Economic Growth In Developing Countries Research Articles

GENİŞLETİLMİŞ AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE ENERJİ VERİMLİLİĞİ, ENERJİ BAĞIMLILIĞI VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME

Purpose: Energy is used in all areas of production and is crucial for economic growth. This study aims to empirically analyze the relationship between energy productivity, economic growth, and energy use in 35 European countries, for the period of 1990-2015. Methodology: European countries are divided into two groups, namely developed and developing economies. To account for structural breaks, a panel cointegration test that allows for multiple structural breaks is applied to two groups of countries. Findings: Multiple breaks are found by the Westerlund (2006) test in the group of emerging countries, suggesting that energy policies within Europe should differ by country. Structural breaks in emerging European economies suggest that these countries are more fragile to both external and internal shocks. The results of the study also show that economic growth in developing countries increases energy dependency, while economic growth in developed European countries causes an increase in energy efficiency. Originality: This study aims to enrich the literature in two aspects. First, it analyzes energy dependence and efficiency at the same time. Secondly, it examines developed and developing European countries in two separate sub-samples by observing structural breaks in the relationship between energy dependence, energy efficiency and growth.

ANALISIS INFLASI, CADANGAN DEVISA, DAN NERACA PEMBAYARAN TERHADAP PERUBAHAN KURS DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI PADA 10 NEGARA BERKEMBANG

Abstract: In developing countries there are several ways to grow theireconomy, many factors influence. One of them is the inflation rate, foreignexchange reserves and balance of payments. In addition, the inflation rate,foreign exchange reserves and balance of payments can affect theexchange rate of a country's currency. So from that the researcher wants toknow how much influence the inflation rate, foreign exchange reserves andbalance of payments on currency exchange rates and economic growth indeveloping countries. This study will use a sample of 10 developingcountries in the Asian region, and this study will use quantitative descriptivemethods. This study will use secondary data which is then processed usingthe Partial Least Square (PLS) measurement model. The results of this studyare the inflation rate and balance of payments have a positive effect onchanges in the exchange rate of a country's currency, while the position offoreign exchange reserves has a negative effect. Then the inflation rate,foreign exchange reserves and balance of payments have a positive effecton a country's economic growth, while the exchange rate of a country'scurrency negatively affects a country's economic growth.Keyword : Inflation rate, Foreign Exchange, Balance of Payment, Exchangerate, Economic Growt

Foreign Direct Investments Impact on Economic Growth in Developing Countries

Foreign Direct Investments Impact on Economic Growth in Developing Countries

The effects of foreign aid on economic growth in developing countries

Decades of research regarding the effect of foreign aid on economic growth in less developed countries have produced inconclusive results. Research in this literature has been plagued by a variety of empirical impediments. Among them, measurement and endogeneity issues, sparse sets of control variables that may be correlated with both foreign aid and economic growth such as institutional quality, and disagreements regarding the appropriate econometric methodology. This paper highlights a further issue: the heterogeneous effects of foreign aid on growth across less developed countries. Previous studies have pooled all of the developing countries together, treating them as homogenous, despite that developing countries are vastly different across both observable and unobservable dimensions. Developing countries differ in their stages of development, per capita income, socio-economic, financial, and political characteristics. For this reason, the World Bank (2012) broadly classifies the developing countries into two categories: low income developing countries (LIDCs) and high income developing countries (HIDCs) based on per capita income. Our hypothesis is that the relationship between foreign aid and economic growth should be different among LIDCs and HIDCs. For this reason, we analyze the relationship between foreign aid and economic growth separately for LIDCs and HIDCs, producing estimates using samples which are more likely to be homogenous. Integrating the fullest set of control variables thus far in the literature such as unemployment rate, capital formation, government budget surplus, inflation rate, degree of trade openness, and corruption, and using GMM methodology in a dynamic setting we find that foreign aid has positive effects on growth in high-income developing countries and negative effects on growth in low-income developing countries. We also find that higher unemployment rates, higher inflation, and higher levels of corruption reduce economic growth in both LIDCs and HIDCs. Additionally, higher level of capital formation, a larger budget surplus, and higher degrees of trade openness contribute positively to economic growth in both LIDCs and HIDCs. We do not find any evidence that time trends in the data affect our results. The result remains after accounting for endogeneity concerns and when a measure of institutional quality proxied by corruption. The finding implies that foreign aid has beneficial effects in high-income developing countries which are at latter stages of development. This suggests that countries need to gain some traction before foreign aid can help.

The Impact of Life Expectancy on Economic Growth in Developing Countries

Will the improvement of life expectancy contributes to economic growth in a country? The response to this question is essential in the debates on health policy in the world in general and in developing countries (DC) in particular. The objective of this study is the impact of life issue through an analysis of the impact of life expectancy on the growth of Gross National Income (GNI) per capita in DC. Using a dynamic panel of 141 DC over the period 2000- 2013, the study concludes that the improvement in life expectancy positive affects economic growth in DC. However, the results are mixed when classifying DC according to their level of income. We observe that the effect is not significant in the middle-income DC.

Capital accumulation, structural change and real exchange rate in a Keynesian-Structuralist growth model

The aim of this paper is to show at theoretical level that maintaining a competitive real exchange rate positively affects the economic growth of developing countries by means of a Keynesian-Structuralist model that combines elements of Kaleckian growth models with the balance of payments constrained growth models pioneered developed by Thirlwall. In this setting, the level of real exchange rate is capable, due to its effect over capital accumulation, to induce a structural change in the economy, making endogenous income elasticities of exports and imports. For reasonable parameter values it is shown that in steady-state growth there is two long-run equilibrium values for real exchange rate, one that corresponds to an under-valued currency and another that corresponds to an over-valued currency. If monetary authorities run exchange rate policy in order to target a competitive level for real exchange rate, than under-valued equilibrium is stable and the economy will show a high growth rate in the long-run.

Economics of a global strategy for reduction of carbon emissions

The evolution of natural systems that feed and sustain human populations, and indeed the evolution of modern society, has occurred in the context of a moderate and stable climate. Therefore, recent trends in climate change, most likely caused by increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide and other radiative trace gases in the atmosphere, and the expected consequent global warming, are now a major concern. Carbon emissions from energy systems are considered one of the major contributors to climate change and are the focus of all studies on the prevention of climate changes and adaptation strategies. Two global energy scenarios (each with several options) are analysed in this paper: from a dynamic–as–usual concept to a more advanced concept with the goal of stabilising carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere (equivalent to about a 60% reduction of carbon emission compared with today's level). It is shown that the stabilisation approach will require dramatic changes in energy systems: the share of non–carbon fuels will increase to about three quarters of the total primary energy consumption, which will itself grow by a factor of two by the middle of the next century. Surprisingly, the implementation costs turn out to be approximately the same for all scenarios (taking into account possible errors in the cost appraisals for several decades ahead). However, the cost distributions between energy production and use are quite different. Globally, these costs are 3–4% of the GNP, but for developing countries the share of energy investments is, on average, about 7–8% of the GNP, which is cause for concern and will greatly hamper economic and social progress in the Third World. The introduction of energy taxes or carbon taxes in developed countries and the raising of 'global energy funds' could help developing countries to overcome these difficulties. It is supposed that such a policy would stimulate economic growth in developing countries and, as a feedback, overlap the GNP losses in developed countries. The paper attempts to evaluate an optimal strategy for reducing carbon emissions for the next couple of decades, when large uncertainties surround global warming, and to show ways of establishing 'no–regret' policy.

Accès aux infrastructures et affectation du temps des femmes : évidences et cadre conceptuel d'analyse

Cet article porte sur l’etude des interactions entre l’acces aux infrastructures, l’affectation du temps des femmes et la croissance economique dans les pays en developpement. Dans la premiere partie, nous examinerons les donnees probantes demontrant les repercussions de l’insuffisance d’infrastructures sur la capacite des femmes a affecter leur temps a des activites productives. Dans la seconde partie, nous presenterons un cadre quantitatif a l’appui de l’analyse politique, structure selon un modele de croissance economique informatise, a generations imbriquees et differencie par sexe (modele OLG), qui permet de mesurer ces interactions ainsi que les interactions des effets externes sur la sante au niveau intergenerationnel et intragenerationnel. Ce modele est ensuite calibre a l’echelle d’un pays a faible revenu (le Benin) de maniere a pouvoir quantifier les effets d’une politique d’amelioration de l’acces aux infrastructures sur l’affectation du temps des femmes et les consequences de cette mesure en termes de croissance, d’education et de sante. Nous examinerons egalement les retombees de l’analyse politique touchant au renforcement du role des femmes dans le processus de croissance des economies en developpement.Classification JEL : I15, I25, J16, O41.

E-Marketing Barriers from Agricultural Experts' Perception

E-marketing has been predicted to be a new driver of economic growth for developing countries. Electronic marketing is a process of buying and selling products, services and information using computer networks and the internet. Accessible and transparent markets are necessary to raise income and improve livelihood of farmers. In developing countries, agricultural markets rarely meet these needs. In today’s business marketplace, effective use and flow of information is the key to success. Electronic marketing promises vast opportunities. In implementation of e-marketing, farmers encountered several barriers. Therefore it is necessary to identify such barriers. This study investigates agricultural experts’ perception about the barriers of e-marketing implementation. The factor analysis showed that the barriers can be classified into 3 latent factors namely: social and cultural barriers, technical barriers and legal and organizational barriers. 53.57% of total common variances are explained by these 3 factors. Key words: Barriers; electronic marketing; agricultural markets.

Complementarities between Exports and Human Capital in Economic Growth: Evidence from the Semi‐industrialized Countries

Complementarities between Exports and Human Capital in Economic Growth: Evidence from the Semi‐industrialized Countries

Military Expenditures and Economic Growth in Less Developed Countries: An Augmented Model and Further Evidence

A study of the impact of military expenditures on economic growth and development examines the differences in the results of previous studies which led to contradictory conclusions. The authors find that these differences are due to sample variations, specificational choices, and the different time periods examined. The data indicate that there is no consistent, statistically significant connection between military spending and economic growth. Augmentation of the models suggests that military expenditures neither help nor hurt economic growth to any significant extent. 2 tables.