Economic Development Of Underdeveloped Countries Research Articles

Exploring the Nexus of Domestic Debt and Private Sector Credit in Developing Countries with a Focus on Bangladesh

This research examines domestic debt, private sector lending, and economic development in emerging countries, focusing on Bangladesh. This analysis uses 1960–2022 Bangladeshi secondary data, World Bank World Development Indicators and Bangladesh Ministry of Finance economic statistics. Domestic debt and private sector credit affect emerging nations' economic development, according to this study's theoretical approach. This research examines the link between two factors to add to the literature and provide Bangladesh-specific insights. It is quantitative research that examines domestic debt, private sector credit, and economic development using regression analysis and statistical testing. The conclusions aids Bangladesh's economic development policymakers, economists, and stakeholders. Understanding national debt, financing from the private sector, and the advancement of the country's economy helps policymakers manage debt, allocate credit, and set economic policy. The conducted study also improves theoretical understanding of economic development in underdeveloped countries and illuminates Bangladesh's unique conditions. It examined household debt, private sector lending, and Bangladeshi economic development as well as examines the patterns of economic growth in emerging nations to enhance policy debates and broaden knowledge.

How Internet Shutdowns Affect the Entrepreneurs in Jammu and Kashmir

Entrepreneurship is the globally accepted source for economic development in underdeveloped countries like India and Pakistan. Internet is using as a business resource for the growth and development. Internet is global network provides information and communication facilities. Shutdown of internet services has become common trend in Jammu and Kashmir to stop rumors and misinformation sharing on social media applications. But it affects the economy and social life of people living in Jammu and Kashmir. Shutdown of internet has become common in Jammu and Kashmir after the militants using social media as a tool for recruiting young generation. Government of Jammu and Kashmir snapped internet services whenever any anti military and anti government operation happened. Continues shutdown of internet in the region results the winding up small business unit which operates through internet. This paper particularly focused on how internet shutdowns affect the entrepreneur and which problems faced by entrepreneurs in Jammu and Kashmir by the shutdown of services internet in the area.

How Internet Shutdowns Affects the Entrepreneurs in Jammu and Kashmir

Entrepreneurship is the globally accepted source for economic development in underdeveloped countries like India and Pakistan. The internet is used as a business resource for growth and development. The internet is a global network that provides information and communication facilities. Shutdown of internet services has become a common trend in Jammu and Kashmir to stop rumors and misinformation sharing on social media applications. But it affects the economy and social life of people living in Jammu and Kashmir. Shutdown of internet has become common in Jammu and Kashmir after the militants used social media as a tool for recruiting the young generation. Government of Jammu and Kashmir snapped internet services whenever any anti-military and antigovernment operation happened. Continued shutdown of internet in the region results in winding up small business unit, which operates through internet. This paper particularly focused on how internet shutdowns affect the entrepreneur and which problems are faced by entrepreneurs in Jammu and Kashmir by the shutdown of internet in the area.

1950년대 한국 경제학계의 후진국 개발론 수용

As academic interest in postwar economic reconstruction grew, Korean economists subjectively accepted ‘discourses on economic development in underdeveloped countries.’ There were two major trends in accepting these theories. The first trend is characterized by academic writings and activities that problematized the overall aspects of social structures in underdeveloped countries and proposed developmental directions, rather than only focusing on economic sectors. This line of thinking emerged as a group of Korean economists referred to and introduced research on economic development in underdeveloped countries by postwar Japanese economists, Itagaki Yoichi in particular. In addition, these Korean economists showed interest in Max Weber’s theories of modern capitalism that gained currency in postwar Japan and Otsuka Hisao’s research on economic history. In doing so, they attempted to diagnose the status of Korean society at the time and called for ‘social and economic modernization’ in South Korea. Another intellectual trend was to diagnose economic characteristics and phenomena in underdeveloped countries by focusing on economic sectors, and then to design developmental strategies and make policies by establishing theoretical models that would overcome the economics problems in these countries. Among a variety of economic developmental theories in American and British economics circles that were introduced to Korea, it was the theories of Ragnar Nurkse that had the most powerful impact on Korean economics. While accepting Nurkse’s developmental theories, Korean economists first put forward the notion that balanced economic development and industrialization should replace an import-oriented economy. In addition, they argued that a new economic structure should be based on small businesses and private economic actors, while the government must take the initiative in expanding external economies and establishing basic infrastructure such as heavy and chemical industries.

An Econometric Analysis Of Two Possible Land Reform Strategies In Nigeria

<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Land reform is concerned with changing the institutional structure governing man’s relationship with the land, involving intervention in the prevailing pattern of land ownership, control and usage in order to change the structure of holdings, improve land productivity and broaden the distribution of benefits. Land reform is an aggregate of ideas and courses of action designed to resolve tenure problems. Nigeria is, an agrarian nation with over 56.8% of her working force engaged in farming. Doner and Kanel emphasize the significant contribution of the agricultural sector towards the overall economic development of underdeveloped countries, such as Nigeria where more than. 50% of the working population is engaged in farming. Agricultural reforms has the advantage of provision of more employment, more equitable income distribution, a wider relevant structure for the growing manufacturing sector, a better base for farm financed welfare, and more rational investment policies in both the agricultural and nonagricultural sectors of the economy. Traditional land tenure system defined the opportunity to earn income in farming and provided the security that an individual would always have access to some part of his family’s land. However, investment in land improvement and increases in productivity are hindered by tenure rules. The unknown nature of the ultimate results of tenure changes increases the risks involved in initiating any program of land reform.</span></span></span></p>

The Potential for Effective Regional Development Agencies in Turkey: A Comparative Analysis

Legislation passed in 2006 by the Turkish Parliament provided an opportunity to transition toward regionalized economic development through the establishment of a national system of semi-private Regional Development Agencies (RDA). This reform strategy is complicated by Turkey's highly centralized state tradition and the country's low level of economic development; characteristics which are seen as significant obstacles to vibrant regional economies. This paper uses the establishment of these RDAs as an opportunity to analyse the potential for successful regional economic development in Turkey and to further the general discussion of regional economic development in underdeveloped countries. First, the Turkish agencies are placed in an analytical context, based in European Union Regional Policy and the New Regionalism literature, and a relevant model of regional economic development effectiveness is defined. Secondly, cases of development agency establishment in comparable national contexts are identified in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic between 1993 and 1998. The final section analyses the Turkish RDAs and makes some predictions about factors that will either enable or inhibit their effectiveness. The paper concludes that in comparison to the regional development initiatives in Central and Eastern Europe, the Turkish RDAs have a unique potential to encourage regional economic growth.

Hunger and Containment: How India Became “Important” in US Cold War Strategy

Hunger and Containment: How India Became “Important” in US Cold War Strategy

How Many is Too Many?

In his column, AWWA Executive Director Jack Hoffbuhr discusses world population growth and presents both the optimistic and pessimistic views on humanity's ability to solve whatever problems ensue as a result of population growth. The pessimists point out that the true limiting factor for economic development of underdeveloped countries will be water, saying that the tradeoff will be water for agriculture to feed people or water for people to drink. Hoffbuhr states that the question we should really be answering is: How can we effectively manage our resources to meet the needs of the earth's population?

Treatises of Development: The Context of Developmentalism in Bangladesh

This article analyzes the structure of the development discourse that has become prominent since the end of World War II. An understanding of this structure is vital to developing an appreciation of the making of Third World nations as objects of development. The Truman inaugural address provided a basis for the formulation of treatises of development and also enabled the configuration of development's structure. (1) The terms and concepts used in those treatises express a consistent account of the formation of new knowledge, institutions, and disciplines related to development. Elements of the treatises make possible the production of a set of relations within the domain of development, relations that were systematized to coordinate development deployments at various levels, from local to global. It was not these deployments alone, but also their interdependence--the structure of relations among elements, institutions, and practices--that enabled the production of the development project. Three representative treatises are examined here to uncover this structure and the interdependence among elements and practices forming development discourse. At the global level, the United Nations was the motive force promoting the development project, embodying Western rationality and modernity, among Third World nations. To this end, it produced some incisive reports, drawing upon what it saw as underdevelopment and recommending strategies for development. (2) Of these reports, Measures for the Economic Development of Underdeveloped Countries was the most prominent. (3) At the regional level, the Commonwealth nations formed a consultative committee, which in 1950 produced The Colombo Plan (CP), the well-known document for South and Southeast Asian nations. At the local level, the most renowned plan for development was the Agricultural Development Plan of Pakistan, (4) prepared by the Food and Agricultural Commission (FAC). The FAC comprised Pakistani as well as development specialists from international agencies, such as the World Bank, the UN Food and Agricultural Organization, and the U.S. International Cooperation Administration--predecessor to the U.S. Agency for International Development. The three reports are examined here to reveal the broad structure of the discourse that constructed development and underdevelopment. These treatises enabled various organizations to deploy consistent strategies to bring Third World populations as subjects under the broad-ranging disciplinary power of development. A survey of these treatises is presented below to sketch the set of relations and their systematization, the UN report being examined first. The UN Treatise: Measures for the Economic Development of Underdeveloped Countries The UN treatise Measures for the Economic Development of Underdeveloped Countries was produced by a group of experts appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations in May 1951. Until the publication of this report, Harry Truman's sermon on development was the standard in the field. Truman claimed: More than half the people of the world are living in conditions approaching misery. Their food is inadequate. They are victims of disease. Their economic life is primitive and stagnant. Their poverty is a handicap and a threat both to them and to more prosperous areas. For the first time in history, humanity possesses the knowledge and the skill to relieve the suffering of these people. The United States is pre-eminent among nations in the development of industrial and scientific techniques.... I believe that we should make available to peace-loving peoples the benefits of our store of technical knowledge in order to help them realize their aspirations for better life. (5) Under Resolution 290 (XI), the UN Economic and Social Council appointed a five-expert team to prepare a development plan. (6) This was the first concrete step to turn Truman's vision for development into an explicit policy. …

Technological dependence and the failure of educational institutions to support development

Academics, foundations and international agencies concerned with development have repeatedly pointed out the failure of educational institutions to support economic development in underdeveloped countries, particularly in providing the occupational skills and research knowledge in science and technology required by the productive sectors of the economy. The causal factors of this failure have been attributed to institutional deficiencies and traditionalism of backward societies where ‘desk’ jobs and independent professions enjoy higher esteem than technology-related occupations. This paper argues that such educational patterns are rooted in the structures of dependency of the underdeveloped countries. First, employment is concentrated in the non-productive services sector of the economy where desk jobs abound. Second, dependent industrialization entails the predominance of external linkages of industry to developed countries, and technological dependency both in its organic and intellectual components. Industry in underdeveloped countries does not carry out the more complex technological operations of the production cycle or research and development activities for new technology, both of which are done in developed countries. In the absence of this activity, educational institutions cannot ‘learn’ and keep abreast of the modern technological knowledge and processes required for jobs in industry.

South Korea: The Political Economy of Dependency

S outh Korea's President Park Chung-hee made it clear on many occasions he did not like in the usual sense of the word. It is obvious, wrote an admirer of his, that President Park regards excessive enthusiasm in politics to be one of the greatest obstacles to economic development in underdeveloped countries.'1 Park's aim was to transform Korea's democracy into an administrative democracy.2 At the beginning of the 13th year of his rule President Park could feel South Korea was well on the way to achieving administrative democracy, thanks to a new Constitution approved in a referendum held under martial law on November 22, 1972. The Yushin Honpop (Constitution for Revitalizing Reforms), as it was called, provided for an indirect election of the president by the locally-elected National Conference for Unification (NCU), appointment by the president of one-third of the 219-member National Assembly, reduction of the powers of the legislature and the judiciary, and curtailment of civil and political liberties. Additionally, the two term limitation on the presidency was removed and the tenure of office extended from four to six years. In accordance with the new Constitution, Park was re-elected to the presidency on December 23, 1972, obtaining all but two of the 2,359 votes of the newly-created NCU. In terms of the institutional structure, Park was now assured of an indefinite term as president with almost unchallengeable power. The President could be confident the first full year of Yushin (revitalizing reforms) would be a year of domestic political consolidation, continued economic expansion and diplomatic dynamism. However, before the year was over, new political problems confronted him at home and abroad and doubts arose as to whether such confidence was justified. External affairs, which in 1972 helped the president strengthen his hands at home, seemed to adversely affect his domestic position in 1973. One major source of these problems was

Numerical Models of Economic Development by A. Qayum. Rotterdam University Press, 1966.

From the author's preface, "this is a collection of some of my published and unpublished articles containing simple models relating to problems of economic development of underdeveloped countries. A characteristic common to all the models discussed here is that they lead to numbers or to figures corresponding to numbers". This is an indirect way of saying that the author has taken a quantitative approach to problems of development as opposed to the usual verbal —empirical approach. In that the author has the reviewer's whole-hearted support.

The Corporation in External Affairs

Business goes abroad and stays abroad for busi ness reasons—for earnings. This limits the role it can play in economic development of underdeveloped countries, which requires large amounts of social overhead which business can not supply. Nevertheless, business has an important, if second ary, role to play and can play it if, instead of seeking com mitments protecting investment, it and the host countries make business judgments, on a self-interest basis, to invest and to welcome investment. Developing countries will attempt to make such judgments, despite their mixed feelings about pri vate investment, because of their need for capital, in the process attempting to guard against outside domination.

SOCIO‐ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES

N the 20th century, capitalist countries experienced two major up~urges I of land reform : One in years immediately following World War I and the other in the period from the termination of World War 11 up to the present day. It occurred in East European countries in the former period, and in. the latter period, in Asian, Middle, and Near Eastern countries and in some parts of Europe. With respect to the problem of the development of less-developed countries, which has been taken up by both camps of East and West as a part of their world policies, the enforcement of land reform is regarded as one of the fundamental conditions for it. Consequently, in the family of free nations recognition of the importance of carrying out land reform has led to many researches and recommendations being made on this problem by the United Nations ~nd various institutes. For instance, in the United Nations report, Measures for the Economic Development of Underdeveloped Countries, prepared by five specialists, including Prof. T. W. Schultz, reference was made to the importance of land reform for underdeveloped countries, as follows. First, regarding the need for securing tenure, it states, Private enterprise will not yield its best results unless legal and social institutions are such that the private initiator secures the fruit of his own effort. Of the many spheres where this is lelevant, the most important sphere which is widely neglected in underdeveloped countries is the contract between the cultivator and his landlord. Tenancy legislation should protect the tenant against arbitrary disturbance, giving him secure tenure so long as he practises good husbandry. And it should protect his right to compensation, upon termination of the tenancy, for any unexhausted improvements which he has effected.I Regarding the necessity of land reform, or need for abolishing in Yarying degrees landholding in huge estates, it continues : In many underdeteloped countries, the cultivators of the soil are exploited mercilessly by a landlord class which performs no useful social function. This class

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF LAND REFORM IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES

N the 20th century, capitalist countries experienced two major up~urges I of land reform : One in years immediately following World War I and the other in the period from the termination of World War 11 up to the present day. It occurred in East European countries in the former period, and in. the latter period, in Asian, Middle, and Near Eastern countries and in some parts of Europe. With respect to the problem of the development of less-developed countries, which has been taken up by both camps of East and West as a part of their world policies, the enforcement of land reform is regarded as one of the fundamental conditions for it. Consequently, in the family of free nations recognition of the importance of carrying out land reform has led to many researches and recommendations being made on this problem by the United Nations ~nd various institutes. For instance, in the United Nations report, Measures for the Economic Development of Underdeveloped Countries, prepared by five specialists, including Prof. T. W. Schultz, reference was made to the importance of land reform for underdeveloped countries, as follows. First, regarding the need for securing tenure, it states, Private enterprise will not yield its best results unless legal and social institutions are such that the private initiator secures the fruit of his own effort. Of the many spheres where this is lelevant, the most important sphere which is widely neglected in underdeveloped countries is the contract between the cultivator and his landlord. Tenancy legislation should protect the tenant against arbitrary disturbance, giving him secure tenure so long as he practises good husbandry. And it should protect his right to compensation, upon termination of the tenancy, for any unexhausted improvements which he has effected.I Regarding the necessity of land reform, or need for abolishing in Yarying degrees landholding in huge estates, it continues : In many underdeteloped countries, the cultivators of the soil are exploited mercilessly by a landlord class which performs no useful social function. This class

Council of Europe

The second part of the twelfth ordinary session of the Consultative Assembly was held from September 21 to 29, 1960, under the chairmanship of Mr. Per Federspiel (Danish Moderate Liberal). Among the speakers who addressed the Assembly was Mr. J. O. Krag, chairman of the Committee of Ministers and Danish foreign minister. Referring to modern technology, he alleged that the greatest challenge of the times was that of disarmament, and that any new body set up to negotiate on disarmament ought to be accepted, provided its composition guaranteed a realistic approach. Then, concentrating on the problems of European integration, he welcomed the signing of the treaty establishing the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the projected membership of Canada and the United States therein. Its tasks, he pursued, were three-fold: to provide effective consultation for improving the coordination of economic policies; to promote the expansion of world trade; and to assist in the economic development of underdeveloped countries by increasing the magnitude and improving the nature of financial assistance. Another speaker was Mr. Edward Heath, minister of the United Kingdom for European affairs, who, in presenting the United Kingdom's attitude toward European integration, stated that the two main problems were the Commonwealth relationship and the demands of domestic agricultural policy. He expressed the view that it was preferable to concentrate on solving immediate practical difficulties before initiating formal negotiations, and that a solution acceptable to the Commonwealth was undoubtedly possible with further exploration.

Economic Development of Underdeveloped Countries

Economic Development of Underdeveloped Countries

Terms of Trade and Economic Development of Underdeveloped Countries: a Study of the Indian Case

Terms of Trade and Economic Development of Underdeveloped Countries: a Study of the Indian Case

Under-Developed Territories of the Commonwealth

The problem of under-developed territories is a global one and must receive the attention of the more developed territories of the world. I venture to suggest that within the Commonwealth itself the highly developed partners must make an attempt to understand our problems, to appreciate the need for assistance, and to give serious attention to this problem. I say that, because it is an incontrovertible and accepted fact that a more rapid and extensive economic development of under-developed countries and, even more, an increase of their production, are not only absolutely vital for raising the level of productive employment and the living standards of their populations, but are so necessary, so compelling, and yet so obvious for the steady and unchecked growth of the world economy as a whole. They are also vital above all for the maintenance of world peace, world stability and world security.

Small Industry in Underdeveloped Countries

In historical studies of industrialization prominent attention is usually given to the development of large-scale industry and whenever small industry is considered at all, it is usually introduced only as the starting point of, or a contrast to, large industrial enterprises. This concern with large industry also predominated in the earliest post-war discussions on the economic development of underdeveloped countries and from this period stem the famous and often ridiculed schemes of giant steel plants and other large industrial establishments in littleadvanced countries. During the last few years, however, the general climate of opinion has changed and increasing attention has been paid to small scale and even cottage industries. This has been especially pronounced in the countries of southern and southeastern Asia and is strongly supported by various studies and conferences of the Economic Commission on Asia and the Far East and other organizations associated with the United Nations operating in this part of the world.