Economic Security Interests Research Articles

Trade vs. Security: Recent Developments of Global Trade Rules and China's Policy and Regulatory Responses from Defensive to Proactive

AbstractThis paper provides a systemic study of China's policy and legal responses to security-related actions and disputes in the international trade regime. It starts with a brief review of the law and practices relating to the security exceptions under the World Trade Organization to provide an important context for understanding the recent developments of China's approaches to national security. Based on a detailed discussion of China's approaches at international and domestic levels, we argue that China's security strategy has been shifting from being defensive to proactive: internationally by seeking to influence the development of trade rules and practices, and domestically by expanding national security to cover a wide spectrum of economic security interests and developing a comprehensive regulatory framework to protect such interests. The way in which major trading nations are taking the law into their own hands, based on ever-expanding security interests, does not bode well for the future of the multilateral trading system. There is a pressing need for collective action by all governments involved to re-design security-related rules and exceptions to confine the use of security measures to agreed parameters.

UKRAINIAN POST-WAR MIRACLE: FROM PLAN TO IMPLEMENTATION

The article is devoted to the study of the experience of post-war reconstruction of Germany, South Korea, Israel, Spain, Italy, Japan in order to analytically select the most convenient tools for post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. Relevance of the problem. This is a great chance to turn to the development strategy of Ukraine. A mercy in your cherga will be brought to the point of arousal of the most important partners, to the fall of the spirit of the all-red, that, yak naslidok, to total stagnation. In addition, the relevance of this article is based on the idea that security, security strategy, and then other issues of state building and development should be primary. The economic sector must answer the question: what strategy of rebuilding Ukraine meets the national economic security interests? What is more important for Ukraine: restoration, reconstruction or reconstruction? What subjective new role should Ukraine begin to develop: niche, blockless, boutique economy or world deep specialization and integration? What competitive advantages should Ukraine increase and what gaps should be closed independently or in cooperation with the world? Mankind, unfortunately, has accumulated some experience of post-war development. Some countries, like North Korea, have done this very effectively, but not quickly and not on the first attempt. Some, like Germany, have discovered the “German economic postwar miracle” to the world, although it has lost for a time subjectivity in many areas in favor of the United States. Some countries, such as Israel and Japan, have also created an “economic miracle”, each country in its own way, but with unconditional help from the United States. The task for searching is to study and select the best experience and tools for restoring the state of Ukraine based on the experience of different countries that have passed this path. Research methods. The methodological and informational basis of the work are scientific works, materials of periodicals, Internet resources, normative legal acts.При проведенні дослідження використано методи структурно-логічного аналізу, порівняння та узагальнення. Own survey among 100 people of different professions, aged from 20 to 70 and balanced gender representation. The novelty lies in the very relevance of the study: after all, only martial law requires doing research and looking for a solution for the postwar period. The conclusions presented by this study cannot be over-innovative, but must be conservative, balanced and justified. Practical significance 10 deterministic conclusions-proposals that can be used by Ukraine in the post-war period are proposed.

BRICS and the Evolving Russia-India-China Security Agenda

Russia India and China are paying more and more attention to international security issues. They have developed a broad common security agenda via cooperation through two international institutions created by them. BRICS serve as a mechanism for promoting their economic security interests, SCO is focused on traditional security issues. Along with forming a common position on main international security problems, Russia, India and China act as great powers and disagree on certain security matters mostly of regional and bilateral nature. Cooperation prevails in their foreign strategies, but they are unlikely to create a strong military-political alliance.

China’s Emerging Indo-Pacific Naval Strategy

Although China has not formally put forward an Indo-Pacific naval strategy, the new national defense strategy of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Fighting Regional Informatized War, has changed the strategy of the PLA Navy (PLAN) from focusing on one ocean (the Pacific) to focusing on two oceans (the Pacific and Indian). As part of its mission in the far seas, the PLAN will require new blue water capabilities in the medium to long term. In short, the Indian Ocean is becoming a linchpin for China's new global naval reach. This essay argues that China is developing its military strategy for the Indian Ocean to protect and defend its economic and security interests in those waters. As a result, China's maritime presence there will only increase over time.The Indian Ocean and the Nexus of PLA and PLAN StrategiesChina's national defense strategy assists the nav y in setting service missions, development goals, and combat engagement rules. This paper includes just one conceptual guideline to shed light on PLAN activities in the Indian Ocean.1China's sixth national defense strategy, first adopted in 2004 and updated in 2015, introduced a new concept of defense, which enriched the original strategy and has immediate relevance to PLAN expansion. This does not refer merely to defense of China's geographic boundaries but also to protection of its new open-ended frontiers of national and economic security interests. It heavily factors in potential hostile scenarios against China's sea lines of communication (SLOC) through the Indian Ocean. Frontier defense entails efforts to both establish a forward naval presence and develop the long-range power-projection capabilities to sustain such a presence. This concept departs from the PLA's time-honored continental mentality in planning that had dominated previous defense strategies and favored the role of the army in the overall force structure. Although the PLA continues to maintain its homeland-based defense posture, frontier defense requires it to extend warfighting into the global commons as a way to enlarge China's strategic space. This requires the projection of new play Go posturing and the establishment of multidimensional zones, including outer space and cyberspace.2 A primary pillar for frontier defense involves the PLAN's capabilities for far-sea operations against a major sea power, and increasing the PLAN's effective combat reach into the Indian Ocean has been set as a capability criterion and medium-term objective. This is a consequence of Xi Jinping's One Belt, One Road initiative to increase connectivity to Europe through a northern land route and to Africa through a southern maritime corridor connecting China with the Middle East, which places a greater onus on the PLAN to protect China's SLOCs.Another important nexus between China's national defense strategy and naval strategy is the PLA's two war doctrines. With the prospect of a land disappearing, the country's security gravity has shifted from the western and northern land borders to the eastern coastal flank. If the PLA is dragged into a full maritime conflict in the East and South China Seas with the United States and Japan, India may take advantage by encroaching farther across the disputed Sino-Indian land borders. This is the first 1.5 scenario.3 The second scenario also involves India. If a sizeable maritime erupts in East Asia, the Indian Navy may be called on to disrupt China's SLOCs in the Indian Ocean in order to both strengthen India's position in the Sino-Indian border dispute and help U.S. operations in the Pacific. Both scenarios regard India as a potential threat. In response, the PLA's frontier defense would inevitably require the PLAN to expand its one-ocean strategy into a two-ocean strategy (the western Pacific Ocean plus the northern Indian Ocean) and thus extend its naval combat reach into the Indian Ocean rim.The Indian Ocean in the PLAN's Naval War ScenarioThe PLAN's doctrinal evolution has seen several major adjustments since 1987, each expanding its range of activities toward the far seas. …

HOV MODELIO PRITAIKOMUMAS TIRIANT EKONOMINĖS DIPLOMATIJOS PRIEMONES EKONOMINIAM SAUGUMUI UŽTIKRINTI

The formation of geopolitical-economic centres in Asia makes these countries more vulnerable in terms of economic security. Further, economic security raises the issue of whether it is possible to successfully use the methodology of international political economics to analyze economic diplomacy measures. For this reason the object of this research is to use the HOV model to analyze the economic diplomacy of China, India and South Korea in order to analyze this model’s validation. After conducting the research, the obtained results showed that the HOV model is valid. The states in their main document state wellbeing in association with their factor of relative abundance. They give their position on the Doha Development Agenda to stand up for their economic security interests. Countries choose different variations of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) due to their different relative abundance factor, but the selection of partners is not always deremined just by economical measures. The HOV model cannot in all aspects explain the behaviour of a given country. The results confirm the hypothesis that the model should reject the ideas of equal technology and land utility. This model could be improved by adding costs of transportation as an additional factor to consider.

Securitizing instability: the US military and full spectrum operations

This paper examines the recent broadening of the US military’s overseas mission into what it calls ‘full spectrum operations’ and critiques how it is being enabled by what I term ‘full spectrum law’. The paper explores the important doctrinal shifts that took place in the US military from 2005, when it declared for the first time a commitment to ‘stability operations’ as a military responsibility equal in status to offense and deterrence. This, I argue, has reinforced an already dominant US national security discourse in which military and economic security interests are firmly bound. In particular, it has given the US military a broader role in the ‘correction’ of underdevelopment and the securitization of the legal and economic modalities necessary for a functioning neoliberal global economy. The paper reflects on the US military’s blending of security and development concerns and reveals how its legal framing of stability operations draws upon a ‘notional legal spectrum’ that allows for the securitization of the most broadly understood ‘instability’ and sanctions the interminable use of the US military in global interventions in an era ubiquitously cited as one of ‘persistent conflict’.