turgut, Peter Kellett, Hogrefe, 2012; 232 pages. Price: 54,95€, ISBN 978-0-88937-430-0

In recent decades, significant financial and professional resources have been invested in urban regeneration, housing renovation, and the revitalization of old neighborhoods, with considerable impacts on the social, physical, and economic structure of cities and their inhabitants. The first objective of this volume is to present the key issues related to these changes, which were discussed at an international symposium of experts organized by the International Association for People-Environment Studies and Housing and CSBE (Culture and Space in the Built Environment) Networks in Istanbul. The second objective is to show how concepts and methods in the field of people-environment studies can be successfully applied to study complex questions related to the revitalization of the built environment, both at the small scale of specific buildings and at the larger scale of neighborhoods.

Cumhuriyetin İlk Yıllarında Bartın'ın Ekonomik Yapısı

This study aims at examining the economic structure of Bartin city during the first years of the Republic. “Bartin Guide” in Ottoman Turkish prepared by Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Bartin in 1927 constituted the basic source for the study. The research was in the form of text analysis over basic source. From Historical data important findings were obtained. Economic indicators such as agriculture, livestock, forestry and trade that reflect the economic structure of the city were scrutinized from among these findings. It was concluded in the examined period that trade and industry was not developed much and the city had a self-sufficient economic structure in terms of agriculture and livestock.

Housing Market Renewal in Liverpool: Locating the Gentrification Debate in History, Context and Evidence

This paper places the Housing Market Renewal programme in Liverpool in its historical context, highlighting a mismatch between the supply and demand for housing which has existed for four decades. This disequilibrium produced an environment where successive waves of neighbourhood abandonment occurred from the late 1970s despite significant public policy interventions. The implementation of the Housing Market Renewal programme has stimulated a debate about the extent to which the public sector interventions are leading to the gentrification of poor neighbourhoods. The paper finds that there is no evidence of gentrification in older neighbourhoods, however, inflows of capital rather than middle-class residents have altered the physical development of the city to an extent that the housing choices of all income groups have been affected. The paper concludes that critical gentrification research should take account of historical development and wider housing market change to remain relevant to the debate about the changing social and economic structure of cities.

Analysis of water consumption using a regional input–output model: Model development and application to Zhangye City, Northwestern China

Based on a regional input–output model, we developed a method to identify the relationships between production activities and the related water consumption, as well as the relationships established between different sectors concerning water resources (i.e. indirect consumption). This method is applied to Zhangye City, an arid area of northwestern China that is characterized by water shortages. Our results confirm that although Zhangye suffers from a serious water shortage, the city's economic structure is based on sectors that consume large quantities of water. On the one hand, food production and forestry consume large quantities of water, reflecting the large scale of these water-intensive forms of land use. On the other hand, the industrial and service sectors use a smaller amount of water directly in production, but to produce the intermediate inputs that they incorporate into their production processes, a high consumption of water is often necessary. At present, there is no evidence that the city alleviates its water scarcity by importing virtual water in the form of economic inputs produced in other regions, suggesting that planners should include both direct and indirect water consumption in their resource allocation planning.

Yavuz Sultan Selim Döneminde Urfanın İdari Taksimatı

Bu calismada Urfa'nin Osmanli hakimiyetine gecisinin hemen ardindan yapilan ve Basbakanlik: Arsivinde kayitli 64 numarali tapu tahrir defterinden hareketle; Sultan Selim Doneminde Sehri basligi altinda, Sehrinin mahalleleri ve nufusu, sehir halkinin mensei ve meslek guruplarina gore dagilimi ile sehrin ekonomik yapisi uzerinde durulmustur. Urfa Sehri'nin Timar Dagilimi kisminda ise; Saneaginin timar dagilimi; has, zeamet, timar ve bunlarin gelir dagilimlari ile timar tasarruf edenlerin mense'leri incelenmistir. Ekler kisminda ise; saneak kanunnamesinin transkribi ile tahrirde adi gecen koylerin isimleri Dahiliye Nezareti'nin 1928 yilinda Osmanlica olarak yayinladigi haritalardan tespit edilerek, saneagin 1518 yilindaki itibari siniri belirlenmeye calisilmistir. AB8TRACT In this research it was focused on the 64 recorded number of tapu tahrir derteri of in Prime Ministry Archive in the early period of sovereighnty of Ottoman; Following this under the title of city in Yavuz Sultan Selim's Period, it was emphased on the Drfa city's districts, population, the origin of people in this city and their distribution according to professional grups and the economic structure ofcity. In the part of Tirnar distributie of Drfa Sancagi; the timar (smail military fiet) distribution of Sancaw.; has, zeamet, timar and their income distributions and the origin of those who use these timars were examined. In the appendixes part; the translation of code of laws and name of willages that was in the tahrir, were ascertained from the maps which puplished in Ottoman language of Ministry of Interior in 1928, and thus the nominal boundary ofsancak in 1518 was tried to determined.

An Analysis and Evaluation of Shanghai Economic Development Policy by Regional Econometric Model

At the end of April in 1990, The Chinese Government announced a New Good Treatment Policy as law for the Shanghai City economic development, which meant the actual start of Shanghai's economic redevelopment.In this paper, we develop an econometric model which contains 31 variables to explain the structure of Shanghai City's economy. The model is consisted of 26 endogenous variables and 5 exogenous variables. As for the estimation method, ordinary least squares (OLS) and Orcutt procedure are adopted. We use the model to forecast Shanghai City's economic structure to be effected by the New Economic Redevelopment Policy and present the results of the policy simulation.This paper examines investment increase which will be brought about by the New Economic Development Policy. The impacts caused by the increasing investment on Shanghai City's economic structure are evaluated and assessed. In conclusion, we find facts that at the present time the investment in energy and communications infrastructure must be given the top priority, while investment balance should be maintained.

CUSTOM, CULTURE AND CONFLICT: A STUDY OF THE COVENTRY RIBBON TRADE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

There is surprisingly little in the way of recent historical analysis of the Coventry ribbon weaving trade in the first half of the nineteenth century. Yet by 1830 the weaving trade dominated the city's economic structure, employing 5,000 people from a population of 27,000. Moreover with the onset of industrialization in the early nineteenth century Coventry's prevailing small units of production increased in number. The increase in small workshops and absence of large factories is to some extent reflected in previous historical interpretations of Coventry which have emphasized socio-economic continuity between the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Furthermore since the units of production did not alter in size, historians have assumed that the working community's perception of society remained static and consequently the weavers have been adjudged incapable of harbouring any form of class consciousness. This article intends to examine the traditional analysis of the Coventry weaving trade whilst attempting to uncover the weavers’ perception of the industry in the early nineteenth century. Moreover the article will explore the weavers’ societies and political beliefs in order to evaluate how far there existed a more organized, and class conscious, working community.

Variations in the Level of Central Business District Retail Activity Among Large U.S. Cities: 1954 and 1967

will clarify the particular nature of CBD retail activity and will suggest some implications of the attempts to preserve downtown retail activities. This paper, then, examines variation in the absolute level of CBD retail activity among 91 large U.S. metropolitan areas in 1967 and, less extensively, in 1954. The model developed here to explain variations in annual CBD retail activity involves indicators of (1) the city's economic structure and (2) geographic and historic factors which have affected the kind of economy the city has developed. More specifically, I argue that CBD retail activity is part of a complex of downtown activities which includes vari-