Economic Development Of Bangladesh Research Articles

ICT Adoption and Its Effects on the Economic Growth of Bangladesh: A Time Series Analysis

Understanding information and communication technology (ICT) adoption’s particular effects on a nation like Bangladesh is critical because ICT adoption continues to play a significant role in promoting economic progress globally. By analysing the relationships between ICT use and economic growth in Bangladesh, this study examines data from 2002 through 2021 using a time series analysis. ICT export, gross capital formation, mobile cellular subscriptions, government budget allocation, and foreign direct investment are just a few of the independent variables the study takes into account in relation to ICT adoption. These factors were selected based on their applicability to the adoption of ICT and their potential impact on economic expansion. According to the results of the time series research, the ICT sector’s growing exports have a favourable and considerable impact on long-term economic growth. Mobile cellular subscriptions negatively affect economic growth, with significant short-term impact and insignificant long-term effect. The influence of the government budget is detrimental but insignificant for both long-term and short-term economic growth. The study comes to the conclusion that Bangladesh’s economic development is significantly benefited by the adoption of ICT. The study also highlights the significance of government assistance through budgetary allocation and strategies that draw in foreign direct investment. The results can direct the development of policies and evidence-based decision-making to use ICT adoption as an accelerator for sustained economic development in Bangladesh.

Intimate Extractions: Demand Dowry and Neoliberal Development in Dhaka, Bangladesh

ABSTRACTBased on qualitative research on marital problems in Dhaka, this article uses the term ‘intimate extractions’ as a lens to explain the relationship between escalating levels of demand dowry and neoliberal development in Bangladesh. Evidence from across Bangladesh shows that demands for cash made by husbands, accompanied by threats of violence or divorce, are on the rise. Building on gendered theories of contemporary capitalist development and feminist analysis of microcredit, the article argues that demand dowry should be understood within the current context of rapid economic development in Bangladesh. High levels of precarity, lack of state welfare and the need for cash for businesses, labour migration, education and healthcare mean that people from all social classes are in perpetual need of money. Marriage problems and the practice of demand dowry present opportunities for husbands to extract money from wives and their families. Embedded in the intimate relationship of marriage, demand dowry can therefore be understood as a ‘conversion’, a process in which intimate relationships are converted into projects of capital accumulation, thus becoming an ‘intimate extraction’.

Does the pharmaceutical industry’s growth relate to Bangladesh’s macroeconomic stability?

PurposeThis study empirically aims to examine the relationship between Bangladesh’s pharmaceutical industry growth and macroeconomic indicators such as the inflation rate, gross domestic product (GDP) growth, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, exchange rate and export growth through the long- and short-run relationship.Design/methodology/approachUsing the time series data from 1986 to 2020, this study was developed based on the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework for co-integration. In contrast, the Toda–Yamamoto Granger Causality approach was also used for finding the direction of causality.FindingsThis study used the ARDL bounds test, which found strong co-integration among the variables, indicating a long-term relationship between them. In the long run, inflation, exchange rate and export growth significantly positively influence the pharmaceutical industry’s growth. Surprisingly, an FDI inflow has a negative impact. In the short term, the exchange rate and GDP growth were found to influence the growth of the pharmaceutical industry positively. Bidirectional causality between the growth of the pharmaceutical industry and the exchange rate was also identified using the Granger causality approach.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper emphasizes developing the policy as well as making concrete decisions regarding the development of the pharmaceutical industry and economic development in Bangladesh. The results also highlight the necessity for strategic macroeconomic management to support this sector’s long-term development and global competitiveness.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is conducted to identify the short- and long-run relationship of pharmaceutical industry development with the economic indicators and progress, where no study has been found on this dimension.

A study on millennium development goals and sustainable development goals: Lesson from Bangladesh

This paper aims to present the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the general inclusive growth of the world and Bangladesh in particular. With the passing of time, the world economy and economic systems have been changing rapidly in order to reach the development facilities of the deprived people living in the world. For this, the United Nations and world leaders have undertaken Millennium Development Goals to reduce the extreme economic hardship of the deprived people living there. Based upon MDGs, the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh has undertaken Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to reduce the extreme poverty of the people living in Bangladesh. The study is mainly based on secondary information. Data have been collected from different publications from the United Nations, different websites, and institutional publications. During analysis of the collected data, it is seen that the steps undertaken by the Government of Bangladesh to reduce extreme poverty have become effective and the economic development of Bangladesh has been moving towards sustainability because the deprived section of people has started improving their lives and to some extent starts entering into development opportunities available in Bangladesh.

Health status assessment of people adjacent to temporary waste disposal sites in Khulna city, Bangladesh

Despite rapid population growth, urbanization, and economic development in Bangladesh, there is a lack of evidence to measure the impact of dumpsites on human health and the environment. This study sought to assess the health impact of temporary disposal sites in Khulna city on residents living nearby. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaire surveys surrounding the dumpsite areas. Altogether 180 households were surveyed by random sampling approach from >50 m (close to the dumpsites, CD) and 50–300 m radius (away from the dumpsites, AD) of the dumpsite. The participants were mostly employed with low income (<US$185.54 per month) and living more than 10 years in the community. This study found that the main concern for residents in both communities was the odor emanating from the dumpsites, with 74% of respondents identifying this as their primary concern. Approximately 18% of respondents claimed that the smoke from burning waste had the most severe impact on their health. The most common health problems reported by participants were dysentery, diarrhea, pulmonary diseases, asthma, and allergies. Diarrhea was reported by most of the respondents in both communities, such as 32.1% in the CD community and 22.8% in the AD community. Whereas chest-related illness (16.98%) and asthma (11.32%) were reported more frequently in the CD community. Participants living close to the dumpsites were found to be statistically significant victims of health problems, water pollution and unpleasant odor. However, the results did not show a significant effect of proximity to the dumpsite on causing waterborne and airborne diseases among those with higher incomes and better employment. This study suggests conducting a more comprehensive investigation in the study area to unravel the specific impacts of dumpsites on human health. The city corporation authority should follow sustainable municipal solid waste management practices and consider green energy production from waste using cutting-edge technologies.

Women Economic Development in Bangladesh: Framework of National Policy and Success

Women Economic Development in Bangladesh: Framework of National Policy and Success

Killing billions to save millions? Analyzing the double jeopardy of fossil-fuel-led economic development in Bangladesh

According to the Global Climate Risk Index, Bangladesh is the world’s seventh most climate-vulnerable nation. Being on the verge of facing extreme climatic backlash emerging from unwitting economic development, Bangladesh must comprehend that the current economic growth is not a panacea for its environmental integrity. However, considering Bangladesh’s recent economic sustainability, curbing economic development will be uninviting. As such, we propose a conceptual framework to obtain environmental integrity without decommissioning economic development. Deploying data from 1972 to 2020 and novel econometric methodologies, we unearth that FDI ameliorates Bangladesh’s environmental quality, whereas export with no comparative advantage jeopardizes it due to its redundancy issue. Considering export and FDI as substitutionary in Bangladesh, we support for FDI-led development for an interim period until the redundant export issue is resolved. Furthermore, exchange rate depreciation increases CO2 emissions. We advocate an exchange rate appreciation policy that will curb redundant exports and improve environmental quality. Findings also validate the EKC hypothesis in both the short run and long run. Turning point estimation indicates that Bangladesh is still below the required income level to phase out growth-induced CO2 emissions. Moreover, natural resource rent improves environmental quality, whereas consumption of non-renewables degrades it. Besides, gross domestic savings (GDS), agricultural value-addition (AVA), and primary schooling increase emissions. We propose GDS and FDI be channeled into the AVA sectors to equip them with green technologies. This paper further suggests including fundamental concepts of climate change education in pre- and secondary-level textbooks to indoctrinate the younger section of society on environmental pollution.

Challenges and Adaptations for Resilient Rice Production under Changing Environments in Bangladesh

Rice-based food production is crucial for food security, socio-political stability, and economic development in Bangladesh. However, climate and environmental changes pose serious challenges to sustainable rice production in the country. This review paper critically reviews the status, challenges, and adaptation opportunities of Bangladeshi rice systems in changing environmental, demographic, and socio-economic settings. A mixed-methods approach (quantitative summary of secondary data on rice production, environmental changes, impact on rice productivity; and qualitative thematic synthesis) was used to review adaptation for resilient rice production. Significant agronomic and environmental challenges to rice-based cropping in Bangladesh are posed by rising temperatures, anomalous rainfall patterns, extreme weather, and increasing salinisation. Rice production, availability, and access have been further compromised by decreasing arable areas, labour shortages, crop diversification, and low profitability. Farmers are adapting through autonomous and centrally planned strategies such as efficient irrigation and input use, stress-tolerant cultivars, mechanisation, and income diversification. However, profitable and sustainable adaptation requires broader facilitation by the government (e.g., infrastructure, financial incentives) and agribusiness (e.g., extension services, contracting). This review paper recommends research and development support for efficient irrigation management and stress-tolerant cultivars, enabling policy initiatives, and equitable value chain participation. The insights of the review can be applied to policymakers to target policy design and decision-making for a sustainable rice system in years to come.

Tigers at a crossroads: Shedding light on the role of Bangladesh in the illegal trade of this iconic big cat

AbstractUnsustainable wildlife trade is a major threat to many species, but quantifying trade remains challenging, as seizure data provides an incomplete understanding. For this reason, integrating multiple types of information, including interviews with actors involved in trade, is crucial if we are to understand the problem better. Hence, in this study, we digitized Bangladesh Forest Department tiger seizure records to identify trade routes and interviewed 163 individuals involved in trafficking tigers through Bangladesh's air, sea and land ports, including poachers, smugglers, and traders. We identified six ports used to import tigers, 14 ports used for tiger export and three ports showing bi‐directional trade. Elite Bangladeshis were the most important consumer group, and tigers were sourced from populations in NE India, Myanmar and Bangladesh Sundarbans to supply domestic demand. Tiger products were exported to 14 countries, including seven G20 nations, with Bangladeshi expatriates as the consumer group in three countries (United Kingdom, Germany and Qatar). Rising economic development in Bangladesh over the last decade, combined with deep‐rooted cultural ties to tiger consumption, has led to a rise in domestic demand. Additionally, rapid growth in international transport links has increased smuggling and connected local traders with global markets, increasing the complexity of global trade. These findings suggest Bangladesh is poised to play a pivotal role in tiger conservation over the next decade, requiring strong national strategies to reduce trade opportunities, disrupt networks and weaken demand.

Study of a Sewing Line of an RMG Factory and Productivity Improvement through Line Balancing

The RMG industries play a major role in the economic development of Bangladesh. However, in the current business environment, like every other country all over the world, this sector also faces some troubles related to resource constraints like time, cost, materials, etc. So, to ensure the sustainability and competitiveness of the RMG industries of Bangladesh, productivity improvement becomes the key factor. For this reason, this research aims to measure and improve the productivity of other performances of a sewing line of a selected RMG industry. This study uses time study, expert opinions, and the line-balancing method. This research finds that before improvement in the line efficiency, total idle time, and the number of workstations is 43.04%, 9.401 minutes per cycle, and 19 respectively. But after improvement in the line efficiency, total idle time and number of workstations become 81.78%, 1.6087 minutes per cycle, and 10 respectively. Thus, the findings of this research prove that implementing a line-balancing strategy in the sewing section of RMG industries can boost productivity. So, this research can be useful for other RMG industries for future implementation.

CO-INTEGRATION ANALYSIS OF REMITTANCES, EXPORTS, AND GDP IN BANGLADESH: IMPLICATIONS FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT REDUCTION

&lt;p&gt;Remittances and exports are significant sources of foreign exchange earnings for developing nations. This study explores the relationship between remittances, exports, and economic development in Bangladesh. Using the Johansen co-integration approach, the study finds evidence of co-integration among the variables. The results also show that remittances have a significant positive effect on the gross domestic product (GDP) of Bangladesh, while exports do not have a direct impact on GDP. Furthermore, the Granger causality test reveals that there is no significant and positive relationship between remittances and exports. The study suggests that remittances play a vital role in the economic development of Bangladesh by creating employment opportunities, increasing the level of reserves amount, making payments on imports, balancing the balance of payments, and developing other socio-economic aspects. This is especially important in a country where unemployment is a significant issue, and every day the rate of unemployment is increasing. Therefore, policymakers should take into consideration the potential risks and benefits of migration and remittances and adopt appropriate policies to mitigate any negative impacts. Overall, this study contributes to the literature on the impact of remittances and exports on economic development and provides important policy implications for reducing unemployment in Bangladesh. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;JEL&lt;/strong&gt;: F02; F14; F24&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/soc/0026/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Exploring the Impact of Inflation on Economic Development in Bangladesh

Exploring the Impact of Inflation on Economic Development in Bangladesh

Women Empowerment-Economic Development Nexus: Bangladesh and Vietnam in Comparative Perspective

This study aims to highlight the bidirectional relationship between women’s empowerment and economic development in Bangladesh (South Asia) and Vietnam (Southeast Asia). The study investigates the U-shaped hypothesis for both countries to figure out the impact of economic development on women’s empowerment. With an econometric approach, the research runs the regression model by the Pooled Regression, Fixed Effect, and Random Effect models with Panel data from (1991-2019) to estimate the impact of women’s empowerment on economic development. Female labor force participation rate and Real GDP per capita are used as the proxy indicator of women’s empowerment and economic development respectively. In the regression model, Real GDP per capita is used as the dependent variable, and the female labor force participation rate as the independent variable. Fertility rate, Mortality rate, and Female employment to population ratio are used as controlled variables. The study demonstrates women's empowerment through the Human Development Index and Global Gender Gap Index. In Global Gender Gap Index, Vietnam is ahead in economic participation and opportunity (sub-index), and educational attainment (sub-index), whereas Bangladesh leads in health and survival (sub-index), and political empowerment (sub-index). However, the regression result shows that the female labor force participation rate, fertility rate, and mortality rate have a negative significance on economic development, whereas the female employment to population ratio has a positive significance on economic development in Bangladesh and Vietnam. The existing U-shape in Vietnam proves that women empowerment and economic development nexus is commendable whereas an upward pattern, not a U-shape exists in Bangladesh.

The Role of Audio Visual Contents on the Economic Development of Bangladesh: A Systematic Review

Background: Information is defined as any written audio-visual contents that convey knowledge about a novel person, place, item, circumstance, or environment and communication is the act of transmitting a message to another person. To do so, a sender and a recipient are required as well as a medium, coherent message, and conversation. In this digital age, audio-visual digital contents are playing a significant role on the sustainable economic development of the world. Objectives: The aim of this current review article was to identify the role of audio visual contents on the economic development of Bangladesh. Methodology: An electronic literature search was conducted for the data databases of the study. The data of this study were retrieved from Scopus and Google scholar published from 2004 to 2022. The reference lists of all included studies and relevant systematic reviews were also evaluated to identify additional research. All searches were restricted to English-language and research on humans only. The PRISMA standards were followed to perform this systematic review. Results: Wider use of audio-visual contents can build-up technological knowledge, attitude and practice in cultivationamong the rural farmers. As a result, agricultural productivity is being improved. At the same time, Audio- visual digital contents are playing a potential role to promote teaching-learning process of Bangladesh and simultaneously which can strongly claim that audio-visual contents have a positive contribution to the promotion of GDP of Bangladesh economy. Conclusion :After reviewing the articles it was identified that there are certain role of audio visual contents in agricultural sector and increase knowledge, attitude and practice which has certain impact in other sector like health care, and education. Further project and study required to know the audio-visual concept in-depth contribution of the society. Keywords: Role, audio-visual contents, economic, development, Bangladesh. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/14-2-01 Publication date: January 31 st 2023

The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Bangladesh.

FDI can greatly reduce poverty by fostering long-term economic prosperity; it is a special indicator of economic growth in developing nations. As a result, utilizing annual time series data from 1986 to 2022, the research's primary goal is to investigate the impact of foreign direct investment on Bangladesh's economic growth. This goal was accomplished by processing the qualitative and economic analysis. This study investigated the impact of FDI on economic development in Bangladesh by employing standard time-series econometric tools, namely, unit root tests to check stationarity and augmented autoregressive distributed lag (augmented ARDL) bounds testing approaches to check cointegration. The final results of the ARDL model discovered that exports and foreign direct investment had an impact on economic growth over the long and short terms. In order to boost the quantity of FDI that enters Bangladesh, the current study recommends that a sound foreign investment strategy and liberal trade policy be formed that protect foreign investment and the interests of the economy. Keywords: Foreign direct investment, Economic growth, sounds foreign investment strategy, liberal trade policy and Bangladesh.

Exploring the Perception of Fish Farmers Regarding Farmers’ Information and Advice Centers in Selected Areas of Bangladesh

Ensuring the success of fish farming is crucial for food security and economic development in Bangladesh. Farmers’ Information and Advice Centers (FIACs) provide essential guidance to fish farmers. Considering the issues, the study therefore, assessed the perception of 117 fish farmers in Melandah and Islampur upazilas (sub-districts), Jamalpur district, regarding FIAC services, which are important to providing support for farmer’s needs through FIAC. Data were collected through structured questionnaire from the sampled fish farmers during 16 August to 30 September 2022. Fish farmers’ perception on FIAC was the focus variable and it was measured using a 4-point rating scale. Results showed an overwhelming majority of farmers (92.3%) had moderately favourable perceptions of FIAC services, while only a few had highly favourable perceptions. Correlation analyses revealed significant relationship between education, income, experience, training, and media contact with farmers’ perceptions, indicating external factors determining the effectiveness of FIAC activities. The multiple linear regression analysis showed that experience in fish farming, training on fish farming and extension media contact were the influential variables that could significantly contribute to their perception and these variables could explain 32.4% variation. Concerning challenges, the most pressing issues included inadequate staffing, insufficient infrastructure for meetings, and inadequate long-term training programs through FIACs. These findings underscore the need for tailored, demand-driven services to enhance fish farmers’ perceptions of FIAC services and improve their overall fish farming experiences.

Study Analyzing the Mediating Effects of Customer Satisfaction in the Relationship Between ATM Service Quality and Customer Loyalty

The purpose of this study is to determinants of customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and ATM service quality in the Bangladesh banking sector. The Banking sector has been playing an important role in the overall economic Development of Bangladesh. Customer satisfaction is essential for the success of service firms like banks. Many studies show that service quality is related to customer satisfaction, and the quality of service is an important component of has become an aspect of customer satisfaction. This study, endeavors to discover and discuss the impact of service quality on customer satisfaction in private-sector banks in Bangladesh. First, seven dimensions of service quality such as tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, empathy, assurance, access, and effectiveness (Parasuraman, Zeithaml, &amp; Berry, 1985) are considered the basis for this study. Second, as structured questionnaire with 5 points Likert scale has been used to collect the data by conducting the survey. For the convenience of the experiment, 400 questionnaire data are randomly sampled. The sample size is 400 and is chosen on a timely basis. Data has been analyzed Finally; we conducted the analysis using SPSS software (version: 17) on the 400-questionnaire data. The result of the study showed that tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, access, and effectiveness significantly and positively influenced customer loyalty in terms of satisfaction, which means that service quality dimensions are crucial for customer satisfaction in the private banking sector in Bangladesh.

ADVANCEMENT OF ISLAMIC BANKING AND FINANCE IN THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT OF BANGLADESH BASED ON IBBL

This study's background is in the context of comparative activities and achievements highlighted by Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited in their Annual Report 2020. The purpose of this study is to present the socio-economic impact and role of Islamic banks in the economic development of Bangladesh. This research has tried to prove how Islami Bank contributes through various tests and methods. Comprehensive profile analysis was conducted by collecting data using a Google survey form from a sample of 100 Islamic bank customers. Firstly, based on the respondents' responses, most of the customers of Islamic banks are between 25-40 years based on age. First, the customers are highly educated and have a stable relationship with the bank. Second, awareness of clients and the current use of deposit instruments is commendable. Third, customers in education and income classes have an important role in using various banking services or products. Fourth, customers are always satisfied with using various products and services. Fifth, within the service delivery system, the employees of Islami Bank deserve immediate attention to improve customer satisfaction. However, as a result, we have yet to get high awareness and usage of any individual products/services through Islami Bank financing and facilities. Finally, the significant finding is the 'Principle of Religion,' which is the key to selecting a bank's criteria for its customers, where the demographics of clients play a more critical role in determining selection criteria than others.

Does Foreign Aid Have an Expected Role in the Economic Growth of Bangladesh? An Analysis in ARDL Approach

Bangladesh, a lower-middle-income country in South Asia and expected to be a developing country by 2024, is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with 166.30 million (WDI, 2021) people. Foreign Aid (FA) plays a vital role in the economic development of Bangladesh. Foreign Aid, loans, and grants generally, which we call Official Development Assistance (ODA) (in this study, we have used the term 'Foreign aid') have increased gradually over the years after the liberation of Bangladesh with the increase of per capita GDP. In our study, we have conducted a single country investigation on Bangladesh and examined the impact of Foreign Aid on the Economic growth of Bangladesh from 1971 to 2019. The ARDL bounds test methodology was applied in the study, followed by the unit root test and the bound test for cointegration. Several diagnostic tests were conducted to check the stability and reliability of the model. The obtained results revealed that Foreign Aid has a significant and positive impact on the Economic growth of Bangladesh in the long- and short-run. The coefficients of the variables of our study refer that a 1(one) unit increase in foreign Aid would intensify 0.24 units of Economic growth in Bangladesh. In line with Foreign Aid, Gross capital formation also has a significant positive impact on the country's economic development. On the contrary, trade openness has a negative but insignificant impact both in the short and long run. Besides, population growth negatively and significantly impacts economic growth in the long run. In this study, finally, we have recommended some policy implications for the Government of Bangladesh.

Socioeconomic inequalities in the risk factors of noncommunicable diseases (hypertension and diabetes) among Bangladeshi population: Evidence based on population level data analysis.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension and diabetes are among the most fatal disease and prevalent among the adult population worldwide, including Bangladesh, and pose a public health threat. Understanding the socioeconomic inequalities linked to NCD risk factors can aid in the development of effective strategies to reduce the disease's recurrence. However, the literature on socioeconomic inequalities in hypertension and diabetes prevalence in Bangladesh is scant. Therefore, this study seeks to assess the inequality in hypertension and diabetes prevalence and to identify factors that may contribute to socioeconomic inequalities in Bangladesh. The current study incorporated data from a recent round of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS 2017-18). The age-standardized prevalence rates of hypertension and diabetes were reported, and the log-binomial regression technique was used to identify the relevant confounders. Additionally, socioeconomic inequalities were quantified using a regression-based decomposition technique in which the concentration index (CIX) and Concentration curve were produced to determine the socioeconomic factors contributing to inequality. Hypertension and diabetes were shown to have an age-standardized prevalence of (11.29% 95% CI: 11.13-11.69) and (36.98% 95% CI: 36.79-37.16), respectively. Both hypertension and diabetes were shown to be pointedly linked to the respondents' age, wealth status, being overweight or obese, and a variety of respondents' administrative divisions (p <0.001). In Bangladesh, household wealth status accounted for approximately 25.71% and 43.41% of total inequality in hypertension and diabetes, respectively. While BMI played a significant role in the emergence of inequality, the corresponding percentages for diabetes and hypertension are 4.95 and 83.38, respectively. In addition, urban areas contributed 4.56% inequality to increase diabetes among Bangladeshi inhabitants while administrative region contributed 4.76% of the inequality of hypertension. A large proportion of Bangladesh's adult population suffers from hypertension and diabetes. It is critical to recognize the value of equity-based initiatives in order to optimize the benefit-risk ratio and cost effectiveness of preventive health programmes. Integrating equity considerations into interventions is critical for policies and programmes to achieve their objectives. As a result, these findings can be taken into account when making existing and prospective policy decisions, as well as following its progression with economic development of Bangladesh.