Economic Development Of Coastal Areas Research Articles

Evaluating of the accuracy of the DTU22MDT mean dynamic topography model based on the tidal gauge data in Vietnam’s coastal areas

In this study, the accuracy of the latest mean dynamic topography model (MDT), DTU22MDT, is determined based on data collected from 14 tide gauge stations along the coast of Vietnam, from the North to the South. The process of assessing the accuracy of the DTU22MDT model is carried out carefully and precisely, involving determining the model’s height at tide gauge stations, quality checks of the data, and evaluation of the model’s accuracy. The research results indicate that, compared to the local sea surface in Vietnam, the DTU22MDT model has a higher height of approximately 0.7 meters. This model represents the global MDT with the highest accuracy in Vietnam, with a mean square error of about 9.0 cm. This information provides a basis for applying the model in scientific research and practical applications, such as constructing a national height system, planning the economic development of coastal areas, generating specialized maps, designing structures, and other activities in the maritime regions of Vietnam. The method used to evaluate the accuracy of the MDT in this study can be applied to other research areas and to different MDTs.

Research on the driving effect of marine economy on the high-quality development of regional economy – Evidence from China’s coastal areas

Exploring the driving effect of the marine economy on high-quality economic development can help improve the quality of national economic development and optimize the direction of marine economic development. Based on the data of China’s coastal areas from 2006 to 2019, this study adopts the entropy weight-TOPSIS method to comprehensively evaluate the level of marine economy and the high-quality economic development in coastal areas. Further, we use random forest regression and partial dependence plots to reveal the driving effect of the marine economy on the advancement of high-quality economic growth in China’s coastal areas. The results show that the driving effect of the marine economy on the high-quality development of coastal areas is affected by the moderating effect of the economic elements, and regions should choose their development paths according to the location of their elements in the optimal interval. Our research results can provide a scientific foundation for the formulation of differentiated economic high-quality development policies in China’s coastal areas.

Tracking annual changes of coastal aquaculture ponds in China during 1986–2021

The rapid expansion of coastal aquaculture ponds has made outstanding contributions to global food security and economic development in coastal areas, but this expansion inevitably has a significant impact on coastal ecosystems. Strengthening the spatiotemporal monitoring of aquaculture ponds is crucial for optimizing coastal land use and efficiently managing aquaculture ponds. However, aquaculture pond data on national scale and interannual variability are lacking. Here, we utilized Landsat times series images from 1986 to 2021 to generate annual maps of aquaculture ponds in China's coastal areas and investigated its spatiotemporal characteristics. We find that the overall accuracy of our aquaculture ponds classification was over 90% each year. Aquaculture ponds were concentrated in Bohai Bay, the Jiangsu Coastal Plain, and the Pearl River Delta in China's coastal areas. The time series of aquaculture ponds change could be divided into three stages: rapid growth (1986–2000), stable growth (2001–2016), and a slow decline (2017–2021). The spatial evolution of aquaculture ponds was characterized by (1) continuous seaward expansion, (2) continuous inland and seaward expansion, (3) continuous inland expansion, (4) continuous expansion and then shrinkage, and (5) rapid shrinkage. Moreover, the main aquaculture ponds classification errors were salt pans, reservoirs, abandoned ponds, port facilities, lakes, and pit ponds. Our study demonstrated a new method for applying satellite remote sensing for coastal ecosystem management, and our maps and findings can be used to optimize the development and sustainability of coastal aquaculture ponds.

Digital economy, binary factor mismatch and sustainable economic development of coastal areas in China

In order to promote the sustainable economic development, it is critical employ the digital economy to solve the mismatch dilemma of land and marine factors in coastal areas. It analyzed the influencing mechanisms between the digital economy, land and labor factor mismatch and coastal economic sustainable development using network development and new economic growth theories. The intermediary and regulating effect models were used for empirical tests using panel data from 11 Chinese coastal provinces (city or district) between 2009 and 2018. Results found that: (1) Digital economy promoted the sustainable development of land and marine binary economies in coastal areas; (2) Digital economy improved the factor mismatch of land and marine binary economies, which further affected the sustainable economic development; (3) Market integration is conducive to alleviating land and marine factor mismatch and strengthening the optimization effect of the digital economy on the factor mismatch. This research provides a new perspective for clarifying the mechanism of the digital economy on sustainable economic development, as well as a reference for the realization of rational allocation of factor resources and sustainable economic development by taking factor mismatch of land and marine binary economies and market integration as the intermediary variables and regulatory variables.

Short communication: Forecasting Shellfish Aquaculture Threats. An Earth Observation Derived Tool Aiming at Avoiding Microbiological Public Health Hazards

Shellfish aquaculture is of great importance in offering a sustainable food source, thus playing a major role towards achieving food security and nutrition, employment, and economic development in coastal areas. Mussel aquaculture, in particular, offers a substantial development opportunity for Black Sea riparian countries; however, a significant attention must be given to zoo-sanitary conditions and public health, considering the filter-feeding behaviour of these organisms. With the involvement of GFCM’s Aquaculture Demonstrative Center (hosted by NIMRD), the microbiological classification of bivalve mollusk production and relaying areas in Romania was performed. Yet, the regular monitoring of these areas is not enough to prevent accidental contamination of shellfish farms, in case a potential harmful discharge from a wastewater treatment plant occurs. In this contet, the goal of our research was to develop a prediction tool, focused on an early warning system of any possibly microbiologically loaded water discharge (Escherichia coli), using a downscaling of CMEMS Earth Observation data and in situ validation. The developed service module can give farmers the ability to predict a potential harmful outbreak and decide to harvest earlier or later and/or keep the mussels in a purification tank before marketing, in order to avoid any possible E. coli contaminated harvest to be put on the market involuntarily.

How does ocean policy affect the economic development of coastal areas?

How does ocean policy affect the economic development of coastal areas?

Assessment of groundwater salinization impact in coastal aquifers based on the shared socioeconomic pathways: An integrated modeling approach

Seawater intrusion (SWI) has become a significant threat to human health and sustainable economic development in coastal areas with the rapid pace of climate change. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the response of SWI to climate change. However, most studies cannot reflect the direct impact of future climate change on groundwater salinity. This study first established the SWAT-MODFLOW coupled model after unifying both spatiotemporal computational units. Streamflow, groundwater level observation data, etc., were used to calibrate and validate the coupled model. And then SEAWAT model was loaded into the coupled model to form a new integrated model. Finally, precipitation of six Global Climate Models (GCMs) under two shared socioeconomic pathways (1–2.6 and 5–8.5 scenarios) was imported into the above calibrated integrated model separately to make SWI prediction from December 30, 2020, to December 30, 2030. The results show that this integrated model accurately reflected the study area's current flow and concentration field distribution. Precipitation under different ssps had little effect on future SWI, while the uncertainty of SWI prediction was mainly derived from different GCMs. This study provides important implications for exploring the occurrence and the prediction of SWI in the coastal aquifer. It has specific reference significance for the optimal management of water resources in coastal areas and the effective mitigation of SWI.

Characterization of seawater intrusion based on machine learning and implications for offshore management under shared socioeconomic paths

With the increase of climate change and the risk of human activities, seawater intrusion has become an essential threat to human health and sustainable economic development in coastal areas. Therefore, identifying the critical features of seawater intrusion is significantly important, but the existing research on it is insufficient. Moreover, most of the work cannot reflect the direct impact of different shared socioeconomic paths on groundwater salinity in the future. To solve this problem, this study first established a numerical model of variable density flow for the Dagu River Basin based on SEAWAT to analyze the main aquifers' current flow field and concentration field distribution. Then two machine learning methods, random forest and mutual information methods, are introduced to identify critical features of seawater intrusion for the first time. Finally, taking the characteristics affected by climate are used as variables for selecting GCMs, the seawater intrusion in the study area is predicted by six GCMs under shared socioeconomic paths (ssp1-2.6 and ssp5-8.5) from 2020.12.30 to 2030.12.30. The findings indicate that regional precipitation and groundwater extraction exert significant influence on seawater intrusion, with the hydraulic conductivity of the primary aquifer also demonstrating crucial importance. Moreover, it is observed that the potential impact of different shared socioeconomic paths on future variations of seawater intrusion is negligible. This study verifies the effectiveness of machine learning in seawater intrusion analysis to a certain extent and has specific reference significance for the optimal management of water resources in coastal areas and the effective mitigation of seawater intrusion.

Impact of International Maritime Security Threats on Economic Development of Coastal Areas in Delta and Rivers States

With pervasive international maritime security threats in the region, especially sea piracy and oil theft, Nigeria loses huge sums of money in export revenues and this reverberates on the wellbeing of residents of coastal areas whose major means of livelihood depends on the maritime sector. The purpose of this paper was to assess the impact of international maritime security threats on economic development in coastal areas of Delta and Rivers States with particular reference to unemployment and poverty levels in the areas. This paper is built around the structural conflict theory of Marxism paradigm at state-level of analysis, which is vital in the understanding of how international maritime security is related to the exploitative nature of the capitalist system, which enabled economically advanced countries to buy cheap stolen crude oil from coastal areas in Nigeria. The sample size of the study was 385 respondents drawn from a population of 9,925 people comprising of staff from Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nigeria Customs Service, Nigeria Police Force and Nigeria Maritime Administration and Safety Agency in delta and Rivers States. The population of the study equally includes staff drawn from Togolese, Benin republic and Senegalese embassies Abuja as well as operators of shipping businesses, fishing groups and oil servicing firms in Warri, Port Harcourt, Oporoza and Bonny. Primary data were collected from close-ended and open-ended questionnaire and in-depth interview. Also, data were collected from secondary source. Data from questionnaire were analysed using simple percentages and absolute frequencies, while data from in-depth interview were analysed using narrative analytic technique. Data from secondary source were analysed using relational-content analysis. Findings showed that international maritime security threats in Nigeria maritime domain increases poverty and unemployment levels in coastal areas of Delta and Rivers States as well as transnational cooperation as well as collaboration are among the effective measures in combating negative impacts of international maritime security threats in Nigeria coastal waters on coastal areas in delta and Rivers States. Among other things, it was recommended that the federal government should urgently activate the use of relevant international instruments for combating sea piracy and oil theft in the coastal areas in Rivers and Delta States for enhanced economic development.

Hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater in a coastal area, central western Senegal

One of the most serious problems affecting coastal aquifers is seawater intrusion. Senegal is currently facing an increased demand for freshwater resources due to population growth and economic development in coastal areas. In areas affected by saltwater contamination, chloride concentrations as high as 8880 mg/L were measured in groundwater samples taken from wells near the coastal zone, indicating deterioration in water quality. Our study aims to identify the zones of degradation of the water quality by determining the chemical composition of groundwater and the geochemical processes controlling the chemical patterns. Hydrogeochemical (Piper and Chadha diagrams, chloroalkaline indices, normalized bivariate plots) and multivariate statistical (Hierarchical cluster analyses) techniques were used. Forty-two groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for concentrations of major and some minor ions, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), temperature, and pH. From samples we were able to establish a diagnosis of the very heterogeneous quality of the groundwater in this area. The average pH of the groundwater is 7.6 and about 80% of the groundwater samples have a TDS below 1000 mg/L. On the other hand, the EC values are very heterogeneous with very high conductivities in coastal areas. Approximately, 80% of the groundwater samples have a TDS less than 1000 mg/L and EC values are very heterogeneous. The dominant water types in the study area are Na-Cl water type (less than 10% of the samples) characteristic of the spatial evolution of groundwater salinization from west to east, mixed Ca-Mg-Cl due to fresh water/salt water contact and Ca-Mg-HCO3 water-type (nearly 56% of the samples) to the east. A hydrogeochemical zonation of the aquifer, based on the presence of different water families allows us to visualize the highly degraded (west), mixed (center) and healthy (east) zones. Chloroalkaline indices and normalized bivariate plots show that the chemistry of groundwater is controlled mainly by water-rock interaction and evaporation processes. As water-rock interaction processes, dissolution of carbonate and evaporite, weathering of silicate, ions exchange regulates major ion chemistry.

Interannual changes of coastal aquaculture ponds in China at 10-m spatial resolution during 2016–2021

The rapid growth of coastal aquaculture has strongly supported global food security and economic development of coastal areas in the past few decades but has also caused remarkable impacts on coastal ecosystems. Accurate delineation of coastal aquaculture extent and changes is thus significant for improving coastal zone management toward sustainability. Here, by means of Sentinel-2 images, we propose an effective and rapid approach that combines simple non-iterative clustering (SNIC) with hierarchical decision trees (HDT), so-called SNIC-HDT, to generate fine-resolution coastal aquaculture pond data at the national scale of China. The SNIC-HDT fully considers the spatial heterogeneity of coastal aquaculture ponds and performs accurate segmentation by determining the optimal segmentation scale for coastal aquaculture ponds with different sizes and shapes. In addition, the SNIC-HDT incorporates temporal features into the establishment of HDT and thus effectively distinguishes coastal aquaculture ponds from other water bodies. In support of the Google Earth Engine platform, we employed 85,501 scenes of Sentinel-2 images and generated the first annual 10-m spatial resolution national coastal aquaculture pond dataset of China between 2016 and 2021 (China_CAP), with an overall classification accuracy of more than 90%. This dataset reveals that total area of China's coastal aquaculture ponds experienced a substantial loss of 13.21% from 9769 km2 in 2016 to 8629 km2 in 2021. The most remarkable areal reduction occurred in Zhejiang Province, with a decrease rate of 38.24%, followed by Guangdong (27.93%), and these reductions were mostly related to the policy of retuning aquaculture ponds to natural wetlands. Coastal aquaculture ponds in Fujian and Tianjin provinces experienced slight areal gains (7.24% and 2.13%). The results generated in this study could provide a basis for the conservation of habitats of migratory water birds on the East Asia-Australia Flyway and are of great scientific and practical importance to support the evaluation of Sustainable Development Goals.

The inhibitory effects of Ulva prolifera extracts on early growth of Spartina alterniflora and the underlying mechanisms

Spartina alterniflora, a highly invasive plant, has caused a serious threat to ecosystem biodiversity and economic development in coastal areas of many countries. In this study, the allelopathic effect of Ulva prolifera extracts on seed germination and seedling growth of S. alterniflora was studied. The results showed that three different treatments (water, methanol and ethyl acetate extract) could inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of S. alterniflora by reducing the germination proportion and germination index of seeds, decreasing the seedling length and root length of seedlings, and affecting the lipid peroxidation and enzyme activity. The higher the concentration of the extracts, the higher the inhibition effect. When the aqueous extract concentration reached 0.20g/mL, the germination proportion of S. alterniflora decreased to 49.53% of the control. RNA-seq analysis showed that the expression of genes related to amino acid metabolism and photosynthesis were both upregulated, and genes related to energy generation and metabolism were both downregulated after adding the extracts. GC-MS analysis indicated that the U. prolifera extract was rich in organic acids, alcohols and esters, among which butanoic acid, butyl ester, Valine and Hexanedioic acid, bis (2-ethylhexyl) ester might be the dominant allelochemicals. In order to facilitate field dosing, prolong action time and control release effect, PVA/SA hydrogel embedded U. prolifera extract was used to obtain a sustained-release agent. In addition, the survival rate of S. alterniflora was significantly reduced, which was only 21.67% at the salinity of 30ppt. The results of this study provide a feasible method for controlling the invasion of S. alterniflora and achieving the waste utilization of U. prolifera.

Affirming logistics activities toward minimizing waste in marine products based on omen role in Tegal, Indonesia

Women have an important role in economic development in coastal areas. One of the roles is to process the remaining marine products which are used as side activities to increase the family’ incomes. The processing activities is realized to produce added value products by minimizing marine products waste. this research aims to observe the women role in minimizing of marine products waste based on logistics activities. It is due to limited study mentioned about marine products waste assessment. The used method is quantitative with statistical test is ANOVA. The results show there is significant factor that has correlation with logistics activities. The factors are estimated amount of processed marine products and the daily income. The estimated amount of processed marine products has significant with unsold product that is given to nearest neighbor. Daily income has significant with storage, decrease the products quality, and bad weather. Moreover, by gaining appropriate storage, women have role to add their knowledge about inventory. They can collaborate with interested party to provide sufficient storage. In addition, the good storage can keep the processed marine product quality. The appropriate storage especially cold storage can keep the raw material inventory during bad weather.

Hydrochemical Evolution and Nitrogen Behaviors in Coastal Groundwater Suffered From Seawater Intrusion and Anthropogenic Inputs

Coastal aquifers play key roles in providing freshwater resources to maintain the social and economic development in coastal areas. However, climate change and human activities have dramatically affected the quantities and qualities of groundwater in coastal aquifers. In this study, stoichiometric analysis of hydrogeochemistry, multivariate analysis, and isotopic trancing techniques were used to reveal the local hydrochemistry characteristics, the natural and anthropogenic origins, and the major hydrochemical evolution in a typical coastal aquifer located in the Pearl River estuary. According to hydrogeological conditions and groundwater burial conditions, the aquifer was divided into three zones, namely, semiconfined fissure groundwater (SFGW), recharged fissure groundwater (RFGW), and porous medium groundwater (PGW). Seawater intrusion, ion exchange, water–rock reaction, and human activities were the main controlling factors affecting the characteristics of groundwater, but there were significant differences in the main controlling effects of different zones. Among them, the samples from the SFGW was severely affected by seawater intrusion, and the contributions of seawater ranged from 6% to 97%. Obvious cation exchange process occurred during the seawater intrusion. The hydrochemical characteristics of the PGW and the RFGW were mainly controlled by water–rock interaction. In addition, human activities had further influence on the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater, which resulted in elevated nitrate–nitrogen (NO3−–N). The mean NO3–N concentrations in the PGW and the SFGW were 6.58 and 3.07 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the δ15N–NO3− and δ18O–NO3− values in these two regions ranged from +2.35‰ to +27.54‰ and from +0.39‰ to +18.95‰, respectively, indicating that the anthropogenic input contributed to the increased nitrate. Redox analysis and dual nitrogen isotopic evidence indicated that denitrification was the predominant biogeochemical process in the PGW and the RFGW. This study highlights the impacts of seawater intrusion and anthropogenic inputs on hydrochemical evolution and nitrogen behaviors in coastal groundwater, which provides a scientific basis for the management of groundwater resources in coastal aquifers.

Identifying the characteristics and potential risk of seawater intrusion for southern China by the SBM-DEA model

Seawater intrusion (SWI) seriously affects the economic development of coastal areas in southern China, and understanding its mechanisms is the basis for effective control of SWI. Hydrogeochemical methods and slack-based measurement data envelopment analysis (SBM-DEA) are used to study the characteristics and potential risk of SWI in coastal cities of southern China. Types and distribution of SWI, coastal groundwater evolution, geological-geographic and economic threatens of SWI, potential SWI risk, and environmental management recommendations are explored. The results show that the intrusion areas of Zhejiang and Guangdong account for 94.1 % of the total intrusion area of southern China, and the intrusion degree in Zhejiang is the highest, followed by Guangdong and Fujian. SWI is prone to occur on the sandy and silty coasts of the plain area of southern China; it accelerates the groundwater evolution speed and shortens the evolution path. SBM-DEA can be well applied to evaluate the potential risk of SWI events, and the results indicate a noticeable difference in the environmental performance level of coastal cities in southern China. The low environmental performance level (<0.3) and severe SWI of Taizhou and Zhanjiang indicate that SWI gradually worsens with economic development. In contrast, the high environmental performance level (>0.7) and low SWI of Wenzhou, Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Shantou, and Beihai indicate that the potential risk of SWI is gradually decreasing. Moreover, this study confirms that the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) phenomenon exists in SWI events for southern China, and SWI-EKC indicates that the urban development of south China is approaching maturity. The specific case of SWI and EPL in coastal cities of south China jointly indicates that optimizing industrial structure, implementing a resources management policy, and improving citizens' environmental awareness are fundamental measures to resolve the contradiction between economic development and environmental problems.

Coupling hydrochemistry and stable isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) to identify the major factors affecting the hydrochemical evolution of groundwater in the Western Yellow Sea Coast, China

Groundwater, as an invaluable freshwater resource, has a significant impact on the social and economic development of coastal areas. The Western Yellow Sea coast (WYSC), located in the eastern part of China, is considered one of the most prosperous areas in terms of economic development, with considerable demand for water. In this study, a total of 160 groundwater samples were collected in the field, for which the Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, SO42−, HCO3−, F−, Br−, δ2H, and δ18O contents were determined. We studied the chemical characteristics, sources of dissolved substances, hydrogeochemical processes, and the difference between the chemical characteristics of groundwater in two areas of the WYSC, the Shandong part (SDP) and Jiangsu part (JSP). The results indicate that the major sources of dissolved substances in the groundwater of WYSC were mineral dissolution and seawater intrusion (SWI). SDP was mainly affected by mineral dissolution, whereas JSP was significantly affected by SWI. The major source of groundwater recharge in the WYSC was precipitation; moreover, the groundwater recharge was affected by seawater and evaporation. The groundwater in the SDP was affected by modern SWI, whereas that in JSP was affected by palaeo SWI. SWI not only directly changes the chemical composition of groundwater via mixing but also indirectly changes it by influencing the hydrogeochemical processes. SWI can also lead to the formation of high-fluoride groundwater. Therefore, feasible measures should be incorporated to prevent SWI and ensure drinking water safety for the inhabitants.

A coupling methodology of the analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight theory for assessing coastal water quality.

Rapid economic development in coastal areas has gradually increased the risk of coastal water quality deterioration. The assessment methods of coastal water quality are multifarious, but many depend on either subjective judgment or objective calculation. We proposed a weighted sum methodology by integrating the subjective analytic hierarchy process and objective entropy theory (AHP-entropy weight methodology) to obtain an overall evaluation of coastal water quality. The mathematical models to transform the biochemical and physical parameter values and soluble substance concentrations into index scores have been formulated in comparison to the national water quality classification scheme. The application of the AHP-entropy weight methodology was demonstrated in the nearshore area of Yangjiang city, China, based on 23 seawater sampling stations in autumn 2017 and spring 2018. Datasets including biochemical and physical parameters, nutrients, and heavy metals have been converted into water quality index scores based on the proposed mathematical model. Results revealed that the overall water quality fell into the "good" class in both sampling seasons. The spatial distribution of the water quality index scores demonstrated that the relatively worse water quality occurred in estuarine and nearshore areas, signifying the negative effect of coastal anthropogenic activities. The statistical analyses like the hierarchical cluster analysis interpreted that the river input acted as a main source of pollutants in the study area. The AHP-entropy weight methodology could be a preferred way to assist decision-makers in properly evaluating the current state of coastal water quality in an unbiased, objective manner.

Analysis of Household Food Security of Fishermen in Coastal Area, Bangil District, Pasuruan Regency

The low income of fishermen makes it difficult to fulfill basic household food needs and non-food basic needs. The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of energy adequacy and the level of protein adequacy and identify the factors that affect the food security of fishermen's households. The first analysis was carried out descriptively by combining food expenditure and energy consumption indicators. The second analysis uses a logit model regression analysis. The analysis results show that the food security condition of fishermen's households is at the food shortage level of 43.34%. Fisherman households in the food insecurity criteria are 10%, and food security is 23.33%. It means that more than 60% of fishermen's household income is spent on food consumption. The low income received has resulted in fisherman households being unable to allocate food expenditures to meet the nutritional adequacy of their household. The factors that influence the food security of fishermen's households are the size of the household members, household expenditures, and the nutritional knowledge of housewives. Local governments should coordinate with other institutions to formulate policies and plans for economic development in coastal areas.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Coastline climate and coastal library cultural information management based on geographic information system (GIS)

Typhoon is caused by the action of sea level and atmosphere. It is a kind of natural disaster with relatively strong destructive ability, which will seriously affect the development of coastal areas. Typhoon weather usually causes large-scale rainstorms and strong winds. Strong winds and heavy rains will form storm surges and large waves on the sea, and the damage to the coast is very huge and obvious. In order to reduce the damage caused to people by typhoon weather, researchers need to conduct specific analysis on the occurrence of typhoons. Only by grasping the trajectory and law of typhoon activities can they provide a basis for people to prevent typhoon disasters in advance. In the data analysis, this study built a functional analysis model in the geographic information system, used the pixel scale to measure the specific situation of typhoon landing, and combined the population distribution and total economic growth in my country’s coastal areas. A further analysis was made on the spatial distribution of typhoons, and the results of the analysis can provide certain help to the economic development of coastal areas in my country. This article also studies the development of tourism in coastal areas, puts forward effective suggestions for the establishment and development of library culture, and advocates that people make full use of the advantages of library culture to improve the level of tourism development in coastal areas.

Community and City Government Participation in Coastal Coastal Area Conservation: a study in Pariaman City.

Irregularities in spatial use that are not in accordance with regional planning resulting in reduced protected and buffer zone space in Pariaman City. The research objective was to analyze the causes of the deviation in spatial use from the point of view of the sustainability of the coastal area in Pariaman City. The research method is a combination of qualitative research methods with quantitative research methods using a spatial approach using geographic information systems (GIS). The results show that the harmonization analysis between Law 26 of 2007 article 5 and Law 1 of 2014 article 9 and RTRW are appropriate: Coastal areas are used as protected and buffer areas, but the use of existing land is not in accordance with the harmonization analysis of the two laws and regulations. By the existence of a built-up area in an area that should be a buffer zone. The participation of the community and city government in the management of the coastal area causes this deviation: Lack of knowledge of residents about the zoning of customary rights over are two contributing factors. The city government which prioritizes the economic development of coastal areas with tourism development threatens the ecology and coastal resources Keyword: Environmental Management, Conservation, Coasta areas, Community participation, Zoning