Economic Strengthening Research Articles

МЕХАНІЗМ ФОРМУВАННЯ КОМЕРЦІАЛІЗАЦІЇ ОБ’ЄКТІВ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЇ ВЛАСНОСТІ: БЕЗПЕКОЗНАВЧІ КОНТЕКСТИ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ УПРАВЛІННЯ

In modern conditions of martial law, one the most important aspects of ensuring the effective functioning of business structures, as well as the formation of positive results its financial activity, is the existence of an effective security system for the commercialization of intellectual property objects, which will ensure business protection from threats. Protection is due to the ability of management bodies the business structures at the appropriate levels: to ensure sustainable economic development through the protection of intellectual property objects; to neutralize the negative impact of crisis phenomena on business structures; to form an adequate accounting system of financial flows and to strengthen the operational efficiency of control system in the process commercialization of intellectual property objects; ensure the implementation of work on the protection of the confidentiality of information constituting a commercial secret etc. Modern scientific research points to the fact that without a unified security system of business structures regarding the commercialization of intellectual property objects, it is impossible to find a way out of the crisis, stabilize the economic situation and create an effective mechanism for conducting business. The main components of the organizational and economic mechanism of commercialization of intellectual property objects at enterprises, which, in particular, include organizational processes; processes of technical and economic substantiation; processes of determining the market conformity of intellectual property objects to the needs of consumers; legal enforcement processes. Only the processes of determining the market suitability of intellectual property objects to the needs of consumers, that is, the processes of market research, are directly related to the process of commercialization. The other three components of the mechanism of commercialization of intellectual property objects are no less important, as they ensure the effective implementation of the actual process of commercialization or transfer. As the research results showed, the main influencing factors in the context of security science on the commercialization of intellectual property objects are: regulatory and legislative problem; the problem of valuation of intellectual property objects; personnel problem; the problem of organizational support for the commercialization of intellectual property objects. Therefore, the development of the organizational and economic mechanism of commercialization of intellectual property objects is a necessary and integral part of building a national innovation system aimed at increasing the competitiveness of the national economy and ensuring the transition to sustainable economic growth and strengthening of national security, including. Thus, the choice of the most acceptable method of commercialization should be justified from the point of view of the expected profit that it can bring to the owner of the rights in specific conditions.

Public service performance in the distribution of cash assistance for female heads of poor households in Semarang City

Background: This paper discusses the performance of public services in the distribution of direct cash assistance (BLT) for female heads of poor households in Semarang City, focusing on the aspects of planning, implementation, and program impact. Methods: The research aims to analyze the effectiveness of the BLT program, evaluate solutions to challenges faced, and formulate recommendations for sustainable improvement. Findings: The research results show that thorough and responsive planning, transparent implementation, and innovative solutions can enhance public service performance. The BLT program has a positive impact on empowering female heads of households through economic strengthening and active participation. Semarang City has successfully created a model of successful public service, providing hope for a higher quality future for female heads of households. Conclusion: Recommendations include increasing digital literacy and evaluating gender-responsive policies to support inclusive and sustainable development. Novelty/Originality of this Study: The study uniquely highlights the specific challenges and successes in the distribution of Direct Cash Assistance (BLT) to female heads of poor households in Semarang City, emphasizing the importance of gender-responsive policies and the empowerment of women. Its originality lies in its detailed focus on planning, implementation, and impact analysis, providing a model for improving public service performance in similar urban settings.

Edible coatings on postharvest quality of cherry tomatoes grown in organic and conventional systems

Cherry tomatoes belong to a promising new group of table cultivars, but show significant post-harvest quality losses, which can be reduced with edible coatings use, considered eco-sustainable. In view of the high perishability of tomatoes, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of different edible coatings on the shelf life of cherry tomatoes, cultivar Sweet Heaven, under organic and conventional cultivation. The experiment was conducted at the Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Morrinhos, GO, Brazil, and the treatments were composed of coatings of chitosan, cassava starch, lactic acid and control (no coating). The samples were stored at a room with environment external temperature (± 27°C) for 20 days, arranged in a completely randomized design, with three replications. Every 2 days, the following were evaluated: fresh mass loss and moisture; pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, lycopene, reducing sugar, vitamin C and ash; and molds and yeasts. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p<0.05). The organic system promoted greater shelf life and fruit quality of cherry tomatoes, compared to the conventional. The coating with chitosan provided longer shelf life of organic cherry tomatoes, compared to the other coatings studied, being a strong ally in reducing post-harvest waste and increasing the commercial value of the organic product, with economic strengthening for producers and traders, in addition to reduction of damage to the environment. Under conventional cultivation, the evaluated coatings were not efficient in increasing the shelf life of cherry tomatoes, requiring further studies for this condition.

Evaluation of the Friendship Bench’ Circle Kubatana Tose (CKT): an add-on support group intervention – a mixed-methods pilot interventional cohort study protocol

IntroductionMental disorders are endemic. However, the mental health treatment gap remains high, especially in low-resource settings. Task-shifting is a universally recommended strategy to mitigate the care gap. The Friendship Bench...

Meta Region Brand, a tool for economic and tourist strengthening for the plain’s territory

Meta Region Brand, a tool for economic and tourist strengthening for the plain’s territory

Education to Strengthen the Economy of the Utilization of Aren Nira Producing Bioetanol in Lonuo Village, Bone Bolango District

This economic education activity for palm sap farmers aims to provide economic strengthening and build awareness among the public, especially palm sap farmers, that palm sap water can be utilized and made into several products with high economic value, for example bioethanol products. Apart from that, it can also minimize the negative impact of the production of alcoholic drinks made from palm sap in Lonuo village. This activity uses educational methods, socialization and community assistance for sugar palm sap farmers. Empowering sugar palm farmers through product diversification is the key to increasing the quality and quantity of sugar palm sap products into various marketable products such as bioethanol. This economic education activity for palm sap farmers has had a positive impact and response from the Lonuo village community. This can be seen from the enthusiasm of the community in participating in activities at the village office. The community received education well and smoothly and increased public understanding regarding the use of palm sap into products of high economic value such as bioethanol.

PERAN KELEMBAGAAN LOKAL DALAM PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA LAUT SEBAGAI UPAYA PENINGKATAN PEREKONOMIAN MASYARAKAT PESISIR (Studi Kasus di Kawasan Taman Nasional Wakatobi (TNW))

The rise of threats or intersections from marine resource utilization activities that are not environmentally friendly and do not pay attention to the sustainability and sustainability of marine resources results in less economic stability of coastal communities. Therefore, it is necessary to manage and supervise the utilization of potential marine resources so as to ensure the sustainability of marine resources, improve and encourage economic strengthening of coastal communities, especially fishermen. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of local institutions in marine resources management as an effort to improve the economy of coastal communities in the Wakatobi National Park area. The informants used in this study were fishermen, members or heads of fishermen groups, members or heads of customary groups, members or heads of non-governmental organizations. The types of data used include primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques use interviews, observations, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and literature studies. The data analysis used in this paper is qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that the role of local institutions in marine resources management as an effort to improve the economy of coastal communities in the Wakatobi National Park area, namely: 1) socializing the use of environmentally friendly traditional fishing gear so as to maintain minimum size and fishing season, fish populations remain sustainable, maintain fish production in the long term; 2) apply marine management and protection methods based on local wisdom (Sasi Method); 3) Advancing conservation partnership programs as an effort to encourage community welfare and conservation area sustainability; 4) encourage the involvement of fishing groups in the processing and processing of catches such as fish drying, preservation or seafood processing; 5) Support local economic empowerment, create local jobs and help coastal communities overcome poverty through cooperation with financial institutions and training institutions in coastal economic enterprises; 6) supervise and regulate the sustainable use of marine resources based on indigenous peoples as an effort to maintain the carrying capacity of the environment, livelihoods or the main economic resources of coastal communities; and 7) help promote sustainable coastal and marine tourism.

Asset Management in Islamic Inheritance: A Solution for Economic Empowerment Obstacles

If inheritance assets are transferred, the economic well-being of heirs should increase. However, conflicts among heirs often prevent this, resulting in unproductive or disputed assets with unclear ownership. These disputes significantly hinder the economic progress of the heirs. This article attempts to propose a solution to the problem. According to Islamic inheritance principle, before distribution, there are three obligations must be fulfilled: handling the body's costs, repaying the deceased's debts, and executing their will within limits. Afterward, remaining assets can be distributed among entitled heirs according to Islamic inheritance laws. The remaining assets, termed inheritance, can enhance heirs economic empowerment when distributed. The asset management approach that focuses on Islamic inheritance is expected to further impetus for the economic strengthening of individual beneficiaries specifically, as well as benefit the Muslim community and the general public in the country, such as alleviating conflicts and cultivating heightened economic activity. This qualitative study utilizes a library research approach with phenomenological lens. Based on the literature review conducted, asset management based on the principles of Islamic heritage with the aim of increasing economic empowerment is: providing education to families about Islamic inheritance; accurately record ownership of property, debts, and receivables; the written documents as proof of ownership of asset, and the determination of inheritance rights and their division should be held; utilizing inheritance assets productively to establish sustainable individual or family finances.

Multisystemic factors predicting street migration of children in Kenya: A multilevel longitudinal study of families and villages

BackgroundStreet-migration of children is a global problem with sparse multi-level or longitudinal data. Such data are required to inform robust street-migration prevention efforts. ObjectiveThis study analyzes longitudinal cohort data to identify factors predicting street-migration of children – at caregiver- and village-levels. Participants and settingKenyan adult respondents (n = 575; 20 villages) actively participated in a community-based intervention, seeking to improve factors previously identified as contributing to street-migration by children. MethodsAt two time points, respondents reported street-migration of children, and variables across economic, social, psychological, mental, parenting, and childhood experience domains. Primary study outcome was newly reported street-migration of children at T2 “incident street-migration”, compared to households that reported no street-migration at T1 or T2.For caregiver-level analyses, we assessed bivariate significance between variables (T1) and incident street-migration. Variables with significant bivariate associations were included in a hierarchical logistical regression model.For community-level analyses, we calculated the average values of variables at the village-level, after excluding values from respondents who indicated an incident street-migration case to reduce potential outlier influence. We then compared variables between the 5 villages with the highest incidence to the 15 villages with fewer incident cases. ResultsIn regression analyses, caregiver childhood experiences, psychological factors and parenting behaviors predicted future street-migration. Lower village-aggregated depression and higher village-aggregated collective efficacy and social curiosity appeared significantly protective. ConclusionsWhile parenting and economic strengthening approaches may be helpful, efforts to prevent street migration by children should also strengthen community-level mental health, collective efficacy, and communal harmony.

Kajian Potensi Wisata di Wilayah Pesisir Bulak Surabaya

Surabaya is a coastal city with high economic and tourism potential. Three main things that have been done by the city government (physical development, sustainable development programs, and economic strengthening) need to be noted, for example, the non-optimal management of the tourism potential of the coastal area and the imbalance between the tourist area and the surrounding fishing villages. On that basis, this research tries to answer various issues related to the optimization of tourism development in the coastal area of Bulak, Surabaya. This research is initial research that maps the various potentials (owned by the Bulak coastal area of Surabaya), which is then followed up by offering development strategies. This research used a descriptive model qualitative approach. The initial study was conducted by analyzing various planning documents, which were then followed up with field observations and interviews with key people. In the final stage, the researcher then analyzed the development strategy. The results of this study state that Bulak sub-district has nine tourism objects that have the potential to be developed in the coastal area. The proposed development strategy (based on the results of data processing) is an aggressive maintenance strategy. This is done by strengthening inward by making improvements in various fields. In addition, the development strategy also needs to be collaborative, especially with the city government, while still paying attention to various ecological issues Keywords: Tourism Potential Assessment, Aggressive Maintenance Strategy, Surabaya Coastal Area

Seismic performance evaluation of exterior reinforced concrete beam-column connections retrofitted with economical perforated steel haunches

The exterior beam-column joint (BCJ) within reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures is acknowledged as a vulnerable component prone to seismic failure. This article proposes a practical and economical strengthening method for exterior BCJs using a perforated steel haunch system. This method is designed to mitigate damage in BCJs and improve the seismic performance of the structure. Employing finite element modeling (FEM) techniques, the study evaluates the impact of perforated steel haunches on the BCJs’ behavior and performance. The investigation involves creating nine distinct models, each representing a BCJ with a steel haunch system. These models include a control model without any perforations and eight variations with different levels of perforation (ranging from 10% to 50%) within the steel haunch system. Furthermore, the study analyzes the influence of perforation shapes on the connections’ performance, considering square, circular, hexagonal, and triangular shapes. The results reveal that utilizing a steel haunch without perforations significantly increases the load-carrying capacity of a BCJ by about 89%. Additionally, circular or square-shaped perforations, up to 30–35% within the steel haunch, effectively prevent the joints’ failure and promote the ductile behavior. These findings hold the potential to advance the design methodology for RC joints subjected to seismic loads, thereby enhancing the structural resilience in earthquake-prone regions.

Partner notification service utilization and associated factors among clients attending anti-retroviral therapy clinics of public health facilities in Gimbi Town, West Ethiopia, 2023: a facility-based mixed-method cross-sectional study

BackgroundPartner Notification Service is among the strategies used to conduct targeted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing Service by obtaining information about sexual contacts of index clients to refer for testing. But most people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus are still unaware of their status, including Ethiopia. Limited studies are available on the magnitude of partner notification service utilization and associated factors in Ethiopia.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of partner notification service utilization and associated factors among people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus attending anti-retroviral therapy clinics of public health facilities in Gimbi town, West Ethiopia.MethodsA facility-based mixed-method cross-sectional study design was used. Total of 455 study participants were selected by systematic random sampling for quantitative data and health workers were purposively selected for qualitative data until saturation of ideas was reached. The study was conducted from December 1, 2022 to January 30, 2023. Structured questionnaires and key informant interview guides were used for data collection. Quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 25. Open code 4.02 software was used for qualitative data analysis. Frequencies and proportions were used to summarize descriptive statistics. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associated factors then variables with a p value < 0.05 were declared to have an association with the dependent variable.ResultExactly 298 (65.5%) of the study participants were notified their HIV status to their sexual partners. Factors associated with Partner Notification Service Utilization were depression AOR: 0.12 (95% CI: 0.07, 0.20), urban settlers AOR: 2.21 (95% CI: 1.2, 3.83), fear of support loss AOR: 0.24 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.40) and intimate partner violence AOR: 0.55 (95% CI: 0.31, 0.97). From qualitative part of this study, factors associated to Partner Notification service utilization were fear of stigma, discrimination and fear of divorce.ConclusionTwo-third of the study participants were utilized partner notification service, and efforts are important to prevent depression and intimate partner violence. Local government bodies and stakeholders should implement economic strengthening and strategies to address the rural community for HIV/AIDS prevention. Promotion of supportive and inclusive environment for PLHIV should also considered as way to increase PNS utilization.

Innovation, competitiveness, and business ecosystem: determinants of local economic strengthening

This study aims to analyze the influence of innovation, competitiveness, and business ecosystem variables on strengthening the local economy. The development of small businesses as the basis of the people's economy is one of the strategic steps that need to be followed up with concrete steps to increase family productivity, improve the economy, and overcome the problems of poverty, and unemployment. Community business is one of the strengthening of the local economy. This research is field research with qualitative and quantitative approaches to provide a comprehensive explanation. The research sample was MSME business actors in Sukajadi Village, Muaraenim Regency using the purposive sampling method. Data collection techniques are used through surveys, documentation, and questionnaires using Likert scales to assess instruments. Multiple linear regression equations were utilized for the analysis of the data. The results showed that the variables of innovation, competitiveness, and business ecosystem partially or simultaneously affect the strengthening of the local economy. The independent variable affected the dependent variable by 51.2% while the remaining 48.8% was influenced by other variables not described in this study. Innovation, competitiveness, and business ecosystems play a crucial role in strengthening the local economy. These factors are interconnected and have a positive impact simultaneously and reinforce each other. By working together, innovation, competitiveness, and business ecosystems can create a strong sustainable, and inclusive local economic environment at the local level. This not only benefits local businesses but also for communities to become more resilient and able to access more opportunities. This condition supports the improvement of the welfare and quality of life of the community as a whole.

Understanding the Exiting and Re-Entering Experiences of Street-Based Prostitution Among Young Women in Gondar City, Ethiopia

Although street-based prostitution is a rapidly growing social phenomenon in Ethiopian cities, there is little scholarly attention given to address the issue. This qualitative study aimed to understand the lived experiences of women who attempted to exit street prostitution in Gondar city. Thirteen study participants were chosen using the snowball sampling technique. In-depth interviews were used to gather qualitative data, which were then analyzed thematically. The study revealed formal support services, family support, spirituality, and saving money as important factors leading women to successfully exit from prostitution. However, some participants reported that structural problems, drug addiction, and societal attitudes led them to return to street prostitution. This study suggests that to help women successfully leave prostitution, interventions for exiting strategies should focus on economic strengthening activities as well as rehabilitation services including substance abuse treatment.

THE RUSSO-UKRAINIAN WAR: WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR RUSSIA, UKRAINE, AND THE WEST?

On November 16, 2023, Dr. Ibrahim Muradov presented The Russo-Ukrainian War: What Does it Mean for Russia, Ukraine, and the West? at this year’s West Coast Security Conference. The presentation was followed by a question-and-answer period with questions from the audience and CASIS Vancouver executives. The key points discussed were that Ukrainian society's push for a pro-Western policy has shaped its foreign relations, despite international reluctance to integrate Ukraine into Western structures; Ukraine's strong protest culture, especially in western regions, has significantly influenced its political direction and resistance to Russian dominance; and Ukraine developed a long-term strategy for economic, military and identity strengthening and this long-term strategy precipitated the full-scale invasion and forced the Kremlin to act before the strategy was complete.&#x0D; &#x0D; Received: 01-07-2024&#x0D; Revised: 01-26-2024

Systematic review of cash plus or bundled interventions targeting adolescents in Africa to reduce HIV risk

BackgroundHIV remains a leading cause of death for adolescents and young people aged 10–24 years. HIV prevention requires multisectoral approaches that target adolescents and young people, addressing HIV risk pathways (e.g., transactional sex, gender-based violence, and school attendance) through bundled interventions that combine economic strengthening, health capabilities, and gender equality education. However, best practices are unknown because evidence on multisectoral programming targeted to adolescents and combining these components has not been systematically reviewed.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review to summarize the evidence on bundled interventions combining health and economic strengthening components for adolescents and young people and their effects on HIV/STI incidence and risk factors. We included studies from Africa published between 2005 and 2023, combining at least one economic strengthening and one health component, directed toward adolescents and young people aged 10–24 years. Included studies measured programmatic impacts on primary outcomes: HIV and STI incidence/prevalence; and mediators as secondary outcomes: sexual behaviours, sexual and reproductive health, school attendance, health-seeking behaviours, and violence. We conducted key word searches in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science, imported titles/abstracts from the initial search, and reviewed them using the inclusion criteria. Full texts of selected articles were reviewed and information was extracted for analysis. Findings from the full texts identified were summarized.ResultsWe reviewed 58 studies, including 43 quantitative studies and 15 qualitative studies, evaluating 26 unique interventions. A majority of studies reviewed were conducted in Eastern and Southern Africa. Interventions reviewed showed a greater number of significant results in improving economic outcomes; mental health and psychosocial outcomes; sexual and reproductive health knowledge and services utilization; and HIV prevention knowledge and testing. They showed fewer significant results in improving outcomes related to HIV incidence/prevalence; sexual risk behaviours; gender-based violence; gender attitudes; education; STI incidence, prevalence and testing; and sexual debut.ConclusionsOur review demonstrated the potential for bundled, multisectoral interventions for preventing HIV and facilitating safe transitions to adulthood. Findings have implications for designing HIV sensitive programmes on a larger scale, including how interventions may need to address multiple strata of the social ecological model to achieve success in the prevention of HIV and related pathways.

Perspectives on Engagement of Non-State-Actors in Regional Integration in SADC Region’s AfCFTA Context

The role of Non-State Actors (NSAs) in the SADC regional integration was approved by the Council of Ministers in 2022. The Council gave the NSAs the mandate to participate in the regional integration agenda and contribute into SADC policy development, roll out, monitoring and evaluation. Ironically, there are no clear systematic mechanisms providing for NSAs’ engagement within the SADC structures and processes despite existence of SADC institutions. The coming in of the AfCFTA agreement sought to create a single African market thereby creating opportunities for NSAs. To date no noticeable increase in Africa intra-trade has been recorded. The study therefore, examines the perspectives on engagement of Non-State-Actors in the context of Regional Integration focusing on SADC region. The findings show that state actors are not involving non-state actors as they discuss regional economic integration agreements. The researcher recommends that valuable additions to regional economic integration and strengthening should be premised on an environment where policies and regulations are formulated from a consultative and inclusivity of NSAs. It is concluded that, when NSAs explore regional markets or create regional value chains, they facilitate regional economic integration from the bottom-up approach through their activities.

A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial of an Economic Strengthening Intervention to Enhance Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence among Adolescents Living with HIV.

We examined the impact of an economic empowerment intervention on ART adherence among ALHIV. We used data from 455 ALHIV, randomized into intervention, n = 111, and control n = 344. ALHIV were aged 12-16 and recruited from 39 clinics in Uganda between January 2013 and December 2015. The intervention comprised a long-term child development account (CDA), micro-enterprise workshops, and educational sessions. Adherence was measured using unannounced pill counts. We used mixed-effects logistic regression analysis to examine the effect of the intervention on ART adherence. The mean age was 12.6 years. Despite observing non-significant group main effects, we found significant group-by-time interaction effects χ2(5) = 45.41, p < 0.001. Pairwise comparisons showed that compared to the control group, participants who received the intervention had significantly higher adherence at visit four, OR = 1.52 (95% CI: 1.07-2.18), p = 0.020; visit five, OR = 1.59 (95% CI: 1.06-2.38), p = 0.026; and visit six, OR = 1.94 (95% CI: 1.24-3.04), p = 0.004. Efforts to support ALHIV to live longer and healthier lives should incorporate components addressing poverty. However, declining adherence raises concerns over ALHIV's long-term well-being. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, registration number NCT01790373, with a primary outcome of adherence to HIV treatment.

International experience of state initiatives in the development of artificial intelligence as a dual-use technology

The article systematizes theoretical and methodological provisions on the international experience of the formation of machine learning in interests of economic development and strengthening of defense capabilities on the example of the USA and China. On the basis of official documents and statistical data the state strategies, the strategy of machine learning formation for dual-use technology and the methodology of state regulation of machine learning in the countries under consideration are analysed. Increasing complexity of modern digital technologies is compensated by their growing interoperability - their readiness to integrate into various heterogeneous spheres of state development without the need for costly adaptation measures.

Building economic strengthening programmes for youth in South Africa: determinants of success and failure

Africa, conceptually, geographically, politically, economically, religiously and socially is in bondage and this bondage is South Africa has one of the worst youth unemployment problems in the world. The high rate of youth unemployment results in multi-dimensional range of social challenges that negatively affect the wider community and economy. Social workers in non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are adopting economic strengthening programmes (ESP) to empower unemployed youth. However, factors that are key to determining success of ESP are not precisely understood. The study utilised qualitative case study research design. Data was collected using in-depth interviews from 30 purposively selected youth aged 15–24 years, 6 NGO practitioners and 5 Department of Social Development (DSD). The Ubuntu philosophy was used as a theory for analysing and interpreting data. Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of Fort Hare. The aim of the study was to explore the determinants of youth’s success in ESP in South African NGOs. Findings established that lack of access to start-up finance, poor links to strategic partnerships and mentorship platforms were inhibiting factors for youth to establish successful enterprises. The study recommends social workers and NGOs to merge efforts and resources with other stakeholders to foster implementation of effective ESP in marginalised communities. How to reference using ASWNet style: Zibengwa, E. &amp; Tanga, P. T. (2023). Building economic strengthening programmes for youth in South Africa: determinants of success and failure. African Journal of Social Work, 13(3), 325-332. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajsw.v13i6.6 Visit journal website: https://ajsw.africasocialwork.net