Economic Characteristics Of Households Research Articles

Leaving the parental home during the COVID-19 pandemic: the case of Southern Europe

In 2020, COVID-19-related governmental restrictions forced individuals to radically change their habits, possibly impacting on their living arrangements. Whether COVID-19 affected young adults’ propensity to leave the parental home is still unknown; Southern Europe is of particular interest, as youth experience the “latest-late” transition to adulthood, face uncertainty in the labor market, and receive low welfare support. Using EU-SILC longitudinal data from Greece, Spain, Italy, and Portugal, this study examines how home-leaving rates evolved in the short-term and explores the relationship between governmental restrictions, economic characteristics of households and young adults, and leaving home behaviors. Descriptive analyses reveal that the share of young adults leaving the parental home in Southern Europe between 2019 and 2020 slightly increased compared to previous years. Discrete-time event history models show that the propensity to leave the parental home increases with the stringency of policy measures. Young adults with the highest likelihood to leave home are employed individuals whose households are in the lowest income quintile as well as students from the highest income quintile, suggesting that, in these countries, residential independence is associated with either the acquisition of economic resources in the labor market or the availability of family resources. We interpret this result in favor of an “independence effect” exerted by COVID-19-related restrictions on young adults; future research might establish whether this trend is temporary or persistent over time.

Are households with under-five children in Nigeria socioeconomically disadvantaged?

Although the sociodemographic and economic contributors to under-five mortality are well established, very little research has been done to assess the levels of disadvantage under-five children in Nigeria face along these dimensions. Nigeria has the second-highest under-five mortality rate (U5MR) in the world (111 deaths per 1000 live births) and contributed to the highest number of annual under-five deaths globally in 2020 (844,321 deaths). The country has also implemented several decades of policy interventions to reduce under-five mortality by improving sociodemographic and economic conditions at the household level. In this paper, we assess the sociodemographic and economic disadvantages that households with children under-five face compared to other households and discuss the implications for health policy. Using the Nigeria Living Standard Survey 2018-19, we conducted a bivariate analysis to compare the sociodemographic and economic characteristics of households with and without under-five children. We performed independent samples t-test and proportions test to assess whether these sociodemographic and economic factors were significantly different for both groups. We found that households with under-five children typically had larger sizes (6.6 vs. 3.6), lower mean adult age (36.5 vs. 45.3), and male household heads (91.3% vs. 71.5%) than households without under-five children. Furthermore, households with under-five children were less likely to have access to improved drinking water (77.2% vs. 86.0%) and sanitation sources (54.0% vs. 61.9%) than those without under-five children. Despite having more adult working members, 71.2% of households with under-five children lived below the poverty line compared to 37.7% of other households. Although their total consumption expenditure was lower than households without under-five children, they spent a higher proportion of their expenditure on health care and were at a higher risk of experiencing catastrophic health expenditure. Our study has shown that households with children under five are disproportionately disadvantaged than other households in Nigeria. The households with under-five children are larger, younger, and poorer than those without children. We also show a wide variation in the proportion of households with children under five by state. Any efforts to reduce under-five mortality and morbidity in Nigeria should recognize these sociodemographic and economic differences.

Differential Effects of Household Characteristics on Uptake of Skilled Birth Attendance among Women of Reproductive Age in Western Kenya

Maternal health remains a challenge in developing countries. The number of women dying every year from maternal-related causes has remained high in developing countries despite various efforts to bring them down. Such deaths occur due to complications during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Approximately 16–33% of maternal deaths can be averted if supervised by skilled professionals. WHO describes skilled birth attendance (SBA) as skilled care at birth. Great Lakes University of Kisumu (GLUK) supported the strengthening of Community Health Strategy implementation (CHS) in the Western region of Kenya for a period of five years aiming at reducing poor reproductive health indicators among young people and women. The overall aim of this study was to determine the contribution of CHS implementation to maternal and child health, specifically on uptake of SBA. This was an embedded study in a larger study. It was an analytical study utilizing secondary quantitative data drawn from a descriptive cross-sectional study done during the period of GLUK’s intervention. The main objective of this study therefore, was to establish the differential effects of household characteristics on the uptake of SBA among women of reproductive age in the Western region of Kenya. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the uptake level of SBA. Cross-tabulations were done to determine the association between household characteristics and uptake of SBA, where Chi-square was used to test for significance of association at a 5% confidence level. Logistic regression analysis was done to test the strength of association between the variables of interest. Analysis was done using STATA version 14. Findings showed that uptake of SBA was 70%. Trend analysis across ages of the U5-year-old children showed a steady annual increase of 3% in the uptake of SBA over the five-year period from 69% to 77%. Results from Chi-square tests showed that four out of seven Socio-demographic and economic household characteristics had a significant influence on the uptake of SBA (Housing type-P-value=0.000); Age of the Household head-P-value=0.002); Disability-P-value 0.004) and Availability of staple food -P-value=0.000). Gender, education level of the Household head and presence of a latrine had no association. Logistic regression analysis showed that out of the 4 variables with association, only 2 (housing type-P-value= 0.000 and availability of staple food-P-value=0.000) showed significant strength of association

A framework to monitor and evaluate the vulnerability of smallholder livestock farmers: a case study of Limpopo & Mpumalanga Provinces

A study was carried out to assess the level of vulnerability of smallholder livestock farmers to provide appropriate support response to the changing climate. Central to the investigation was to develop a monitoring and evaluation framework with SMARTT indicators in the design, planning, implementation, assessment and evaluation of the vulnerability of smallholder livestock farmers. Fieldwork was conducted in both Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces. Only Vhembe and Gert Sibanda District Municipalities were chosen based on the proximity and convenience of having Smallholder Livestock Farmers that were organized and within reach to the investigators. The sampling frame consisted of a database of village households owning livestock in Vhembe (4 municipalities) and Gert Sibande (7 municipalities) districts. Data was collected through a descriptive survey using structured questionnaires, observations, and interviews from individuals and focus groups. A structured questionnaire was developed where respondents were interviewed each being asked a standard set of questions posed in the same way each time. At least 469 small-holder farmers were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire to elicit responses on vulnerability. The questionnaire included among others demographic and economic household characteristics; livestock and crop production; access to extension services; credit access; hazards occurrence; adaptations strategies pursued; coping strategies; the level of resilience and other information as indicated in the methodology. This paper presents a theoretical and conceptual M&E framework while also positing that if such a framework is mainstreamed, it will enhance impact and outcomes. Informed by Lindoso (2011) the Framework for vulnerability assessment and adaptive response of smallholder livestock farmers, had three main attributes, namely: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Exposure as an attribute of vulnerability was the magnitude and frequency of the climate stimuli and was considered as an external property of socio-ecological systems. Indicators were developed under the thematic areas of aridity, drought, temperature, precipitation, wind and vegetation. Sensitivity was referred to as the degree to which a system is modified or affected by an internal or external disturbance or set of disturbances. The proposed thematic areas in which indicators were developed were involvement in smallholder livestock farming (%), access to water by both farmers (%) and livestock (%), distance to water sources by both SHF (%) and livestock (%), quantity & frequency of water – availability (%) and quantity (litres/ capita/ day), livestock water use efficiency (m3/annum), livestock production systems. Adaptive capacity was referred to as the ‘ability of socio-ecological systems to administer, accommodate, and recover from eventual environmental disturbances; it was assumed to be a function of wealth, technology, education, information, skills, and infrastructure, access to resources, and stability and management capabilities. He proposed thematic areas identified were demography of livestock farmers, product diversification, capacity building, access to electricity and financial support. Demographic factors had different influences on the capacity of smallholder livestock farmers to adapt to adverse effects of climate change and variability on the farming enterprises. An ideal SHAE should be one with a matric, have experience in the hands-on production of a particular commodity such as beef cattle, have received training in the commodity value chain and is not older than 60 years.

Nutritional Significance of Fruit and Fruit Products in the Average Polish Diet.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the supply of energy, 19 nutrients, free sugars, and dietary fiber in the average Polish diet from fruit and fruit products. Our analysis is based on 2016 data from the national representative household budget survey conducted on a sample of 36,886 households, yielding a population of 99,230 individuals. Fruit and fruit products provided 3.12% of energy to the average diet in Poland with the highest share of bananas and apples. The highest significance of this food group was found for vitamin C (23.65%), including citrus fruits providing 8.03% of vitamin C, berries (5.97%), other fruits (3.45%), and apples (3.13%). The share of fruit and their products in the supply of free sugars is equally high and amounts to 23.52%. This means that apples provide 6.34% of free sugars, while other fruits also have a high supply of free sugars, including berries 3.68%, stone fruits 3.06%, bananas 2.56%, and citrus fruits 2.54%. The proportion of supply exceeding the percentage of energy (which was 3.12%) was obtained for carbohydrate (5.79%), and fiber (13.66%). The food group studied was particularly important (more than 5% share) in providing four minerals: potassium (8.59%), iron (5.07%), magnesium (5.51%), copper (8.81%), and three vitamins: vitamin C (23.65%), vitamin B6 (5.74%), and vitamin E (5.53%). The influence of sociodemographic and economic characteristics of households on the structure of energy and nutrient supply from fruit and fruit products was assessed using cluster analysis. There were four clusters characterized by different energy, nutrient, and fiber supply. The factors with the highest statistical significance on the supply of energy, nutrients, and fiber from fruit and fruit products were month of study, income, degree of urbanization, education, size of town, and land use. The obtained results concerning energy and nutrient supply from fruits and fruit products are important for the Polish society from the public health point of view, as indicated in the discussion of results and conclusions.

RESOLUSI KEMISKINAN RUMAH TANGGA NELAYAN DI NEGERI SEILALE

Fishermen's household poverty is something that should not be underestimated because of its abundant natural products, but they are still under the cycle of poverty. A household is said to be poor if it is not able to meet the needs of their lives. Household economic characteristics are an important part of family or community life in general. Economic characteristics arise because of the desire to act in a situation that is possible with the aim of obtaining benefits for the family. Which aims to understand the household life of fishermen in the State of Seilale. In this research, data collection was done by interview, observation and documentation study using an exploratory approach. The poverty problem that occurs in Seilale fishing households is inseparable from various causes of poverty. The factors that cause poverty in the form of changes in catching season, this factor has caused uncertainty of the catches of the fishermen, so that when the season is not catching fish the fishermen find it very difficult to meet their daily consumption needs. Low education, low expertise makes fishermen stay afloat to become a traditional fisherman. Fishing equipment that is still simple and inadequate makes them also have to compete with fishermen who have modern equipment.

재정패널 데이터를 이용한 국내 및 해외여행 결정요인 분석

This paper examines the impact of demographic and economic characteristics of households on domestic and overseas travel expenditure. We used the Korea Financial Panel data from 2013 through 2017. Since travel expenditure has many observations that have a value of zero, we use a panel tobit model which is a form of truncation regression model, as well as a panel probit model, We found that household income is the most significantly associated with domestic and overseas travel expenditure; thus, travel demand and expenditure are expected to continue to increase as the economy grows and the national income increases. Furthermore, overseas travel expenditure and demand are greater when the head of household is female, the number of household member is small, and the head of household is old. However, domestic travel expenditure and demand are not associated with those factors. These results indicate that socio-demographic changes in Korea, such as increase in female-head households, single-person households, and aging population, are expected to expand overseas travel expenditure.

Gestão de bacias hidrográficas na perspectiva espacial e socioambiental

O estudo objetivou subsidiar metodologicamente a análise socioambiental espacial de bacias hidrográficas, a partir do uso de dados secundários sociais, econômicos e ambientais na bacia hidrográfica do rio Una, Ibiúna, São Paulo. Realizou-se a triagem de dados secundários, analisados por meio da correlação de Pearson, da regressão linear múltipla e do indicador de qualidade socioambiental espacializado. Houve forte correlação entre as características econômicas dos domicílios e de seus ocupantes com o saneamento ambiental. O índice de qualidade revelou melhores condições socioambientais na zona urbana, contribuindo para a identificação de áreas com necessidade de intervenção que incluem a área rural, por trata-se de locais com relevantes interesses sociais, econômicos e de conservação dos recursos hidricos.

Explaining the Evolution of Passenger Vehicle Miles Traveled in the United States

After growing steadily for several decades, passenger vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in the United States unexpectedly leveled off in the 2000s. The growth rate of VMT has since rebounded, and determining the factors that explain these developments has implications for future U.S. oil consumption and vehicle pollution. We show that changes in the demographics and economic characteristics of households in the United States, rather than in driving habits, explain most of the recent dynamics. This suggests that over the next decade, VMT in the United States will continue to grow roughly at historical rates, causing substantially higher oil consumption and pollution than if persistent changes in driving habits explained the recent changes in VMT. The projected VMT growth will raise the cost of meeting energy security, climate, and local air quality objectives.

ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING PUBLIC BEEF CONSUMPTION IN PANDAN SUB-DISTRICT, CENTRAL TAPANULI DISTRIC

Demands of animal foods from livestock (meat, eggs and milk) over time tends to increase in line with population growth, income, nutrition awareness, and improvement in education levels. But even though it has increased, the level of meat consumption of the Indonesian people is still categorized as very low. This study aims to determine the social and economic characteristics of households and analyze the factors that influence consumption of household beef in Pandan District. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis, namely by observing directly the social and economic conditions of the household, then using a questionnaire to obtain data on the socio-economic conditions of the household. The method of multiple linear regression analysis is used to analyze the factors that influence the consumption pattern of the household beef. The results of the study show that consumers of beef in Pandan Subdistrict have different socio-economic characteristics, both in terms of education, age, number of family members and income. The socio-economic characteristics of beef consumers, namely education, age, number of family members and income significantly influence the amount of consumption simultaneously. Age, number of family members and income have a partial effect on the amount of beef consumption, while the education variable does not have a partial effect on the amount of beef consumption.

What matters more for child health: A father’s education or mother’s education?

This research examines the relationship between parental education and child health outcomes using the Nepal Living Standards Survey 2010/11. Controlling for a range of observable characteristics, we find that a mother’s education has a positive and significant effect on child health outcomes. A higher level of a mother’s education has a larger direct effect on child health outcomes but mother’s education below 8th grade has no direct effect on child health regardless of the child's gender and the household’s location once we control for potential pathways and district fixed effects. However, surprisingly, no statistically significant relationship subsists between a father’s education and child health outcomes. In order to determine the exact gap between the health outcomes of children of mothers with higher versus lower education and the factors contributing to those gaps, we use the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method. This analysis shows that a healthy environment, access to information, and the demographic and economic characteristics of households are the major factors that explain most of the child health outcome gaps.

Factors that negatively influence consumption of traditionally fermented milk (mursik) among preschool children (1-5 years old) in Kapseret location -Uasin Gishu County, Kenya

Traditionally fermented milks are widely consumed in various countries of sub-Saharan Africa and a number of health benefits to human beings are attributed to them. However, available studies show that children less than 5 years old consume milk mainly as fresh milk or when added to tea or porridge. Therefore, information on consumption of traditionally fermented milk by children is scanty, yet factors hindering its consumption have rarely been studied. The objective of this study was, therefore, to establish factors, which negatively influence consumption of Mursik , a traditionally fermented milk product from the Kenyan Rift Valley, Uasin Gishu County. This will have a positive impact on its consumption and hence increased nutritional status and health among children. The study sought to determine average weekly household mursik production, quantity and the extent of consumption by children less than five years and their association with sociodemographic and economic characteristics of households. A cross-sectional descriptive study involving 383 Kalenjin households was conducted within Kapseret location in August 2013. Structured questionnaires and a focused group discussion (FGD) question guide were the main instruments of data collection. The baseline survey showed that only 32% of households fed their children mursik and they fed a mean quantity of 250 ml per week or 12 kg annually. Education level of respondents (χ 2 = 0.116, P= 0.025), household mursik production levels (χ 2 = 0.1311, P=0.001) and respondents’ nutrition knowledge of mursik (χ 2 =0.154, P=0.005) negatively influenced mursik consumption among pre-school children. Results further indicated that although a majority (86.4%) of respondents had average nutrition knowledge of mursik , the application of these nutrition concepts was lacking. This might be due to socio-economic factors, cultural beliefs, attitudes and/or negative perceptions among respondents of mursik consumption by young children. There seems to be urgent need for a well-designed nutrition intervention program, sensitizing mothers and the population in general on the importance of traditionally fermented milk ( mursik ) for children and as a transition food that is locally available, affordable and culturally acceptable. Key words: Mursik , Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), probiotic, Preschoolers, Focus group discussion (FGD), Households (HHs)

Kemandirian Pangan Sumber Karbohidrat dan Protein untuk Mewujudkan Ketahanan Pangan Keluarga

This study aims to: formulate operational concepts to measure the level of household food endurance, to analyze indicators of household food endurance in terms of aspects of education, economics, and food consumption, identify the characteristics of households that experienced food unendurance. Household sample was pre-prosperous, prosperous I, prosperity II, prosperous III, and prosperous III +. Selection random sample coated with proportional allocation. Types of data collected include demographic characteristics of household, ownership of land, the economic characteristics of households, household social characteristics. Based on discriminant analysis, it found five variables that can be indicators of household food enduracnce is the wife of education backgaround, ownership of chickens, the frequency of eating rice consumption , cassava consumption frequency and the frequency of consumption of salted fish. The higher the wife's education, the more resistant the household food. While ownership of the chicken and salted fish consumption is indicated that is the opposite of more domesticated chickens and the higher the frequency of consumption of salted fish is the household food unendurance. Striking characteristic is the average frequency of consumption of salted fish, the frequency of household consumption of food endurance just 0.7 times per week, while the household does not endurance as much food frequency 3.9 times per week.

40대이상 중장고령층 여성의 배우자 존재유무 및 취업여부에 따른 가계경제적 특성의 차이 및 영향요인 분석

40대이상 중장고령층 여성의 배우자 존재유무 및 취업여부에 따른 가계경제적 특성의 차이 및 영향요인 분석

Explaining the Evolution of Passenger Vehicle Miles Traveled in the United States

After growing steadily for several decades, passenger vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in the United States unexpectedly leveled off in the 2000s. The growth rate of VMT has since rebounded, and determining the factors that explain these developments has implications for future US oil consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. We show that changes in the demographic and economic characteristics of households in the United States, rather than changes in driving habits, explain most of the recent dynamics. These results suggest that over the next decade, VMT in the United States will continue to grow roughly at historical rates, causing substantially higher oil consumption and greenhouse gas emissions than if persistent changes in household driving habits explained the recent changes in VMT.

Community members' assessment of the physical activity environments in their neighborhood parks: utility of the community stakeholder park audit tool.

This study engaged community members to describe physical activity (PA) environments in parks and to examine if the PA environment in parks was related to the economic characteristics of households near parks. Twenty-four Bridgeport, adult residents examined the PA environments in 21 Bridgeport, Connecticut, parks using the Community Stakeholder Park Audit Tool (CPAT) during the summer, 2013. ESRI's Geographical Information System was used to identify the economic characteristics (i.e., median household income, percentage of households below the poverty line; from 2010 Census data) of households within 0.5 miles of a park. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze CPAT data. A negative association was identified between the parks' PA area and safety scores (p = .012). Positive associations were identified between the parks' PA area and amenities scores (p < .001), access and amenities scores (p = .006), and park safety concern and surrounding safety concern scores (p < .001). There were no significant associations between park environment indices and the economic characteristics of households less than 0.5 miles from parks. Community members recommended several strategies to enhance PA environments in parks. The findings highlight the utility of CPAT for enabling community members identify opportunities to enhance PA environments in parks.

Changing Rice Cropping Patterns: Evidence from the Yangtze River Valley, China

The shift from double-season rice (DSR) to single-season rice (SSR) in the Yangtze River Valley in China has led to a decrease in the area of rice sown since the early 1980s and a decline in output since 1997. In this paper, changes in rice cropping patterns are described and a neoclassical household model is used to analyse differences in rice cropping patterns. The authors use the Probit model to analyse the impact on rice cropping patterns in the physical characteristics of plots, household economic characteristics and regional factors. They find that, in addition to the physical characteristics of plots, non-farm wage rates, land/labour ratios and ownership of labour-saving machinery all have significant impacts on rice cropping. Higher non-farm wages and higher land/labour ratios are associated with SSR; conversely, ownership of labour-saving machinery is associated with DSR. The policy implications are discussed.

Determinants of residential heating preferences in Slovenia

Slovenian National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP, 2008) proposes a set of measures in order to achieve the efficient use of energy, which is seen as an important component of sustainable economic development. As one of the adopted instruments aims at promoting the installation of energy-efficient heating systems, this paper investigates the factors that influence the residential heating preferences of Slovenian households. We found that the choice of residential heating type can be well explained by the location and dwelling characteristics. To somewhat lesser extent, preferences for certain heating type are also influenced by several sociodemographic and economic characteristics of households. In the future the introduction of financial incentives followed by awareness-raising campaigns and provision of relevant information could play an important role in stimulating sustainable energy use of Slovenian households.

Faulty genes or faulty parents? Gender, family and survival in early and late childhood in the Netherlands, 1860–1900

According to the famous economist and Nobel prize winner Amartya Sen women have a significant biological advantage over men. Despite this fact women do not always live longer. In today's third world, but also in some areas in Europe at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century we find so-called excess female mortality. In this paper we examine child mortality in The Netherlands in general and gendered patterns of child mortality in particular. The focus is on differential mortality patterns by gender for infants, older children, and young adults up to age 20 in the second half of the 19th century. The analysis takes place at three levels. We start off with an exploration of sex differentials in mortality at the national level, based on the existing literature. We next examine gender differentials in mortality at the level of several Dutch communities, in the region called Twente, focussing on the differences between the city and the countryside. The final part of the analysis focuses on the micro level of the individual and his or her family in the rural community of Lonneker located in the Twente region. In this part of our study we make use of longitudinal individual level data which are analysed with event history methodologies. Our analysis clearly demonstrates that young women and girls in The Netherlands were not always in a position to fully capitalise upon their greater biological advantage and suffered instead considerable excess mortality. Especially in the rural parts of the country girls had lower survival chances. The individual level analysis confirms the importance of sex in explaining child and adolescent mortality. These gendered mortality risks can however not be attributed to social and economic household characteristics. The analysis also shows that, when death came, it literally affected the entire family. This phenomenon, better known under the label ‘death clustering’, may have been an effect of parental incompetence.

The Long and Short of Asking Questions about Income, Wealth, and Labor Supply

Economic characteristics of households are an important component of their socioeconomic environment. However, they are often given short shrift in surveys because survey designers believe that other measures of socioeconomic status (e.g., education) render them redundant, respondents will not answer such questions truthfully, and they may lead some potential respondents to drop out of the survey altogether. We argue that the conventional wisdom regarding survey questions on economic characteristics is wrong. We explain the conceptual distinctions among various economic measures, summarize survey methods that maximize data quality, and present recommendations of specific sets of questions that gather the needed data.