Economic Burden Of Chronic Disease Research Articles

The economic burden of chronic diseases with co-occurring depression and alcohol use disorder for people in the Western Cape, South Africa

There is limited evidence on the economic burden of chronic diseases with co-occurring depression and alcohol use disorder (AUD) for people in low-and middle-income countries. We describe patient costs related to the utilisation of services and identify factors associated with the economic burden of co-occurring depression and AUD for people with HIV and/or diabetes using government health services in South Africa. We used baseline data from participants enrolled in a cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT). The sample (N = 1340) comprised participants classified as having risk of depression but not AUD (n = 689), risk of AUD but not of depression (n = 221); or risk of depression and AUD (n = 430). We measured total patient costs (direct patient costs (out-of-pocket payments (OOPP) plus indirect patient costs), and catastrophic costs. We applied a conceptual framework to guide multiple linear and logistic regression analyses examining factors associated with economic burden. Mean monthly total costs per patient and the percentage of these total costs attributable to OOPP were (US$9.78 [56.13%]; US$5.98 [24.58%]; US$7.16 [34.07%]) for the depression, AUD, and AUD and depression groups respectively. The depression group reported significantly more visits to private healthcare providers, higher OOPP and higher prevalence of catastrophe than other groups. OOPP were positively associated with urban location and higher educational attainment. Total patient costs were positively associated with urban location, HIV and diabetes comorbidity, and being employed. Higher utilisation was associated with greater odds of income loss. Results indicate a concerning economic burden in people with a chronic disease and co-occurring depression or AUD and suggest that cost and time may present barriers to accessing care. Given that psychological treatments for mental health conditions are largely unavailable in government health services, improving access to care for the most vulnerable may require coordination of financial risk protection mechanisms alongside scale-up of effective first-line psychological treatments.

Economic Burden of Multiple Sclerosis Drugs in Iran during 2011-2019.

Due to the invariably progressive nature of multiple sclerosis (MS) and the high economic burden of chronic diseases, this study was performed to estimate the economic burden of MS medications in Iran. The present research is a descriptive study performed using comprehensive national data of Iran's Health Insurance Organization (IHIO). The timeframe for study was 2011-2019. In order to calculate the economic burden of MS medications, the cost of illness (COI) method based on the prevalence approach was used. In this study, economic burden estimation was performed according to available data on medication costs. Data mining was also used to perform different stages of study. The number of patients receiving MS medications covered by IHIO has increased from 19,367 in 2011 to 50,642 in 2019. The economic burden of MS medications of patients covered by the IHIO increased from $81 million to $96 million between 2011 and 2019, respectively. Among the 9 medications studied, Interferon accounted for a very high share of costs in all years. The cost per patient receiving medication has also increased from $7,000 in 2011 to $18,000 in 2019. Calculations of the economic burden of MS medications in Iran showed an upward trend during the 9 years of the study, which due to the increasing number of patients in Iran, the arrival of new medications and also the increase in prices.

Factors Influencing Hospitalization Cost for Diabetic Patients in Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospitals in Qingyang City, China.

(1) Background: This study aims to understand the factors influencing hospitalization cost related to diabetes mellitus in two traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) hospitals, and to provide a scientific basis for TCM hospitals to control the hospitalization cost of chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus. (2) Methods: Univariate analysis was used to preliminarily screen the factors related to hospitalization cost, and then multiple linear regression and path models were comprehensively used to analyze the influencing factors of hospitalization cost. (3) Results: The cost of hospitalization for diabetic patients was mainly affected by hospital level, length of stay, type of diabetes, and complications and comorbidities, and hospital level was the most critical influencing factor. (4) Conclusions: The higher the Chinese medicine hospital level, the longer the length of stay, and the more severe the complications and comorbidities, the higher the hospitalization cost for diabetic patients. The Chinese government should continue to promote the tiered medical treatment system and improve the standard of treatment at TCM hospitals to reduce the economic burden of chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus.

The economic burden of excessive sugar consumption in Canada: should the scope of preventive action be broadened?

ObjectiveExcessive sugar consumption is an established risk factor for various chronic diseases (CDs). No earlier study has quantified its economic burden in terms of health care costs for treatment and management of CDs, and costs associated with lost productivity and premature mortality. This information, however, is essential to public health decision-makers when planning and prioritizing interventions. The present study aimed to estimate the economic burden of excessive free sugar consumption in Canada.MethodsFree sugars refer to all monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods plus sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, and fruit juice. Based on free sugar consumption reported in the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey–Nutrition and established risk estimates for 16 main CDs, we calculated the avoidable direct health care costs and indirect costs.ResultsIf Canadians were to comply with the free sugar recommendation (consumption below 10% of total energy intake (TEI)), an estimated $2.5 billion (95% CI: 1.5, 3.6) in direct health care and indirect costs could have been avoided in 2019. For the stricter recommendation (consumption below 5% of TEI), this was $5.0 billion (95% CI: 3.1, 6.9).ConclusionExcessive free sugar in our diet has an enormous economic burden that is larger than that of any food group and 3 to 6 times that of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Public health interventions to reduce sugar consumption should therefore consider going beyond taxation of SSBs to target a broader set of products, in order to more effectively reduce the public health and economic burden of CDs.

Estimation the medical cost of multiple sclerosis in Iran; 2019\u20132020

BackgroundDue to the high and increasing economic burden of chronic diseases, including Multiple sclerosis (MS), we aimed to investigate the medical cost of MS in Iran.MethodsThis is a descriptive cross-sectional study which conducted using comprehensive national prescription data from Iran’s Health Insurance Organization (IHIO) and rehabilitation data from Ministry of Health and Iran Welfare Organization. The time period considered for this study was 2019–2020. In order to calculate the medical cost of MS, the cost-of-illness (COI) method was used based on the prevalence-based approach and the cost of medications, determining and diagnosing the MS risk, follow-up and rehabilitation was estimated.ResultsThe total medical cost of MS in Iran in 2019–2020 was estimated at $238,124,160, which medications and rehabilitation services had the largest share in the medical cost of MS in Iran with 80 and 19%, respectively, and the cost share of determining and diagnosing of the disease risk accounted for about less than 1%. The total medication cost was estimated to be equal to $192,298 thousand. The total cost of determining and diagnosing of the MS risk was estimated at $348,574 and the total cost of rehabilitation services for all MS subgroups in 2019–2020 was estimated at $45,477,205.ConclusionsResults of calculating the medical cost of MS in Iran in 2019–2020 showed a significant burden on the Iranian health care system and society, among which the medication cost had the largest share, which requires serious attention of health system policymakers.

Association of health-related private transfers with treatment compliance of musculoskeletal disorders in the rural elderly: evidence from an underdeveloped region of China

BackgroundThe prevalence and economic burdens of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are serious in rural China. In addition to formal support, health-related private transfers (HRPTs), including adult children transfers (ACTs), as well as relatives and friends transfers (RFTs), are very common in rural China. We explored the relationship between HRPTs and MSD treatment compliance and the heterogeneity of this relationship in terms of family socioeconomic status.MethodsA questionnaire survey was carried out in Enshi, Hubei, China by stratified random sampling in July 15–25,2018. A total of 2679 questionnaires on the economic burden of chronic diseases were collected. We deleted two questionnaires with missing data. The data was described using the mean and proportion. The Chi-square test and one-way ANOVA was used to compare each independent variable in the three groups, and ordered probit regression was used to analyse the relationship between each factor and treatment compliance. The heterogeneity of the effect was examined by group regression analysis of the samples with or without poverty.ResultsIn total, 853 samples with MSD were included in the analysis. The age was 70.27 ± 6.97 (mean +/− sd) years old, and the ADL was 11.64 ± 0.12, with more respondents being female (56.15%), partnered (73.51%), primary school educated (45.96%), working (57.91%), feeling poor in health (55.69%), lived alone or with a spouse (54.75%). Respondents with both ACTs and RFTs had better treatment compliance, and this was significant only in poor populations (p < 0.05). Under the same HRPTs’ condition, respondents who more compliant with MSD treatment were female (p < 0.01), had primary school education (p < 0.05), has self-reported poor (p < 0.01) and very poor (p < 0.05) health, had a high level of physical disability (p < 0.01), and were living with their children and grandchildren (p < 0.05). Respondents with more chronic diseases had poorer treatment compliance (p < 0.05).ConclusionsOnly those in poverty who both have ACTs and RFTs are likely to have better treatment compliance for MSD. Promoting a culture of filial piety and fostering harmonious interpersonal relationships, policies that focus on groups that lack social support, and general formal support are essential for sustained access to treatment for MSD.

Chronic Diseases in High-Cost Users of Hospital, Primary Care, and Prescription Medication in the Capital Region of Denmark.

A small proportion of patients account for the majority of health care costs. This group is often referred to as high-cost users (HCU). A frequently described characteristic of HCU is chronic disease. Yet, there is a gap in understanding the economic burden of chronic diseases associated with HCU to different types of health care services. To analyze which frequent chronic diseases have the strongest association with HCU overall, and HCU in hospital, primary care, and prescription medication. This is a register-based observational study on Danish health service costs for various diseases in different medical settings. A total of 1,350,677 individuals aged ≥ 18years living in the Capital Region of Denmark by 1 January 2012 were included. Chronic diseases, costs, and sociodemographic data were extracted from the nationwide registers, including data from hospitals, primary care, and medicine consumption. These information were merged on an individual level. Cancer, mental disorders except depression, and heart diseases have the strongest association with HCU overall. Mental disorders except depression were in the three diseases most prevalent in HCU in all the three health care services. Our results show that the chronic diseases that have the strongest association with HCU differ between different types of health care services. Our findings may be helpful in informing future policies about health care organization and may guide to different prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies that could lessen the burden in the hospital.

The economic burden of chronic diseases: Estimates and projections for China, Japan, and South Korea

We propose a novel framework to analyse the macroeconomic impact of noncommunicable diseases. We incorporate measures of disease prevalence into a human capital augmented production function, which enables us to determine the economic costs of chronic health conditions in terms of foregone gross domestic product (GDP). Unlike previously adopted frameworks, this approach allows us to account for i) variations in human capital for workers in different age groups, ii) mortality and morbidity effects of non-communicable diseases, and iii) the treatment costs of diseases. We apply our methodology to China, Japan, and South Korea, and estimate the economic burden of chronic conditions in five domains (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, respiratory diseases, diabetes, and mental health conditions). Overall, total losses associated with these non-communicable diseases over the period 2010-2030 are $16 trillion for China (measured in real USD with the base year 2010), $5.7 trillion for Japan, and $1.5 trillion for South Korea. Our results also highlight the limits of cost-effectiveness analysis by identifying some intervention strategies to reduce disease prevalence in China that are cost beneficial and therefore a rational use of resources, though they are not cost-effective as judged by conventional thresholds.

The economic burden of not meeting food recommendations in Canada: The cost of doing nothing.

Few studies have estimated the economic burden of chronic diseases (e.g., type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers) attributable to unhealthy eating. In this study, we estimated the economic burden of chronic disease attributable to not meeting Canadian food recommendations. We first obtained chronic disease risk estimates for intakes of both protective (1. vegetables; 2. fruit; 3. whole grains; 4. milk; 5. nuts and seeds) and harmful (6. processed meat; 7. red meat; 8. sugar-sweetened beverages) foods from the Global Burden of Disease Study, and food intakes from the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey 24-hour dietary recalls (n = 33,932 respondents). We then calculated population attributable fractions (PAFs) for all relevant food-chronic disease combinations by age and sex groups. These PAFs were then mathematically combined for each disease for each age and sex group. We then estimated attributable costs by multiplying these combined PAFs with estimated 2014 annual direct health care (hospital, drug, physician) and indirect (human capital approach) costs for each disease. We found that not meeting recommendations for the eight foods was responsible for CAD$13.8 billion/year (direct health care: CAD$5.1 billion, indirect: CAD$8.7 billion). Nuts and seeds and whole grains were the top cost contributors rather than vegetables and fruit. Our findings suggest that unhealthy eating constitutes a tremendous economic burden to Canada that is similar in magnitude to the burden of smoking and larger than that of physical inactivity which were estimated using similar approaches. A status quo in promotion of healthy eating will allow this burden to continue. Interventions to reduce the health and economic burden of unhealthy eating in Canada may be more effective if they are broad in focus and include promotion of nuts and seeds and whole grains along with vegetables and fruit rather than have a narrow focus such as primarily on vegetables and fruit.

Can we improve the nutritional quality of meat?

The nutritional value of meat is an increasingly important factor influencing consumer preferences for poultry, red meat and processed meat products. Intramuscular fat content and composition, in addition to high quality protein, trace minerals and vitamins are important determinants of nutritional value. Fat content of meat at retail has decreased substantially over the past 40 years through advances in animal genetics, nutrition and management and changes in processing techniques. Evidence of the association between diet and the incidence of human non-communicable diseases has driven an interest in developing production systems for lowering total SFA and trans fatty acid (TFA) content and enrichment of n-3 PUFA concentrations in meat and meat products. Typically, poultry and pork has a lower fat content, containing higher PUFA and lower TFA concentrations than lamb or beef. Animal genetics, nutrition and maturity, coupled with their rumen microbiome, are the main factors influencing tissue lipid content and relative proportions of SFA, MUFA and PUFA. Altering the fatty acid (FA) profile of lamb and beef is determined to a large extent by extensive plant and microbial lipolysis and subsequent microbial biohydrogenation of dietary lipid in the rumen, and one of the major reasons explaining the differences in lipid composition of meat from monogastrics and ruminants. Nutritional strategies can be used to align the fat content and FA composition of poultry, pork, lamb and beef with Public Health Guidelines for lowering the social and economic burden of chronic disease.

Use of a Mobile Application for Self-Monitoring Dietary Intake: Feasibility Test and an Intervention Study.

Given the increasing social and economic burden of chronic disease and the need for efficient approaches to prevent and treat chronic disease, emphasis on the use of information and communication technology (ICT)-based health care has emerged. We aimed to test the feasibility of a mobile application, Diet-A, and examine whether Diet-A could be used to monitor dietary intake among adolescents. In a three-month pre–post intervention study, 9 male and 24 female high school students aged 16–18 years consented and participated in this study. Participants were instructed to record all foods and beverages consumed using voice or text mode input. Nutrient intake was measured using 24-h recalls pre- and post-intervention. We compared nutrient intake data assessed by Diet-A application with those assessed by 24-h recalls. Participants tended to underreport intakes of nutrients compared to those assessed by two 24-h recalls. There were significant decreases in sodium (p = 0.04) and calcium (p = 0.03) intake between pre- and post-intervention. Of participants who completed questionnaires of feasibility (n = 24), 61.9% reported that they were satisfied using the application to monitor their food intake, and 47.7% liked getting personal information about their dietary intake from the application. However, more than 70% of participants answered that it was burdensome to use the application or that they had trouble remembering to record their food intake. The mobile application Diet-A offers the opportunity to monitor dietary intake through real-time feedback. However, use of Diet-A may not provide accurate information on the food intake of adolescents, partly because of the recording burden.

Longevity in Slovenia: Past and potential gains in life expectancy by age and causes of death.

IntroductionIn Slovenia, longevity is increasing rapidly. From 1997 to 2014, life expectancy at birth increased by 7 and 5 years for men and women, respectively. This paper explores how this gain in life expectancy at birth can be attributed to reduced mortality from five major groups of causes of death by 5-year age groups. It also estimates potential future gains in life expectancy at birth.MethodsThe importance of the five major causes of death was analysed by cause-elimination life tables. The total elimination of individual causes of death and a partial hypothetical adjustment of mortality to Spanish levels were analysed, along with age and cause decomposition (Pollard).ResultsDuring the 1997–2014 period, the increase in life expectancy at birth was due to lower mortality from circulatory diseases (ages above 60, both genders), as well as from lower mortality from neoplasms (ages above 50 years) and external causes (between 20 and 50 years) for men. However, considering the potential future gains in life expectancy at birth, by far the strongest effect can be attributed to lower mortality due to circulatory diseases for both genders. If Spanish mortality rates were reached, life expectancy at birth would increase by more than 2 years, again mainly because of lower mortality from circulatory diseases in very old ages.Discussion and conclusionsLife expectancy analyses can improve evidence-based decision-making and allocation of resources among different prevention programmes and measures for more effective disease management that can also reduce the economic burden of chronic diseases.

The Economic Burden of Chronic Diseases: Estimates and Projections for China, Japan and South Korea

The Economic Burden of Chronic Diseases: Estimates and Projections for China, Japan and South Korea

English

The study is aimed at examining changes in economic burden in comparison with figures cited in previous studies. Data from South Korea’s National Health Insurance claims database are used to measure the economic burden of chronic disease. Both direct and indirect costs are considered. Direct costs are those associated directly with treatment, medication, and transportation, and indirect costs are assessed in terms of the loss of productivity and their caregivers and consist of morbidity and mortality costs. We also undertake sensitivity analysis, wherein we extract incidence cases and categorize them in terms of their frequency of hospital visits (from one time to five times). The total economic burden posed by chronic disease in South Korea in 2010 was found to be approximately 3.7 million USD; indirect costs and direct medical costs accounted for most of the economic burden, although the rates of these varied from disease to disease. In a comparison of disability-adjusted life years values and the economic burden of diseases, diseases varied widely in terms of their burden. The findings of this study can be used to inform policymakers as they establish public health policies that address various disease burden indexes. Key words: Chronic illness, economic analysis, measurement.

Association between chronic disease and catastrophic health expenditure in Korea.

BackgroundThe prevalence and economic burden of chronic diseases are increasing worldwide. Nevertheless, little information is available on catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) associated with chronic diseases in Korea. This study explored the burden of household out-of-pocket health expenditures among the Korean population for different chronic diseases.MethodsThis study was conducted utilizing data collected from the 7,006 households that participated in the Korea Health Panel Survey (KHPS) in 2008. The effect of CHE in relation to type of chronic disease was assessed via multiple logistic regression analysis.ResultsRoughly 3.5% of the participating households experienced CHE. As opposed to households headed by females and middle-aged individuals (40–59 years), those of low economic status, elderly households, and households with a member who suffered from a chronic disease were more likely to experience CHE. According to type of chronic condition, households with a member who suffered from cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease were at a significantly higher risk of experiencing CHE.ConclusionAlthough Korea has greatly expanded its health insurance coverage, financial protection against CHE remains a concern. Policy-makers need to focus on expanding benefits according to the economic burden of individual chronic conditions.

Moving university campuses tobacco‐free: collective responsibility and collaboration the key to a healthier Victoria

Full article Smoking is Victoria's leading preventable cause of death and continues to kill 4,000 Victorians every year.1 In a demonstration of public health leadership, all Victorian universities have recently joined forces in the implementation of the Victorian Universities Tobacco-Free Initiative to contribute to reducing the burden from tobacco-related disease in Victoria. The reach of Victorian universities to implement public health initiatives is significant and growing, with nearly 300,000 students and more than 40,000 academic and professional staff, as is the potential for universities to influence the heath behaviours of young people in a period where life-long behaviours are formed. This is particularly important, given that Victorians of university age (aged 18–29 years) are more likely to smoke than people aged 30–49 years and 50+ years.2 The Initiative educates and engages students and staff on the benefits of reducing smoking, supports smokers to quit and creates smoke-free campuses. This approach is more than just asking students and staff to leave the campus to have a cigarette; it provides a comprehensive suite of supports to help smokers quit that is likely to have a real impact on reducing harm from tobacco. The Tobacco-Free Initiative approach is collaborative across all universities and has been designed and implemented in association with university communities. An advantage of adopting a settings-based health promotion approach is that real changes can be implemented at local level without the need for government intervention or new legislation. Health promotion approaches driven by the community are efficient, timely and allow flexibility. Like the approach used in the Initiative, they create an environment that encourages healthy choices, and supports changes in communities that will have a positive impact on individuals, and also households, families, friends and broader networks. Therefore, this approach is not about helping one individual – it is about supporting a community to be healthier. The prevalence of chronic disease is increasing in Victoria.3 Cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic kidney disease share many common lifestyle-related risk factors and contribute a large proportion of the disease burden.4 Lifestyle factors such as tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol use, unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity contribute to the chronic disease burden.5 The direct health costs and lost productivity from smoking add up to $2.4 billion annually in Victoria alone.1 These costs are incurred across businesses, governments and by individuals. Given the recent concern about the sustainability of the health system in Australia, the costs attributable to smoking need to be addressed immediately. Victorian universities are doing their bit to help. The Victorian Universities Tobacco-Free Initiative provides an effective framework for universities to continue to work together and demonstrate public health leadership in developing settings-based health promotion approaches to address the increasing incidence of chronic disease and lifestyle-related risk factors. The unprecedented degree of collaboration between Australian universities over this initiative also allows them to share resources and wisdom and to jointly evaluate the programs in place. This not only expedites the development and roll out of tobacco-free programs, but builds a very sound evidence-base for the most effective strategies in these settings. The framework provides guidance for other industries in Victoria to work together to support the implementation of collaborative health promotion initiatives. The gravity of the future health, social and economic burden of chronic disease requires a timely and continued investment by government, but also by the private sector. The universities of Victoria encourage other major employers to join them and take an active role in developing environments that promote health for all Victorians. References 1 Collins DJ, Lapsley HM. The Social Costs of Smoking in Victoria in 2008/09 and the Social Benefits of Public Policy Measures to Reduce Smoking Prevalence. Melbourne (AUST): Quit Victoria and the VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control; 2011. 2 Emily Bain SD, Wakefield M. Smoking Prevalence and Consumption in Victoria: Key Findings from the 1998–2012 Population Surveys. Melbourne (AUST): Victorian Department of Health; 2013. 3 Department of Health. Victorian Population Health Survey 2010. Melbourne (AUST): State Government of Victoria; 2012. 4 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Chronic Diseases and Associated Risk Factors in Australia, 2001. Canberra (AUST): AIHW; 2012. 5 Begg S, Vos T, Barker B, Stevenson C, Stanley L, Lopez AD, The Burden of Disease and Injury in Australia 2003. Canberra (AUST): Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2007.

Study Of Costs Of The Cardiac And Diabetes Mellitus Patient In A Cardiology Hospital Of High Complexity.

There is a growing prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) among chronic diseases in the world. Currently there are over 135 million people with diabetes worldwide with estimates reaching 300 million in 2025. Developing countries concentrate two thirds of these patients and it is known that the economic burden of chronic diseases generate high costs for the health system and social welfare as a function of mortality and premature disability. The objective of the study was to investigate the impact on hospital costs of treating a patient with ischemic heart disease and DM, compared with cardiac patients without DM, in a cardiology hospital of high complexity Ministry of Health in Brazil. observational study of historical cohort of 421 diabetic heart disease (CD) and non diabetic (CND), from January 2009 to March 2010 in cardiology hospital of high complexity of the Unified Health System (SUS) in Brazil. Were only covered the direct medical costs of hospitalizations. The costs of the study population (CD and CND) were grouped into surgery, and clinical treatment obtained by two different approaches (top-down and bottom-up estimates), and subsequently analyzed and compared using R software version 3.0. No differences between groups were observed. Cost of surgery: CND = U. S. $ 2937.55 and U. S. $ 3024.51 = CD (p = 0.319). Medical Treatment: CND = U. S. $ 685.09 and U. S. $ 304.11 = CD (p = 0.218). Values are expressed as medians. studies analyzing these conditions separately describe high expenses resulting from the treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We can infer from the results of this study that the diabetic patient cardiac does not generate a significant financial impact for a cardiology hospital of high complexity.

Disease and Development: A Reply to Bloom, Canning, and Fink

Previous articleNext article No AccessDisease and Development: A Reply to Bloom, Canning, and FinkDaron Acemoglu and Simon JohnsonDaron AcemogluMassachusetts Institute of Technology Search for more articles by this author and Simon JohnsonMassachusetts Institute of Technology Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull TextSupplemental Material Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 122, Number 6December 2014 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/677190 Views: 799Total views on this site Citations: 25Citations are reported from Crossref © 2014 by The University of Chicago. 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Chronic disease management model in Acibadem Mobile Health

Introduction: In the last century, due to the rapid development of science, changes in dietary habits, in parallel with these, newly developed drugs and vaccines, which led to take control of communicable has caused to an increase in life expectancy. The increase in life expectancy also increased the incidence of non-communicable chronic diseases. Especially in developing countries every year eight million premature deaths, which are under the age of sixty, occur. These are called preventable premature deaths.(WHO, 2008) According to the report of An Unhealthy America : The economic burden of chronic diseases, which was declared by United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the seven chronic diseases (hypertension, Heart Disease, Lung Disease, Diabetes, Stroke, Psychiatric Disorders and Cancers) cost 1.3 trillion $ annually to the USA . And if necessary precautions are not taken in the year 2050, this cost will reach 7.5 trillion $. According to the data given by Turkish Republic Social Security Agency, in 2010 the treatment of chronic diseases cost 18.7 billion $ (Turkey Budget Revenues in 2010: 133 billion $, Expenses: 161 Billion $) In 2010, the cost of diabetes was 500 billion $ to world, it was 7.2 billion $ to Turkey. The seven most common chronic diseases in Turkey and in the world • Hypertension • Heart Disease • Trachea, Bronchus and Lung Disease • Diabetes • Cerebrovascular Diseases

Improved estimation of the health and economic burden of chronic disease risk factors in Manitoba

There are analytic challenges involved with estimating the aggregate burden of multiple risk factors (RFs) in a population. We describe a methodology to account for overlapping RFs in some sub-populations, a phenomenon that leads to "double-counting" the diseases and economic burden generated by those factors. Our method uses an efficient approach to accurately analyze the aggregate economic burden of chronic disease across a multifactorial system. In addition, it involves considering the effect of body weight as a continuous or polytomous exposure that ranges from no excess weight through overweight to obesity. We then apply this method to smoking, physical inactivity and overweight/obesity in Manitoba, a province of Canada. The annual aggregate economic burden of the RFs in Manitoba in 2008 is about $1.6 billion ($557 million for smoking, $299 million for physical inactivity and $747 million for overweight/obesity). The total burden represents a 12.6% downward adjustment to account for the effect of multiple RFs in some individuals in the population. An improved estimate of the aggregate economic burden of multiple RFs in a given population can assist in prioritizing and gaining support for primary prevention initiatives.