Stage Of Economic Development Research Articles

Substantial terrestrial carbon emissions from global expansion of impervious surface area

Global impervious surface area (ISA) has more than doubled over the last three decades, but the associated carbon emissions resulting from the depletion of pre-existing land carbon stores remain unknown. Here, we report that the carbon losses from biomass and top soil (0–30 cm) due to global ISA expansion reached 46–75 Tg C per year over 1993–2018, accounting for 3.7–6.0% of the concurrent human land-use change emissions. For the Annex I countries of UNFCCC, our estimated emissions are comparable to the carbon emissions arising from settlement expansion as reported by the national greenhouse gas inventories, providing independent validation of this kind. The contrast between growing emissions in non-Annex I countries and declining ones in Annex I countries over the study period can be explained by an observed emerging pattern of emissions evolution dependent on the economic development stage. Our study has implications for international carbon accounting and climate mitigation as it reveals previously ignored but substantial contributions of ISA expansion to anthropogenic carbon emissions through land-use effects.

The impact of technology on access to credit: A review of loan approval and terms in rural Vietnam and Thailand

The acceleration of economic digitalisation has been immense in recent years and coupled with the rapid development of technology-augmented finance. However, less understood is how such technology-augmented finance has impacted access to credit within rural contexts of developing economies. Using household-level survey data, our results provide novel evidence of a negative relationship, on average, between rural households’ access to credit as measured by loan approvals, and internet access. More specifically, use of internet in rural areas of the countries under analysis reduces the chance of accessing credit by up to 65%. Moreover, when we further investigate loan terms, our findings indicate that internet users get six-month shorter loan durations and have a lower interest cost of borrowing of up to 1.2%. The results for loan approval rates are persistent for formal loans and for nations at a lower stage of economic development, i.e., only within the less developed Vietnamese rural context. Our findings provide richer insights into the impact of information and telecommunication technologies (ITC) on access to finance in developing countries characterised by significant proportions of rural areas affected by severe information asymmetry-related issues that may be amplified or reduced by increased internet connectivity. Our results carry important policy implications. On the demand side, they highlight the need to ensure that government initiatives should aim to better educate rural borrowers in relation to financial literacy and credit choices. On the supply side, our findings urge the need to introduce policies for formal lenders targeted towards the reduction of the information asymmetries pervasive in rural areas.

Does Financial Structure Matter for Economic Growth? New Evidence from China

AbstractFollowing the methodology of Beck et al. in 2001 and Levine in 2002, three relative indicators are constructed to measure China's financial structure at the provincial level and these indicators are applied to explore the current financial structure–economic growth nexus in the Chinese context. The ordinary panel regression model results indicate that different dimensions of financial structure have different growth implications, while the panel threshold regression model results suggest a nonlinear relationship between financial structure and economic growth based on the stage of economic development, the relative importance of the state sector, and the financial structure per se.

Towards sustainable development goals: An analysis of environmental efficiency and the impacts of self-purification capacity across diverse income levels

The increasing urgency of global environmental degradation, particularly across diverse economic development stages, underscores a critical need for nuanced understanding and targeted strategies to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. Our study examines environmental efficiency trends over 27 years in 163 countries, utilizing greenhouse gases and particulate matter 2.5 as indicators. We address the challenge by developing and applying a two-stage method that combines a hyperbolic distance function with a stochastic meta frontier approach to assess environmental meta-efficiency. The average meta efficiency of these countries is 0.464, which remains at a relatively low level. Our model indicates that the high-income country group needs to reduce greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions by 25% and increase non-fossil energy usage by 33% to improve environmental efficiency. This suggests these countries must transition towards more sustainable energy sources and practices. Moreover, recognizing that existing income grouping inadequately characterizes each country, we use k-means cluster analysis for regrouping, more accurately reflecting individual differences. The regrouping results show that some high-income countries are classified into inactive groups, implying serious environmental problems. Our findings advocate for collaborative and tailored strategies to address these disparities. We conclude that income levels cannot solely drive environmental efficiency but must also consider geographical and climatic factors, which are pivotal in shaping a country’s environmental policies and efforts. This approach offers a clearer understanding of current inefficiencies and sets the stage for more informed policy-making that can better address the specific needs and capabilities of different countries.

Financial inclusion and the global net-zero emissions agenda: Does governance quality matter?

We inspect the impact of financial inclusion on carbon (CO2) emissions and the role that quality of governance plays using a global dataset from 119 countries between 2004 and 2020. We address endogeneity using the dynamic two-step generalized method of moment estimator and further test the robustness of results using the Driscol-Kraay estimator, which is crucial for addressing cross-sectional and temporal dependence. The findings showed that financial inclusion and quality of governance exhibited a positive and significant impact on CO2 emissions. Further analysis shows that the impact of financial inclusion and governance on CO2 emissions varies across countries at different stages of economic development. We also documented significant variations in the results across six geographical regions. Also, the evidence from moderation and marginal effect analysis revealed that the marginal effect of financial inclusion on CO2 emissions is contingent on governance quality and that improving governance quality (scores) conditions financial inclusion to minimize CO2 emissions across the globe. We, therefore, demonstrate that in countries with relatively higher (better) governance scores, such as the United Kingdom, Denmark, Singapore, and New Zealand, financial inclusion significantly mitigates CO2 emissions compared to countries with relatively lower (weak) governance scores, such as Iraq, Zimbabwe, Ghana, and Chad. Finally, mediation analysis also highlights that the effect of financial inclusion on CO2 emissions is mediated by renewable energy consumption, industrialization, and household consumption. The policy implications are discussed.

The characteristics of the new dual-cycle development pattern and systemic financial risk based on TVP-SVAR and MS-VAR model analyses

The new development pattern of the dual cycle is an important strategic deployment by the Chinese government in response to the complex and changing economic environment and a new stage of economic development. Based on the perspective of this new dual-cycle development pattern, this paper explores the time-varying nonlinear relationship between this new development pattern and systemic financial risk by constructing two models: the TVP-SVAR-SV and the MS-VAR. The empirical results show that, first, there was a significant negative impulse response effect between the new dual-cycle development pattern and systemic financial risk. The inhibitory effects of the domestic cycle and short-term pulse response were more significant than those of the international cycle and medium- and long-term pulse responses. In addition, the inhibitory effect of the new dual-cycle development pattern on systemic financial risk exerted different impact effects at different timepoints, with significant variability. Second, there was a significant nonlinear relationship between the new development pattern and systemic financial risk. The MSIH(2)-VAR(1) model identified two regional states: the financial risk release stage and the financial risk accumulation stage. This effect lasted longer in zone 2 (financial risk accumulation phase), with a sample size of more than 60 % of the total sample and a duration of 6.12. Third, in the impulse response analysis of different zones, a mutually reinforcing effect was found between the domestic and international cycles, and both exerted a significant suppressive effect on systemic financial risk, which was more significant in zone 1. The findings of this paper have important theoretical and practical significance for constructing and perfecting the new dual-cycle development pattern, promoting the high-quality development of China's financial market, and preventing the accumulation and occurrence of systemic financial risk.

Financial inclusion and threshold effects in carbon emissions

Although financial inclusion would induce greater pollutant emissions through economic activity, improved access to financial services may facilitate investment in clean technologies. This study investigates whether financial inclusion has influenced the dynamics of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions over the last decade using a sample of 70 countries. We implement panel threshold techniques to explore possible regime shifts in environmental quality. Our results reveal that the influence of increased financial access on air pollution depends on the economic development stage. While financial inclusion can increase CO2 emissions in lower-income regimes, environmental quality appears to be enhanced, with more inclusiveness at later developmental stages. Less-developed countries require more robust environmental policies to align their financial inclusion initiatives with sustainable economic development.

Impact of the digital economy on carbon dioxide emissions in resource-based cities

With the rapid development of the digital economy, its environmental impact, particularly on carbon dioxide emissions in resource-based cities, has emerged as a vital research topic. Resource-based cities, often central to traditional industries, are confronted with the dual challenges of environmental pollution and economic transformation. This study employs empirical analysis to examine the influence of the digital economy on carbon dioxide emissions in these cities. The findings reveal that the digital economy significantly reduces carbon dioxide emissions, with this impact being more pronounced in the early stages of digital economic development and gradually diminishing thereafter. In the mechanism analysis, we found that the digital economy can reduce carbon dioxide emissions in resource-based cities by raising public concern about the environment. Moreover, the study highlights significant variations in carbon reduction effects among different types of resource-based cities, noting that stronger environmental regulations further enhance these effects. These insights not only provide a new theoretical perspective but also offer practical guidance for policymakers in promoting sustainable development within the digital economy.

CONTEMPORARY STATISTICAL TRENDS OF FOREIGN TRADE BY SEA TRANSPORT BY COUNTRY GROUPS

Nino Abesadze E-mail: nino.abesadze@tsu.ge Associate Professor, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisis State University Tbilisi, Georgia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6564-2771 Otar Abesadze E-mail: o.abesadze@gmail.com Associate Professor, Georgian National University SEU Tbilisi, Georgia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1644-4995 Nino Paresashvili E-mail: nino.paresashvili@tsu.ge Associate Professor, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisis State university Tbilisi, Georgia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7645-6491 Natalia Robitashvili E-mail: nato.robitashvili@bsu.edu.ge Associate Professor, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University Batumi, Georgia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7645-6491 Abstract. At the modern stage of economic development, under the conditions of deepening globalization, the use of correct logistics is becoming more and more relevant, which plays an important role in the development of trade relations between countries and ensuring correct fragmentation of the economy. Today, the situation is such that the presence of certain threats in sea transportation determines the high risk of the possibility of an increase in transportation prices, which is why its influence on price volatility is quite strong. Based on the current situation, the research of maritime logistics issues is becoming more and more relevant in this regard, because the analysis of quantitative indicators of shipments, determination of risk expectations, detection of trends, identification of problems, etc. is an indicator of increasing the effectiveness of maritime logistics. This issue becomes even more important when the issue concerns the activation of trade relations with groups of different countries of the world by sea transport. This process is actively taking place in Georgia today, which is a prerequisite for diversification of transportation by different types of transport and increasing its intensity in the future, and there are signs of this in the country. As of today, the geographical area of trade relations of Georgia in terms of types of transport is wide, although the quantitative characteristics of foreign trade are differentiated according to individual countries and groups of countries. The main goal of the paper was to identify and analyze the statistical trends of Georgia's foreign trade relations with EU, CIS, BSEC, OECD, GUAM, and EFTA countries. During the stages of statistical research, the methods of statistical observation, gathering-grouping, and analysis are used in the research process. Therefore, the article discusses studies and analyzes the dynamics of foreign trade relations of Georgia with EU, CIS, BSEC, OECD, GUAM, and EFTA countries groups by sea transport. The main statistical indicators of foreign trade turnover, export-import, local export re-export, and the characteristics of the commodity structure are analyzed according to all indicators. The main statistical trends of foreign trade with non-specified country groups are identified and regularities are established. Relevant conclusions are made. Conclusions. Foreign trade relations in Georgia are primarily carried out by road transport, although marine transport with a 32.6% share firmly occupies the second place in dynamics;In exports, the advantage of the use of road transport is evident, compared to imports. EU, CIS, BSEC, OECD, GUAM, EFTA countries, the rate of foreign trade by sea transport is increasing;In 2016-2023, on average, the share of the EU in foreign trade by country groups increased by 5.3%.Changing trends are observed in case of exports of EU, BSEC, OECD countries groups. From 2019, the predominant growth of the BSEC indicator was revealed, but in 2023, the EU was again the highest indicator with a share of 67.4%9 in export relations.In the case of imports to the EU, CIS, BSEC, OECD, GUAM, EFTA countries, there is a pronounced trend: the European Union is the undisputed leader in the group of mentioned countries. In 2016-2023, the EU's share of maritime transport imports grew by an average of 2.6% annually. The growth of EU indicators is recorded in local exports, while a completely different picture was revealed in re-exports of sea transport, due to the intensification of trade relations with the CIS countries.From these EU, CIS, BSEC, OECD, GUAM, EFTA countries, Motor cars, Petroleum and petroleum oils are the most imported to Georgia, the share of which in imports is 68% and 32%. Copper ores and concentrates are the most exported, whose share in the motor exports of EU, CIS, BSEC, OECD, GUAM, EFTA is 38% and 17%. No significant changes have been observed in the commodity structure of both exports and imports in recent years. Key words: Trends, Sea Transport, Export, Import, Country Groups. JEL classification: C0

The living conditions of foreign workers: a field study in Erbil city.

The Kurdistan Region is in the stage of economic development in various sectors, and sometimes economic development requires labor. Allowing and bringing foreign labor depends partly on how much the local labor fulfills the needs of the Kurdistan Region, bringing foreign workers sometimes is discussed as critical by the authorities, despite the lack of employment and local labor, but it is allowed to bring foreign labor, foreign workers have a number of social dimensions, which may affect their living conditions. This study aims to determine the living conditions of foreign workers in Erbil. The research method is quantitative method through the use of questionnaire tool, (381) foreign workers in male and female gender were taken as the study’s sample. Then analyzing the data with the use of the program (SPSS), we came to the conclusion that foreign workers in Erbil feel comfortable and safe, cultural differences have not become a problem and obstacle in front of them regarding religion and food, and they quickly adapt to the culture of Kurdistan Region. Foreign workers are more likely to have no social security and have been asked for inappropriate work, The male faces more social, psychological, healthy, economical, and legal problems than the female. Finally, some suggestion and recommendation have been presented to the related parties and the researches that will be done after this research.

Do local government investment preferences influence renewable energy technology innovation? Evidence from China

Local government investment can influence renewable energy technology innovation (RETI). Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2007 to 2019, this paper uses fixed effect models, partial linear generalized function coefficient models, and other methods to test the impact of local government investment preferences (LGIP) on RETI. The results are: (1) Productive investment preferences significantly inhibit RETI. (2) The impact of productive investment preferences on RETI is heterogeneous across economic development stages and regions. (3) With economic growth, the negative impact of productive investment preferences on RETI gradually decreases. The findings suggest that local governments should adjust investment patterns and appropriately reduce productive investment to improve RETI.

Reflections on appropriately liberalizing ART for groups requiring special attention in China.

The continuous advancement of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and the evolving attitudes towards marriage and fertility among the general public have led to an increasing number of groups requiring special attention (GRSA) desiring to fulfill their reproductive needs through these technologies. These groups include single women (including single mothers without children), same-sex couples, and women in high-risk occupations, among others. The purpose of this paperis to explore the feasibility of appropriately liberalizing ART for GRSA. This paper discusses the advantages of a moderate liberalization of ART for GRSA from two perspectives: a theoretical basis and a practical significance level. It also analyzes the current constraints on liberalizing ART and presents suggestions for moderate liberalization. The moderate liberalizationof ARTcanprovidetechnical supportfor respecting and realizing the reproductive freedom of GRSA, which has certain theoretical and practical significance. However, itis also subject toconstraints. We call for government to keep pace with the times, based on the current stage of political, economic, and social development, to further recognize and protect citizens' reproductive rights, prioritize the practical needs of the public, and explore policies and regulations for gradually loosening the restrictions on ART for GRSA.

Stakeholders’ Participation in the Creative Economic Development of Cirebon City

This study aims to examine the participation level of stakeholders, identify the dominant stakeholders, and investigate the factors inhibiting stakeholders’ participation in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of creative economic development in Cirebon City. “Creative City” is politically and legally stipulated as the city vision in the regional mid-term development plan 2018-2023 of Cirebon City. As the creative economy is centered around the production, exchanges, and consumption of goods and services from human creativity, Cirebon City is, therefore, a significant case study to investigate how the local government implements participatory processes in developing a creative city.Using qualitative methods, data were collected through a semi-guided interview of 190 respondents from five stakeholders: academics, businesses, communities, government institutions, and media organizations. It was followed by a focus group discussion of 12 key respondents selected purposively from the five stakeholders. With primary and secondary data sources, qualitative data was analyzed through the process of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification.This study concluded that stakeholders' participation in all stages of creative economic development in Cirebon was still minimal. The businesses in culinary subsectors as the most dominant stakeholders in the participation processes. The lack of socialization from the municipal government and the limited collaboration amongst the stakeholders were identified as the inhibiting factors of inclusive participation in creative city development. The government needs to accelerate creative economic development through multisectoral policies, including improvement of business knowledge and skills of the local business actors, goods and services’ quality upgrading and assurance, certification and legal assistance, as well as promotion and market expansion

Study on the Impact of China's Digital Economy on Agricultural Carbon Emissions

<p _msthash="770" _msttexthash="18511649104"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Under the background of China's “double carbon” goal, digital economy has become an important way to reduce carbon emissions in China. This paper utilizes the provincial panel data of China from 2012 to 2022, introduces the perspective of agricultural science and technology innovation, empirically examines the impact mechanism of regional digital economy development on agricultural carbon emission through regression analysis model, and portrays the dynamic effect and spillover effect of digital economy development on agricultural carbon emission from both time and space dimensions. The empirical results show that: digital economic development will have a significant inhibitory effect on the intensity of agricultural carbon emissions, and the inhibitory effect will be indirectly affected through the path of agricultural scientific and technological innovation; the impact of digital economic development on the intensity of agricultural carbon emissions there is a time lag effect, the current stage of the digital economic development will still have a strong inhibitory effect on the intensity of agricultural carbon emissions in the future; Digital economic development has a spatial spillover effect, i.e., the development of the regional digital economy will have an inhibitory effect on the intensity of agricultural carbon emissions in neighboring provinces. Based on this, it is proposed to strengthen the construction of digital infrastructure, promote the coordinated development of the digital economy in the region, and formulate policies to reduce carbon emissions in agriculture.</span></span></p>

Exploring the nexuses between carbon dioxide emissions, material footprints and human development: An empirical study of 151 countries

In order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, it is necessary to actively promote a coordinated and balanced relationship between carbon dioxide emissions (CO2e), material footprints (MF) and human development, based on the economic and social development stages of different countries and their material resource endowments. However, the existing research results lack cross-country comparisons and overly focus on the single conclusion of quantifying decoupling while ignoring the impact of coupling coordination nexus. Thus, this study comprehensively evaluated the nexus between CO2e, MF, and human development index (HDI) in 151 countries from 1990 to 2019 based on the modified coupling coordination degree model and the improved decoupling index model. The results show that, both the global MF per capita and HDI have maintained an increasing trend, and the MF per capita has been increasing significantly faster than the HDI. The trend of CO2e per capita is slowly dropping, with very high HDI countries being the main contributors. Besides, global regional differences in CO2e per capita and MF per capita are still expanding. Worldwide differences in per unit of CO2e and per unit of MF for HDI variation are narrowing. Furtherly, there is a more general but short-lived trend of absolute decoupling for very high HDI and low HDI countries, while medium HDI countries show a significant trend of coupling. By combining the endowment characteristics of some typical countries, it can be observed that the net fossil energy importing countries with higher HDI have high degree of coupling coordination, but gradually evolve towards the state of relative decoupling. There is still a significant trend of recoupling between the MF and HDI in the net fossil energy exporting countries with higher HDI, but CO2e is gradually evolving towards decoupling. The coupling coordination state is deepening in some low HDI countries. Due to the huge differences in national endowment characteristics and development stages, targeted energy conservation and emission reduction strategies are important for achieving coordinated development between CO2e, MF and HDI.

Лицензирование как административно-правовой институт в современных условиях

The article studies licensing as an administrative and legal institution at the present stage of socio-political and economic development. Different scientific approaches to this phenomenon are shown and integrated, its essence, significance and legal nature are determined. The conclusion is made about the need for further reform of the licensing and permitting system, in particular, the development of special norms concerning the functioning of this system in the conditions of martial law and emergency situations.

Analysis of Policy Options Based on Data-Driven Economic Cycles and Industrial Structure Upgrading

China's economy has achieved a high growth rate of 9.8% in cyclical fluctuations, and the industrial structure has been continuously improved with growth. However, the irrationality of the tertiary industry structure and its internal structure still restricts the sustainable development. The optimization of the industrial structure depends on many factors, such as government policies, economic growth mode, resource constraints, economic development stage and economic cycle stage. Based on data-driven analysis, this paper analyzes the general path and policy choice of economic cycle to adjust China's industrial structure, and the impact of economic cycle on the upgrading of industrial structure. After the actual analysis, we found that the threshold of economic growth in economically developed regions is high, the role of financial development in stimulating industrial structure is not prominent, and industrial upgrading is relatively difficult. Industrial upgrading is difficult.

On the issue of determining effectiveness and the quality of corporate financial management: theoretical and conceptual aspects

The current stage of economic development is characterized by such features as a high degree of uncertainty in external and internal environmental factors, a high level of competition, and the strengthening of the role of effective financial management of companies. These features determine the need to apply the theory and practice of corporate financial management, its modern tools to assess the effectiveness and quality of the company's financial management, which, in turn, contributes to the adoption by the company's management of sound management decisions necessary to achieve the strategic goals of its development.

Energy Transition and Poverty Alleviation in Light of Environmental and Economic Challenges: A Comparative Study in China and the European Union Region

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of renewable energy and circular economy practices in reducing environmental damage and poverty in China and the European Union (EU) by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) technique. Analyzing data from 1995 to 2022, we compared the effectiveness of these approaches in both regions. This study offers several fresh perspectives on the fight against environmental damage and poverty, differentiating itself from existing research in a few key ways. In fact, most studies focus on a single region’s approach to sustainability. However, this research directly compares China and the European Union (EU), highlighting how factors like economic structure and development stages influence the effectiveness of renewable energy and circular economy practices. Also, this study shows how renewable energy and circular practices can simultaneously tackle both environmental damage (emissions) and social issues (poverty). Our findings reveal that factors like poverty, fossil fuel reliance, economic growth, and international trade all contribute to rising carbon emissions in both China and the EU, though their influence varies. Interestingly, China experienced greater success in curbing emissions through solar power, circular economy measures, and wind power compared to the EU. Additionally, the impact of these strategies on poverty reduction differed significantly between the two regions. Based on these results, we recommend that policy makers in both regions develop tailored strategies for tackling carbon emissions and poverty. Prioritizing renewable energy sources and circular practices is key, as they can simultaneously reduce emissions and alleviate poverty. However, it is crucial to focus on approaches that work best in each specific region, considering social, economic, and environmental factors. This study suggests that a one-size-fits-all approach will not work for fighting climate change and poverty. While renewable energy and circular economies are effective, China saw greater success with solar and wind power compared to the EU. Policy makers need to design strategies specific to their region’s economic, social, and environmental context. Further research can refine these approaches, and public education is crucial to promote sustainable behavior and empower policy makers. It is also needed to refine and improve the implementation of these strategies. Finally, public awareness and education are essential to promote sustainable behavior and empower policy makers in their fight against climate change and poverty. This study highlights the importance of a region-specific approach to energy transition and poverty alleviation. By comparing China and the EU, we gain valuable insights into the effectiveness of different strategies in tackling these interconnected challenges. The findings provide valuable guidance for policy makers looking to create a more sustainable and equitable future.

An inquiry into the drivers of an entrepreneurial economy: A Bayesian clustering approach

AbstractUnderstanding the worldwide drivers of qualified entrepreneurship is a key issue in economic policy design. To help policy decisions exert their intended impact, we aim to cluster a wide range of countries on the basis of their levels and trends in self-employment productivity using a finite mixture model applied to a new large dataset of 121 countries covering the period of 1991–2019. Our results point to three groups of high-, medium-, and low-productive means and tendencies, the geographical distribution of which suggests that they can be reinterpreted using the three stages of economic development, namely, innovation-, efficiency-, and factor-driven economies. Notably, we find that widespread digitalization and low unemployment enhance the probability of transitioning into a highly productive cluster. However, we failed to find that industry weight or employment protection legislation strictness serve as determinants in the transition between groups. Suggestive rationales for these results and implications for the entrepreneurship policy agenda are also provided.