Development Economics Research Articles

ISSUES OF DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA-TURKEY RELATIONS

The article considers the process of formation and development of diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Turkey. It is believed that the relations between the two countries have been characterized differently in historical periods, depending on the domestic and foreign policies of China and Turkey, as well as changes in the system of international relations. The development of politics, diplomacy, trades, economics and other relations between the two countries will be discussed. Even with the political differences between China and Turkey, bilateral relations are proving to be a common development process. The two countries will analyze the historical unresolved Uyghur issue in Xinjiang and the impact of the Kurdish issue in Turkey on state relations.The current place and role of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Turkey in international relations were measured, their national interests covered, and the parties have not yet been able to take full advantage of various opportunities. However, it is concluding that there is a solid basis for the development of future diplomatic relations.

Research of Unbalanced Regional Economic Development and Entrepreneurial Happiness based on CFPS Data

Based on the perspective of happiness economics and using the data of China Family Panel Studies in 2020, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of regional economic development imbalance on entrepreneurial happiness. The results show that regional economic development has a significant negative impact on entrepreneurial happiness on the whole, and it changes with the regional difference and the difference of urban and rural structure. Further research shows that economic development can improve the happiness of urban entrepreneurial groups in economically underdeveloped areas, but it has a significant hindering effect on the happiness of rural entrepreneurial groups in economically developed areas. In addition, this paper studies the mechanism of economic development on entrepreneurial happiness, and finds that each component of entrepreneurial happiness responds differently to economic development. The research results of this paper will provide theoretical basis for the government to formulate more reasonable incentive policies for innovation and entrepreneurship.

Sir Partha Dasgupta: Meeting the Challenges of Environmental and Development Economics

The Annual Review of Resource Economics presents Professor Sir Partha Dasgupta in conversation with economist Dr. David Zilberman. In the conversation, we follow Sir Partha's life from his childhood in Bangladesh, where his father was a distinguished economist, to his childhood and undergraduate studies in India, his graduate studies in England, and his fascinating academic career, mostly in Cambridge, UK. We discuss Sir Partha's seminal contributions to multiple fields. He was among the founders of modern resource economics and the emerging multidisciplinary field of ecological economics. He also played a fundamental role in establishing the venues and agenda for research on the environment and development, led initiatives to incorporate nature into national accounting, and pioneered analysis of the economics of population growth and the foundation of a just society. We also learn about Sir Partha's family and life, his collaboration and perspective on leading scholars, and his vision for economics, science, and humanity.

What is the standard of care in experimental development economics?

A central feature of experimental development economics is the use of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effectiveness of prospective socioeconomic interventions. The use of RCTs in development economics raises a host of ethical issues which are just beginning to be explored. In this article, I address one ethical issue in particular: the routine use of the status quo as a control when designing and conducting a development RCT. Drawing on the literature on the principle of standard care in medical research ethics, as well as considerations of distributive justice in non-ideal circumstances, I argue that the practice of using the status quo as a control is ethically justifiable. However, I add an important qualification based on the natural duty of rescue to address the concern that my account is overly permissive.

Do Internet Development and Urbanization Foster Regional Economic Growth: Evidence from China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt

Internet development and urbanization are widely perceived to have a significant impact on the economy and sustainability in China. However, existing studies fail to consider their interaction patterns and directions with economic growth in China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB). This study applies a bootstrap panel Granger causality test to examine the causal relationships between Internet development, urbanization, and regional economic growth for the YREB‘s 11 provinces. The main findings are as follows: (1) Internet development, urbanization and regional economic growth exhibit cross-sectional dependence and province-specific heterogeneity in the YREB. (2) Granger causality from Internet development to economic growth exists in most provinces, while Granger causality from economic growth to Internet development and two-way Granger causality are only observed in economically developed provinces, such as Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Chongqing. (3) Granger causality from urbanization to economic growth exists in nine provinces, except for Hubei and Guizhou. However, the reverse Granger causality is only confirmed in Jiangsu, Anhui, and Hubei. This suggests that urbanization significantly improves economic growth efficiency, but the effect of economic growth on urbanization is restricted by regional bias policies. Therefore, the local government should implement tailored economic policies and establish an interactive mechanism to help China leverage its potential for economic growth and sustainability.

“Randomistas”: A new development economics

The paper explores a curious phenomenon in the modern economic science — the intellectual confrontation between proponents of new development economics (“randomistas”) and its opponents. The general message of the new approach is that the technique of randomized controlled trials/experiments (RCT) must be considered the only truly scientific method, and only this technique should be used in studying the problems of developing countries. RCTs have been recognized as the “gold standard” in evaluating the effectiveness of anti-poverty programs; today this approach absolutely dominates in development economics. The paper discusses the main features of the RCT economics: an inclination to imitate biomedical research; atheoretical character; the idea of a hierarchy of methods; reorientation from large-scale macroeconomic and institutional reforms to targeted social and humanitarian interventions. The problems of internal and external validity of RCT are highlighted. A general conclusion is that conceptually counter-arguments of critics look more convincing: the idea of a hierarchy of methods is unscientific; no methodological “gold standard” exists in economic analysis; estimates obtained on the basis of RCT cannot be considered unbiased; RCTs are almost powerless in the face of the problem of external validity; policy recommendations derived from RCTs are of very limited practical value. However, the logic of critics has been trumped by the rhetoric of randomistas: most likely, randomized experiments will escalate, and their intellectual and political influence will grow.

Formation mechanism of NO2 distribution heterogeneity at different spatial scales

NO2 is one of the main pollutants in the atmospheric environment, which can directly or indirectly cause harm to human health. Jiangsu province is economically developed and densely populated, and the conflict between economic development and ecological environment protection is more prominent, which causes its mean annual NO2 concentration to be higher than other neighboring provinces. The study takes the formation mechanism of NO2 concentration distribution heterogeneity at different spatial scales as the research object. By using OMI satellite remote sensing data and NO2 concentration ground monitoring data in Jiangsu Province from 2015 to 2020, the paper studies NO2 concentration distribution heterogeneity at macroscopic and microscopic scales, respectively, to analyze the formation mechanism. The results show that: (1) The spatial distribution characteristics of NO2 concentration obtained based on the analysis of two data sources have good consistency, with the overall performance of high NO2 concentration in the south of Jiangsu where the concentration of NO2 column reached 16.3 × 1015 molec/cm 2 and the monitoring concentration reached 46.3μg/m3, while the concentration of NO2 in central Jiangsu is relatively low, with average concentrations of 6 × 1015 molec/cm 2 and 26μg/m3. (2) Under the macroscopic spatial scale, the average NO2 column concentration in the south of Jiangsu is 9 × 1015 molec/cm 2 higher and the monitoring concentration is 15μg/m3 than that in the north of Jiangsu; natural factors such as temperature are the important influencing factors for the heterogeneity of NO2 concentration distribution under this scale. (3) At the microscopic spatial scale, NO2 concentration is 5–10% higher in industrial concentrations in southern Jiangsu, some heating cities in northern Jiangsu, and industrial parks in northern Jiangsu. In addition, NO2 concentration decreases gradually with distance from this area; anthropogenic factors such as population density, GDP, and car ownership are important factors to influence the heterogeneity of NO2 concentration distribution at this scale. Based on the above findings, the paper proposes to adjust the industrial structure, limit the number of high energy-consuming and high-emission enterprises, and develop seasonal emission reduction measures.

A pathway to sustainable development: Digitization and green productivity

Green productivity plays an important role in sustainable development, social energy conservation, and emission reduction targets. To investigate the impact of digital development on green total factor productivity, this research employs panel data of China's Yangtze River Delta from 2002 to 2020. First, this paper presents the super SBM method with unexpected output to comprehensively and systematically calculate the green total factor productivity (GTFP) index. Second, we use the partial linear function coefficient (PLFC) model, which can distinguish spatial-temporal heterogeneity, analyze how digital development improves GTFP, and evaluate the effect of human capital (HC) and industrial structure upgrading (IS) in this relationship. In addition, we conduct a comparative study between this delta region and other regions in China. The results of this paper are as follows. (1) Digitization has a significant and positive influence on GTFP for all samples. (2) HC and IS affect the role of digital development in promoting GTFP of cities in the Yangtze River Delta, but their impact is not significant in the three northeastern provinces. (3) The stimulation effect shows significant temporal and spatial heterogeneity under the influence of HC and IS. Provincial capitals and economically developed cities have the most prominent stimulating influence. Lastly, based on the non-parametric relevance between digital development and GTFP, this paper gives constructive and practical policy suggestions to improve GTFP and promote green economic development.

THE IMPACT OF TOURISM, SPORTS TOURISM AND OTHER SELECTIVE FORMS OF TOURISM ON EMPLOYMENT IN SARAJEVO CANTON

Today, tourism represents a strong and important economic branch, whether it concerns economically developed and underdeveloped countries as well as developing countries. It can increase employment in almost all countries, regardless of their level of development. Today's moment is marked by pronounced global crises, which again have a strong negative impact on the economic and social aspects of society, both globally and locally. Tourism, due to its characteristics and the positive effects it achieves in the process of realizing all activities in its area, can greatly reduce the percentage of unemployment in local communities. This positive effect of reducing unemployment is reflected in the possibility of employment for all categories of the unemployed, and particularly vulnerable groups of the unemployed such as people with disabilities, women, young people, the long-term unemployed, etc. Encouraging tourism in states or certain regions can have a favourable positive effect on employment within the territory. the same. For countries and regions that have developed tourism and that do not have pronounced problems with unemployment, activities through tourism increase the country's balance of payments as additional income through exports. Underdeveloped regions and countries and developing countries, by increasing activities through tourism, in addition to being an important source of income, realize a particularly important positive effect through the reduction of unemployment rates in them. Many developed countries, among which Austria is the leader, as a highly developed tourist destination for a long time, institutionally, have realized and use the potential offered by tourism to increase employment and actively use it to reduce the unemployment rate. Unfortunately, in our country and its tourist regions, where tourism is often one of the most important economic branches, this has not been done and they still record high rates of unemployment. Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sarajevo Canton is a sector that can make a significant contribution to faster economic development. In our country and its regions and cantons, there are great potentials for increasing tourism activities, which will generate a greater number of jobs in tourism as well as tourism-related economic branches. To successfully solve the problem of unemployment in Bosnia and Herzegovina, its regions and cantons, positive experiences of tourism development through selective forms of tourism can be used, also using models of successful experiences from the world and the countries of the European Union. Keywords: tourism, unemployment, selective forms of tourism, European Union unemployment, Sarajevo Canton unemployment.

Technological achievements in regional economic development: An econometrics analysis based on DEA

“Double circulation” is an important strategic choice under the development of the new situation. The transformation of university scientific and technological achievements and the coordinated development of regional economy are of great significance to the construction and development of the new paradigm. In this paper, DEA method is used to measure the transformation efficiency of scientific and technological achievements of universities in 31 provinces and autonomous regions (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan), and the entropy weight-Topsis model is used to evaluate the quality of regional economic development. The comprehensive scores of the two systems are coupled and coordinated finally. It is found that the transformation efficiency of scientific and technological achievements of universities in 31 provinces and autonomous regions (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) is mostly DEA effective, and the transformation ability of scientific and technological achievements of universities is strong in the regions where university resources are concentrated and the economically developed regions, meanwhile there is a big gap between regions. The transformation ability of scientific and technological achievements in the central and western regions has a big room for improvement. The transformation level of scientific and technological achievements of universities in most provinces is still at a middle level of coordination with the level of regional economic development. In view of the above research conclusions, some countermeasures and suggestions are put forward in order to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and regional economic development can be more coordinated.

Innovation: A state-of-the-art review and typology

Innovation is often an object of study in economics and management. However, the social and behavioral aspects of innovation acceptance are as important as the economics of product development. A significant portion of the literature considers innovation as a change in the way social actions are conducted, entailing a wide range of social, economic, behavioral, and institutional changes. Various approaches have given rise to the need for a typology. Sundbo (1998) divided innovation into three groups depending on the aspects of the phenomenon: theory of entrepreneurship, technological and social aspects, and strategic aspects. Adopting Sundbo's conceptual framework, this study supplemented and developed it based on recent literature that appeared after 1998. Moreover, this study added new directions at the second level of decomposition and the relationships between different aspects of innovation. In particular, this study analyzed phenomena such as open innovation, agile innovation, and “helix” models. Thus, this study developed a novel typology of innovation that expands the theoretical knowledge in this field. Based on these findings, this study proposed promising areas for future innovation studies.

Correlation Between Human Development Index and Economic Growth of Major Oil and Gas Producers

Correlation Between Human Development Index and Economic Growth of Major Oil and Gas Producers

AB ÜYESİ ÜLKELERDEKİ AİLE YARDIMI UYGULAMALARININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ

According to the ILO Convention No. 102, family benefits are a social security branch established to compensate for the increase in the expenditure of those protected due to the expenses necessary for the care of the children, they are responsible for, and to protect the level of life they have reached before the child's existence. Nevertheless, family benefits can make contributions in many such areas as increasing the fertility and population of the country, reducing poverty, preventing child poverty, extending the country's welfare level to the whole society, and raising physically and mentally healthier individuals. In this respect, countries develop various practices of family benefits depending on their social policies and welfare levels. Demographic structures and economic development levels of countries are generally taken into account in determining family benefits. Minimum standards of family benefits may be higher in economically developed countries. In this study, current practices in EU member countries are examined on the basis of minimum standards of family benefits under the Convention No. 102 and a comparative analysis of these practices is presented. As a result of the study, it has been determined that there is a child benefit application, which is a periodic payment aid, in all EU member states although there is no obligation to make periodic payments within the scope of family benefits in the Convention No. 102. In addition, it has been observed that many types of family benefits that can contribute to goals such as increasing birth rates and encouraging parents, especially women, to stay in employment are widely applied in EU member states.

The Aerospace Industry’s Impact on 20th Century American Society

Since the dawn of mankind, the stars have been an inspiration for humanity. From the studies of the Greeks and the observations of the Indians and Chinese to Da Vinci’s plans and the research of the Wright Brothers, exploring the sky, space and stars has always been at the forefront of human ingenuity. In the United States, the idea of flight exploration began in the early 1900s: a true embodiment of the American dream. This paper examines developments in politics, economics and social movements in 1900s America while contrasting claims with counter arguments and exposing continuities in U.S. history to discuss the impact of the aerospace and defense industry on U.S. society. From Women’s Rights and Civil Rights to military and economics, the growth of the aerospace and defense industry paralleled a period of radical growth for American society creating lasting changes in the process.

Internet use, market transformation, and individual tolerance: Evidence from China

Earlier literature studies the relationship between Internet use and individual tolerance, but little research explores these links in the context of China. This article analyzes the impact of Internet use on individuals’ tolerance using Chinese national social survey data from 2015 to 2021. The results find that Internet use has a significant positive effect on individual social tolerance (ST) and moral tolerance (MT), and this effect is still valid after dealing with the endogenous problem by instrumental variables and the propensity score matching method. Moreover, the division of university education, unit system, and Hukou moderate the relationship between Internet use and individual social tolerance. Last, opportunity fairness and outcome fairness play the suppressing effects, not mediating effects. This article clarifies the role of digital technology in the development of high-quality economics and proposes that the government should pay more attention to changes in social attitudes.

Some questions of ethics in randomized controlled trials

AbstractQuestions of ethics in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in development economics need greater attention and a wider perspective. RCTs are meant to be governed by the three principles laid out in the Belmont Report, but often violated them, for example, when local laws are flouted. In other cases, the framework of the Belmont Report itself has proved inadequate: for instance, when there are unintended outcomes or adverse events for which no‐one is held accountable. Primarily using RCTs conducted in India, this paper highlights eight areas of concern. RCTs also have a disproportionate influence on shaping research agendas and on policy. Though ethical issues have been raised, there has been little engagement from the RCT community—a manifestation of its power in the profession. As current safeguards (such as oversight by Institutional Review Boards) have failed to protect human subjects, the concluding section discusses possible ways to resolve these issues.

Impact of expanded built-up land on ecosystem service value by considering regional interactions

During rapid economic development and urbanisation, land expansion in built-up areas is China's dominant land-use change type, resulting in the loss of ecosystem service value (ESV). Economic development is China's main driving force for built-up land expansion. Under the trend of the spatial separation of production and consumption, expanded built-up land embodied in trade flows between regions as a scarce land resource. Through trade, a region can indirectly use built-up land from outside areas, which may affect land use within the user and provider regions. Regional ESV loss may be affected by outer regions, although previous studies have seldom considered it. Accordingly, this study quantified ESV for the whole of China in high resolution and determined ESV loss caused by expanded built-up land for each province and ESV loss flows embodied in interregional interactions. The results found that China's total ESV of terrestrial ecosystems was 37.44 trillion yuan in 2015, and the expanded built-up land resulted in a loss of 13.7 billion yuan in ESV. Due to the north–south differences in natural and economic levels in China, there was significant spatial heterogeneity in ESV and ESV loss caused by built-up land expansion, with the high-value areas mainly in the southern coastal areas. With regional interaction, the leading regional flow direction of built-up land and ESV loss was from north to south, mainly from economically developing regions to economically developed regions. However, there was a discrepancy between the actual users of the built-up land and the ESV loss-bearers. Evident regional inequalities existed in several provinces with regional interactions. Overall, this study provides a reference for developing China's interregional economic and ecological harmony strategies in the context of sustainable development.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE INNOVATION ECONOMICS AND POSITION OF GEORGIA IN THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX

The article, based on the development of Georgia's innovation economics strategy, examines the factors that have a positive and negative impact on the development of innovation economics. Aim and objectives of the research: This article aims to identify the determinants affecting the development of innovation economics as well as on the basis of the improvement of the legislative framework to create a favorable environment for the introduction of innovations, accelerate innovation processes, improve the institutional base and achieve rapid growth in the export production of high-tech products. The article based on the analysis of innovation policies defines the role of government in improving innovation processes. The objective of the research is a comparative analysis of Georgia and post-soviet countries according to the Global Innovation Index. In addition, the role of government in improving innovation processes in the country is defined based on the analysis of innovation policies. The impact of micro and macro factors on the innovation development of the country is highlighted. Besides, the recommendations have also been developed for creating a favorable environment for the introduction of innovations, diversifying the export production of high-tech products, as well as promoting both fundamental and technological research, and improving the innovation ecosystem.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-ПРАВОВЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ МІСЦЕВОГО ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ В УКРАЇНІ

The article defines the peculiarities of organizational and legal provision of local economic development in Ukraine under martial law. In particular, it is indicated that in the modern conditions of russian armed aggression, when territorial communities are constantly working to solve the problems of their livelihood, it is crucially important to mobilize efforts and reorient communities to activities related to the activation of local economic development. At the same time, local economic development is defined as a process of interaction between local self-government bodies, business structures, civil society institutions and active members of the territorial community, aimed at ensuring the effective functioning of the communal sector of the economy and raising the standard of living of local residents. In this context, it is stated that among the anti-crisis tools of local economic development, which can have a positive effect on the modernization of the economy in territorial communities in wartime conditions, specialists single out: financial leasing, outsourcing, industrial parks, local economic development agencies, investment attraction centers, business incubators, cooperatives, clusters, social entrepreneurship, and others. The article focuses on the characteristics of such tools of municipal economic development as financial leasing, outsourcing, and industrial parks, namely, their regulatory support and advantages in modern conditions are analyzed, and examples of their practical application in Ukraine and abroad are given. It is concluded that the main challenges of local self-government bodies in the conditions of war are: preserving (or restoring) the pace of economic development of the territorial community; stimulating the activity of local businesses and ensuring the proper standard of living of the population; accommodation, economic support and establishment of communication with internally displaced persons on the territory of the community; involvement of the relocated business in the community; integration of internally displaced persons and relocated businesses into the utility sector of the economy, etc. At the same time, it is emphasized that local economic development cannot be based on the situational adoption of certain decisions, but should be a component of the general system of strategic planning for the development of the territorial community.

Does green finance drive low-carbon economic development? Evidence from China

Green finance is a vital foundation for fundamental economic low-carbon transformation. Therefore, this study examines the effect of green finance on low-carbon economic development by applying various panel estimators including panel threshold model using data set of 30 provincial administrations in China during 2008–2020. The statistical results suggest that green finance significantly stimulates low-carbon economic development based on a carbon emission and emission intensity perspective. Green finance is more effective in promoting low-carbon economic development in the mid-western areas than in the eastern areas, while it is more effective in less economically developed areas than economically developed areas. Green finance is primarily responsible for driving low-carbon economic development, which is accomplished mainly by stimulating industrial structure upgrading and science and technology investment scale. The threshold outcome reveals that when green finance levels cross a certain threshold, their contribution to low-carbon economic development decreases. These findings offer valuable policy implications.