Economic Dimensions Of Globalization Research Articles

The Voices of Primary School Boys and Girls on Human Rights and Their Historical Agency

The teaching of History in primary school must integrate education for active global citizenship in the face of inequalities and social injustice caused by the constant violation of human rights in the present. The transformative framework at school promotes global citizenship from a humanizing perspective and a respect for diversity. All of this comes in a context marked by the effects of the capitalist economic dimension of globalization, which translates into a crisis in the exercising of fundamental democratic values. Below, we show the first-phase results of educational research comprising a qualitative exploratory study that investigates what primary school students think about and know. The participants come from a public school in the city of Almería, south-eastern Spain. Given the volume of information obtained from the semi-structured group interviews conducted on a total of 126 students (male and female) and seven teachers at the school, a qualitative content analysis has been carried out to extract relevant meaning regarding the research objectives; these focused on what the students know and feel about human rights, social problems and injustices, and the role of girls and boys throughout history. Hearing, listening to and recognizing the voices of primary school boys and girls has provided us, first of all, with ethical cues to design professional teacher development experiences in line with the new times of change and uncertainty, from the framework of a critical teaching of the contents of school history. Secondly, it has guided us in the configuration of training opportunities to cover the weaknesses caused by the democratic deficit and strengthen democracy by increasing child citizen participation. In this way, we hope to contribute to the education of a global citizenry that is more critical and committed to the common good in collective decision-making in an interconnected world.

Is foreign direct investment globalization‐induced or a myth? A tale of Africa

AbstractForeign direct investment (FDI) provides many African countries an important source of capital inflow. Despite notable improvements in these capital‐scarce countries' economic, political and social conditions, foreign investors have not considered them viable host locations. Since FDI brings enormous spillovers to its host, some countries have recently institutionalized globalization as the catalyst for reversing the trend. Against this backdrop, we examine the FDI‐globalization nexus across 47 African countries for the 1996–2016 period. Using the augmented mean group estimator, the results suggest that FDI in Africa is indeed globalization‐induced. Moreover, we find this positive nexus to be driven by the economic dimension of globalization. Overall, we demonstrate the potential of globalization in stimulating an FDI boom in Africa.

Impact of globalization on human rights: evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the impact of globalization and its multiple dimensions on human rights in Sub-Saharan Africa.Design/methodology/approachThe study extends the Poe and Tate (1994) model, which enumerates the various determinants of human rights. Ordered probit estimation is used to estimate the impact of globalization and its dimensions. For the purpose of empirical analysis, the period has been divided into three phases: short, medium and long term. This helps in understanding how the impact of the different dimensions of globalization has evolved over a period of time. Furthermore, analysis has been carried out to detect causality between human rights and globalization.FindingsAs per the results, overall globalization and social dimension of globalization do have a positive impact on human rights in long and medium term and, also, Granger-cause human rights. The political dimension of globalization has a positive relation with human rights, though there exists no causality between the two. On the other hand, the economic dimension of globalization fails to have a statistically significant impact on human rights. Impact of the social dimension of globalization dominates that of other dimensions of globalization.Originality/valueThis is one of the few studies that examine, in an empirical fashion, the impact of globalization on human rights in Sub-Saharan Africa.

GLOBALIZATION AND MAIN TRENDS OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE: TRADE AND INVESTMENTS

Globalization and its impact on developing and transition economies are among most debated issues in social sciences. Globalization is multidimensional, multipart and multispeed phenomena affecting all countries and nations in the world. However, economic dimension of globalization could be considered as foundation as well as determinant of development of other forms of globalization, including political and social globalization. It is obvious, that economic globalization intensifies cooperation as well as competition on regional and global level and therefore, enhances economic and political interdependence among countries. There are many conflicting approaches towards globalization. However, a leading form of globalization still is neoliberal globalization, while other perspectives are opposing ideas to neoliberal globalization. A fundamental idea of neoliberal economic globalization is socalled “small government” and openness for trade and investment, which has been considered as a necessary precondition for economic development of any nation in the world since 1980s. Noteworthy, that major negative aspects of neoliberal globalization, underlined by “skeptics” are negative effects of neoliberal globalization on trade and investment performance of developing and transition economies. Conducted analysis of trade and investment performance of developing and transition economies demonstrates their growing involvement in globalizing world economy. Ac- cording to data of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), during 1990-2018, exports an- nual average growth rates of developing and transition countries were 9,5% and 8,8% respectively, while exports annual average growth rate of developed countries was 5,7%. More - over, in 1990-2018, imports annual average growth rates of developing and transition countries were 9,3% and 7,7% respectively, while imports average growth rate of developed countries was 5, 9%. It is clear, that besides trade, Foreign Direct Investment is the major indicator to evaluate countries/ country groups’ involvement in globalization. Noteworthy, that between 1990 and 2000 average share of developing countries in world Foreign Direct Investments (inward) was 29,3%, in 2001-2010 was 34, 4%, while in 2011-2018 aver- age share was 44, 2%. In 2018, developing countries share in inward world Foreign Direct Investments was 54, 4%, while developed countries share was 42, 9%. It is clear, that countries/country groups’ involvement in the international capital movement and in globalization processes in general, depends not only on inward Foreign Direct Investments, but also on outward FDIs. In 1990-2000, average share of developing countries in outward FDIs was 10,4%, in 2001-2010 was 14,1%, while in 2011-2018 average share of developing countries in outward world FDIs significantly increased and reached 30,1%. The data underlines an intensification of trade relations of transition and developing countries as well as their increased openness for Foreign Direct Investments and rising share in outward world FDIs. As a result, during 1990-2018, developing and transition countries involvement in globalizing world economy significantly increased via increased trade relations and growing participation in movement of Foreign Direct Invest- ments. Consequently, despite some setbacks, economic globalization remains as the leading characteristic of the world economic development and process of deglobalization is not evident.

The KOF Globalisation Index \u2013 revisited

We introduce the revised version of the KOF Globalisation Index, a composite index measuring globalization for every country in the world along the economic, social and political dimension. The original index was introduced by Dreher (Applied Economics, 38(10):1091–1110, 2006) and updated in Dreher et al. (2008). This second revision of the index distinguishes between de facto and de jure measures along the different dimensions of globalization. We also disentangle trade and financial globalization within the economic dimension of globalization and use time-varying weighting of the variables. The new index is based on 43 instead of 23 variables in the previous version. Following Dreher (Applied Economics, 38(10):1091–1110, 2006), we use the new index to examine the effect of globalization on economic growth. The results suggest that de facto and de jure globalization influence economic growth differently. Future research should use the new KOF Globalisation Index to re-examine other important consequences of globalization and why globalization was proceeding rapidly in some countries, such as South Korea, but less so in others. The KOF Globalisation Index can be downloaded from http://www.kof.ethz.ch/globalisation/.

BORN GLOBAL COMPANIES. IS THIS A FUTURE FOR ECONOMY OF LATVIA? A PRELIMINARY STUDY

A small number of export-capable sectors is a factor that renders the Latvian economy sensitive to any changes in the external environment, at the same time it is an incentive to look for growth patterns. Internationalisation is a factor that brings growth. International operations can have various advantages for enterprises, particularly for high-growing companies. The born global companies will experience stronger performance in markets that are more attractive and more internationalised. For this research purposes term ‘born global’ author understands as a ‘truly global’ company as well as domestically based company with overseas operations. The novelty of the research manifests as seeking of novel information and novel solutions based on the experience of different countries. Born global companies are the research object of an investigation. The aim of the article is an analysis of external environment perspective that is necessary to predict long-term survival for every company in conjunction with economic dimensions of globalization. The research methodology is based on the overview of literature sources that attempts to describe the key drivers for early internationalization, statistics of high-growth enterprises and survival rates of newly born enterprises, success factors of high-growth enterprises. As the result framework for the future research is created.

The impact of globalization and economic freedom on economic growth: the case of the Latin America and Caribbean countries

This study examines the impacts of globalization and economic freedom on the economic growth of a group of 24 developing countries from the Latin America and Caribbean over a time span ranging from 1995 to 2015. We have constructed two models, one with the globalization’s overall value and another with the political, social and economic dimensions of globalization. Our results point out to the fact that globalization has had a positive impact on the economic growth of these countries in the long-run, as well their economic and social dimensions. Still, the political dimension of globalization did not show any statistically significant effect upon growth. In addition, we have found evidence of a negative impact resulting from economic freedom on the economic growth of these Latin American and Caribbean countries in the long-run. In the short-run, the results have indicated that electric power consumption (in all estimations) and social globalization (in only one estimation) were able to promote the economic growth of these countries. Finally, the negative and significant coefficient of the error correction mechanism in all estimations points out to the presence of cointegration/long-memory relationships between the variables. This study aims to contribute to the enrichment of the globalization-growth and economic freedom-growth literature in the way that it attempts to overcome some of the flaws identified in previous studies. In our analysis we have identified and corrected the presence of outliers, which are quite often neglected, and if not controlled can actually compromise the macro-economic analysis of this region. The results from this study should primarily contribute to guide policymakers in their decisions, thus helping them to draw growth-promoting policies in their respective countries.

The KOF Globalisation Index - Revisited

We introduce the revised version of the KOF Globalisation Index, a composite index measuring globalization for every country in the world along the economic, social and political dimension. The original index was introduced by Dreher (2006) and updated in Dreher et al. (2008). This second revision of the index distinguishes between de facto and de jure measures along the different dimensions of globalization. We also disentangle trade and financial globalization within the economic dimension of globalization and use time-varying weighting of the variables. The new index is based on 43 instead of 23 variables in the previous version. Following Dreher (2006), we use the new index to examine the effect of globalization on economic growth. The results suggest that de facto and de jure globalization influence economic growth differently. Future research should use the new KOF Globalisation Index to re-examine other important consequences of globalization and why globalization was proceeding rapidly in some countries, such as South Korea, but less so in others.

Impact of Economic Globalization on Life Expectancy in Nigeria

In recent years, there are been different opinions about the effects of economic globalization on longevity of citizens in developing countries. While some scholars evidenced that economic globalization has increase major health hazards and transmission of infectious diseases; others revealed that its improves life expectancy through education and access to modern health technology. Therefore, this study empirically examined the effects of globalization on life expectancy in Nigeria between the periods of 1986 to 2016. The research employed Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) to test for the unit root of the variables, and Johanson Co-integration test to investigate the long-run relationship among the variables. The findings of this study indicates that economic globalization have positive and significant impact on life expectancy in Nigeria. Hence, in providing policies that concern globalization in Nigeria, economic-dimension of globalization should be enhanced for it has long-run relationship with enhancement of longevity in Nigeria.

Globalization, imperialism and its discontents

Situating the questions of globalization and imperialism in recent world economic and social developments, this essay begins with a review of how use of the term “imperialism” evolved over the twentieth century. The more recent trend towards economic liberalization has had an international dimension closely associated with the growing use of the term globalization. Four economic dimensions of globalization are then considered: foreign direct investment, finance, trade and international governance. This brief review considers the contradictory nature of these dimensions, suggesting that the term globalization captures both the cross-border and contradictory nature of these phenomena while implying a level playing field with equivalent partners.

The investigation of the opinions of the undergraduate students on economic dimensions of globalization as regards to various parameters

The investigation of the opinions of the undergraduate students on economic dimensions of globalization as regards to various parameters

Law and Globalization from Below: Towards a Cosmopolitan Legality. Edited by Boaventura de Sousa Santos and César A. Rodríguez-Garavito Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xv+395. $95.00 cloth; $45.00 paper; $36.00 e-book.

Law and from Below: Towards a Cosmopolitan Legality. Edited by Boaventura de Sousa Santos and Cesar A. Rodriguez-Garavito. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xv+395. $95.00 cloth; $45.00 paper; $36.00 e-book. In counterpoint to top-down globalization studies focusing on intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) such as the World Trade Organization and International Monetary Fund, globe-spanning transnational corporations, or geopolitics among powerful states, the past decade or so has seen the emergence of a rapidly growing library of bottom-up views of globalization. Many of these works adopt the terminology and imagery of studies, building more or less explicitly on Gramsci's analysis of the role of ideology in reinforcing dominance-subordination relationships. The editors frame this collection in such terms in their introductory chapter, welcoming the many counter-hegemonic movements that challenge power centers in world society and depicting them as developers and beneficiaries of a subaltern cosmopolitan legality. By this they mean commitment in use of the law to the principle of universal inclusion: the poor, the powerless, and the marginalized must be empowered as rights-endowed subjects with access to all of the available legal channels, and they are to be accorded sincere respect in their efforts to meet their needs and protect or improve their life circumstances. The normative underpinnings of the volume are abundantly dear. Globalization from below translates into efforts by those at the low end of the social scale to cope with and shape the impact of powerful globalizing actors, particularly transnational corporations and economic governance IGOs (the economic dimension of globalization is the chief focus, though some chapters consider other dimensions). To some extent, it also translates into the globalization of the movements themselves, as local movements form cross-border alliances with similar movements elsewhere, seek and gain support from global nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and venue shop for foreign jurisdictions where national law can be invoked to rein in corporate behavior (as in the famous 1996 California case, under the Alien Tort Claims Act, that charged Unocal with human rights violations related to its gas pipeline project in Burma). The introductory chapter is only a frame, however. The collage of 15 chapters that fill the frame consists mostly of case studies of a variety of counterhegemonic movements, with little attention to the epistemological concerns of the rather abstruse critical theory approach developed in the introduction. The chapters cover many different places and spaces, from the World Social Forum to indigenous rights struggles in Colombia to constitutional interpretation in India to the Movement of the Landless in Brazil. These case studies are largely devoid of explicit theorizing or theory-building; they concentrate on their stories, with much detail about movement histories, legal and nonlegal (sometimes illegal) actions, legal successes and failures, and so on. In most chapters, the law is at issue at numerous levels. At times, movements challenge local ordinances, municipal plans, or national development projects; at times they focus on interpretations or implementation of national legislation; at times they invoke or challenge regional accords and regulation (NAFTA, the European Union). …

The economic dimensions of globalization

The economic dimensions of globalization

Globalization, Technology, and Asian Development

Globalization has many dimensions, mostly familiar to many such as trade, capital, labor, and knowledge. We distinguish between short-term and longterm capital flows, and between foreign direct investment and short-term capital flows. In terms of labor, we are not only interested in the flows of labor across countries but also across education markets. But these are only the economic dimensions of globalization. There are other dimensions to globalization as well, having to do with, for instance, globalization of civil society, which has had such an important impact on so many aspects of recent events. This discussion focuses on the economic dimensions of globalization and tries to relate them in a more positive way to development.

Globalization, Technology, and Asian Development

Globalization has many dimensions, mostly familiar to many such as trade, capital, labor, and knowledge. We distinguish between short-term and long-term capital flows, and between foreign direct investment and short-term capital flows. In terms of labor, we are not only interested in the flows of labor across countries but also across education markets. But these are only the economic dimensions of globalization. There are other dimensions to globalization as well, having to do with, for instance, globalization of civil society, which has had such an important impact on so many aspects of recent events. This discussion focuses on the economic dimensions of globalization and tries to relate them in a more positive way to development.

Configuring “Global,” “National,” and “Local” in Governance Agendas and Women’s Struggles in Nigeria

GLOBALIZATION—the apparent integration of the world into a single economic space through the redistribution of labor and capital across the political boundaries of nation-states—is often represented as an inevitable and irreversible phase of capitalism. The globalization of production and consumption by transnational corporations, actively assisted by the international financial institutions (the IMF and the World Bank) and the World Trade Organization, is generally viewed as a force that transforms all the economic, political, and cultural forms it encounters. This account of globalization has no doubt been persuasive, but its weaknesses are also increasingly apparent. Scholars have contested the insistence that this force determines all others and that there is no alternative (e.g., Zeleza, 2002; Bergeron, 2001). Advocates of globalization base their arguments on the tenets of free-market neoclassical economic theory. The tendency to focus on technical and abstract economic processes denies the power relations at play at the same time as it renders invisible the forms and practices that disrupt the presumed order of globalization . The denial of power relations and globalization’s differential effects on diverse social categories of people, differentiated by nation, class, gender, race, ethnicity, is not new. The same ideological basis underpins the structural adjustment programs (SAPs) implemented during the 1980s in many countries in SOCIAL RESEARCH, Vol. 69, No. 3 (Fall 2002) Configuring “Global,” “National,” and “Local” in Governance Agendas and Women’s Struggles in Nigeria BY CHARMAINE PEREIRA Africa and Central and South America, and the apparently more “participatory” character of today’s poverty-reduction strategies. Vociferous popular protests against the imposition of SAPs have led to the belated recognition, on the part of the global financial institutions, of the intimate connections between economic and political power. The IMF and World Bank discourse of “good governance ” was partly a response to this recognition. In 1989, the World Bank defined Africa’s crisis as one of “governance.” By this was meant the particular character of the political and legal framework operating in African countries—factors such as widespread corruption, lack of judicial autonomy and rule of law, and unaccountable government human rights abuses. The problem, from this perspective, was that the SAPs had not turned out to be as successful as originally envisaged by the global financial institutions . The social costs of adjustment became increasingly difficult to evade in the wake of mounting criticism from organizations such as UNICEF (see, for example, Cornia, Jolly, and Stewart, 1987). The solution, as the World Bank and the IMF saw it, was the implementation of economic liberalization in conjunction with political democratization. “Governance” was the technique for ensuring the requisite political change—“the exercise of political power to manage a nation’s affairs” (World Bank, 1989: 60). That many African states do face a crisis of governance, of one form or another, cannot be denied. Unlike the rhetoric, however, the governance agenda of the global financial institutions has not been about the enhancement of democracy, but the promotion of a neoliberal agenda. The aim has been to promote the private market as the key to social and economic development. The obstacle from this perspective was the state, which had to be “rolled back” and from which civil society had to be liberated. The hypocrisy of this position is evident in the way in which the neoliberal project relies on a profound use of state power to actively suppress and disrupt civil society, as it actually exists (Beckman, 1992). The global financial institutions, renowned for their con782 SOCIAL RESEARCH demnation of the state and calls for its curtailment, rely on the coercive powers of the same state to impose structural adjustment on reluctant populations (Ibrahim, 1997). The extent to which women’s lives are configured by large-scale “global” considerations, as opposed to more “local” concerns and practices, is not clear-cut. Freeman (2001: 1008) draws attention to the “erasure of gender as integral to social and economic dimensions of globalization when framed at the macro, or ‘grand theory,’ level and an implicit masculinization of these macrostructural models.” A hierarchical and dichotomous relationship is set up such that the “global” is gendered masculine while the “local” is gendered feminine. Ong (1999) argues that “a...

The Pacific Islands and the Globalization Agenda

Gi lobalization is now a central theme in the affairs of the Pacific Islands, and Pacific Islands governments are caught up in the rhetoric, the ideol ogy, and the economic policies of globalization. Policymakers in govern ments and regional organizations pepper their conversations with phrases drawn from that branch of politics called economics. These include achieving effective private-public sector partnerships, improving the attractiveness of the foreign investment regime, facilitating investment transparency, adopting free and open trade amongst our Island coun tries, reducing public sector subsidies, promoting integration into the world economy, enabling public enterprises to operate on commercial principles, providing a policy environment to encourage commercial activity, and encouraging the development of the private sector so that it assumes a leading role as the primary engine of growth. Where did this language and these ideas come from? To answer these questions, it is first necessary to define globalization, a term with many meanings in the fin-de-siecle conversation about the state of the world, signifying everything from the expansion of Europe since Columbus to the emergence of a global, Americanized consumer culture. These wider historical and cultural definitions are too broad to be useful for my argu ment, which focuses on the economic dimensions of globalization. So I follow two economists, Paul Bairoch and Richard Kozul-Wright, in call ing globalization a process in which the production and financial struc tures of countries are becoming interlinked by an increasing number of cross-border transactions to create an international division of labor in which national wealth comes, increasingly, to depend on economic agents