Echocardiographic Strain Analysis Research Articles

Perioperative echocardiographic strain analysis: what anesthesiologists should know.

Echocardiographic strain analysis by speckle tracking allows assessment of myocardial deformation during the cardiac cycle. Its clinical applications have significantly expanded over the last two decades as a sensitive marker of myocardial dysfunction with important diagnostic and prognostic values. Strain analysis has the potential to become a routine part of the perioperative echocardiographic examination for most anesthesiologist-echocardiographers but its exact role in the perioperative setting is still being defined. This clinical report reviews the principles underlying strain analysis and describes its main clinical uses pertinent to the field of anesthesiology and perioperative medicine. Strain for assessment of left and right ventricular function as well as atrial strain is described. We also discuss the potential role of strain to aid in perioperative risk stratification, surgical patient selection in cardiac surgery, and guidance of anesthetic monitor choice and clinical decision-making in the perioperative period. Echocardiographic strain analysis is a powerful tool that allows seeing what conventional 2D imaging sometimes fails to reveal. It often provides pathophysiologic insight into various cardiac diseases at an early stage. Strain analysis is readily feasible and reproducible thanks to the use of highly automated software platforms. This technique shows promising potential to become a valuable tool in the arsenal of the anesthesiologist-echocardiographer and aid in perioperative risk-stratification and clinical decision-making.

The Influence of Anthropometrics on Cardiac Mechanics in Healthy Women With Opposite Obesity Phenotypes (Android vs Gynoid).

The possible influence exerted by mechanical factors and/or compressive phenomena on myocardial strain parameters in healthy individuals with opposite obesity phenotypes (android vs gynoid) has never been previously investigated. Accordingly, we aimed at evaluating the relationship between anthropometrics, such as the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), modified Haller index (MHI, the ratio of chest transverse diameter over the distance between sternum and spine), and epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), and left ventricular (LV)-global longitudinal strain (GLS), in healthy women with opposite obesity phenotypes (android vs gynoid). Forty healthy women with obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥30 Kg/m2)and WHR ≥0.85 ("android group") (52.5±13.2 yrs), 40 age- and BMI-matched healthy women with obesityand WHR <0.78 ("gynoid group") (49.8±13.4 yrs) and 40 age-matched healthy women without obesity (BMI <30 Kg/m2) (controls) (50.3±12.5 yrs) were retrospectively analyzed. All women underwent transthoracic echocardiography implemented with echocardiographic strain analysis of all cardiac chambers. Correlation between LV-GLS and anthropometrics (WHR, MHI, and EAT) was assessed in both groups of obese women. Age, WHR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and left ventricular mass index (LVMi) were included in the logistic regression analysis performed for evaluating the independent predictors of reduced LV-GLS magnitude (less negative than -20%) in women with android obesity. Compared to the other groups of women, those with android obesity were found with significantly greater LVMi, higher LV filling pressures, and lower biventricular and biatrial deformation indices. A strong inverse correlation between LV-GLS and all anthropometrics (WHR, MHI, and EAT) was demonstrated in both groups of women with obesity. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that WHR (OR 1.58, 95%CI 1.22-2.03, p<0.001) and LVMi (OR 1.09, 95%CI 1.02-1.16, p=0.006) were independently correlated with LV-GLS impairment in women with android obesity. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, the WHR maintained a statistically significant association with the above-mentioned outcome (OR 1.68, 95%CI 1.14-2.48, p=0.009). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that a WHR value ≥1.01 had 93% sensitivity and 100% specificity for detecting LV-GLS impairment in women with android obesity (AUC=0.98; 95%CI 0.96-1.00). Anthropometrics may strongly influence cardiac mechanics in healthy women with obesity. The WHR is associated with reduced LV-GLS magnitude in healthy women with android obesity, independent of age, glycometabolic status, and LV size.

Predictors of clinical outcome in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot and the prognostic value of surrogate markers of right ventricular dyssynchrony

Abstract Introduction Sequelae or residual lesions after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) are inevitable and have an impact on long-term outcome. So far, most of our attention was directed to negative consequences of residual pulmonary regurgitation. Less attention has been paid to the impact of right bundle branch block and intraventricular dyssynchrony on biventricular function, exercise capacity and clinical outcome. Purpose Using the Swiss Adult Congenital HEart disease Registry we aimed to investigate the 5-year clinical course of adults with rTOF late after surgical repair. We used echocardiography strain analysis as surrogate to quantify right and left ventricular dyssynchrony and correlated our findings with routine clinical measures from cardiopulmonary exercise testing, neurohumoral blood work and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with the aim to identify patients at increased risk for an adverse clinical event. Methods 2D speckle-tracking strain analysis of the right and left ventricle was performed with dedicated software (Tomtec, Germany). RV dyssynchrony index was measured as the standard deviation of time to peak shortening (TTP) in six RV segments. Interventricular shortening delay (IVSD) was defined as the maximal delay of TTP between ventricular segments. We constructed a multivariate model with NT-proBNP, ECG, clinical, imaging and exercise testing variables to predict the composite outcome of all-cause mortality, relevant arrhythmias and hospital admission for decompensated heart failure. Results A total of 285 patients were included. During a mean follow-up of 48±21 months, 33 patient (12 %) suffered an adverse event with a mean time to event of 30 ± 21 months after the baseline visit. RV dyssynchrony index and IVSD did not differ statistically between the groups with and without events (49±31ms vs 41±18ms, p-value 0.21, 130±65ms vs. 103±50ms, p-value 0.9). In the multivariate Cox-regression model, NT-proBNP, right atrial area and peak heart rate at exercise testing were independent predictors of outcome. An integrated risk score with the median values of these 3 variables as cut-off was highly accurate in separating patients at low risk (score 0; n=39) and high risk (score 3; n=38) for an adverse event. After 6 years of follow-up, no patient at low risk (score 0) had an adverse event, while in 62% of patients at high risk (score 3) an adverse event occurred (p&amp;lt;0.001). Conclusion In our cohort of rTOF patients, echocardiographic surrogates of RV dyssynchrony did not correlate with clinical events. An integrated multimodality approach proved to be effective in predicting outcomes.

Global Longitudinal Strain as Predictor of Inducible Ischemia in No Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease in the CIAO-ISCHEMIA Study

Global longitudinal strain (GLS) is a sensitive marker for identifying subclinical myocardial dysfunction in obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). Little is known about the relationship between GLS and ischemia in patients with myocardial ischemia and no obstructive CAD (INOCA). To investigate the relationship between resting GLS and ischemia on stress echocardiography (SE) in patients with INOCA. Left ventricular GLS was calculated offline on resting SE images at enrollment (n=144) and 1-year follow-up (n=120) in the CIAO-ISCHEMIA (Changes in Ischemia and Angina over One year in International Study of Comparative Health Effectiveness with Medical and Invasive Approaches trial screen failures with no obstructive CAD on computed tomography [CT] angiography) study, which enrolled participants with moderate or severe ischemia by local SE interpretation (≥3 segments with new or worsening wall motion abnormality and no obstructive (<50% stenosis) on coronary computed tomography angiography. Global longitudinal strain values were normal in 83.3% at enrollment and 94.2% at follow-up. Global longitudinal strain values were not associated with a positive SE at enrollment (GLS= -21.5% positive SE vs GLS= -19.9% negative SE, P=.443) or follow-up (GLS= -23.2% positive SE vs GLS= -23.1% negative SE, P=.859). Significant change in GLS was not associated with positive SE in follow-up (P=.401). Regional strain was not associated with colocalizing ischemia at enrollment or follow-up. Changes in GLS and number of ischemic segments from enrollment to follow-up showed a modest but not clinically meaningful correlation (β=0.41; 95% CI, 0.16, 0.67; P=.002). In this cohort of INOCA patients, resting GLS values were largely normal and did not associate with the presence, severity, or location of stress-induced ischemia. These findings may suggest the absence of subclinical myocardial dysfunction detectable by echocardiographic strain analysis at rest in INOCA.

Prognostic value of right ventricular function in patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation undergoing tricuspid valve intervention

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Indications and optimal timing of intervention for severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) remain controversial due to insufficient evidence. Right ventricular (RV) function assessment, a key factor of preoperative evaluation, remains challenging due to limitations of conventional echocardiographic indexes, particularly with concomitant severe TR. Right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS) is able to evaluate intrinsic systolic function and to identify RV dysfunction at early stage compared to conventional echocardiographic indices. Purpose to analyze the prognostic implications of pre-operative RV dysfunction, evaluated through conventional and speckle-tracking echocardiography, in patients with severe TR undergoing tricuspid valve intervention. Methods In this single-center retrospective study, we enrolled consecutive patients with severe TR who underwent surgical or transcatheter tricuspid valve intervention (TTVI) between November 2016 and July 2021. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. For a secondary exploratory analysis, to compare outcomes of operated versus conservatively treated patients, we enrolled consecutive patients with severe TR who underwent echocardiographic evaluation in the same time period and who undergo conservative management. Results Study population included 100 patients: 78 patients underwent isolated TV surgical intervention and 22 TTVI. ROC curve analysis showed RVFWLS as the best echocardiographic parameter to predict all-cause mortality (AUC: 0.726, IC 0.57–0.88 P = 0.006). Estimated 4-years survival was significantly lower in patients with RV dysfunction (defined as an absolute value of RVFWLS ≤ 21%, cutoff derived from ROC analysis with sensitivity 60% and specificity 87%) compared to patients with normal RV function: 70.0% vs 93.9% p = 0.002 (Figure 1). Independent prognostic role of RVFWLS was confirmed at multivariable analysis adjusted for significative clinical and echocardiographic variables (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.80–0.98; P = 0.016). At secondary exploratory analysis, patients treated conservatively had a worst estimated 4-year survival compared to operated patients (59.6% vs 84.0%, p = 0.001). Stratifying this population according to the presence of RV dysfunction, in the group with lower RVFWLS values there were no significative differences in overall survival between operated and conservatively-treated patients (Figure 2). Conclusions Preoperative RV dysfunction defined by echocardiographic strain analysis is independently associated with outcomes after TV intervention. RVFWLS could be useful for indication and timing of intervention for severe TR.

Early cardiac dysfunction in obese adolescents with Down syndrome or autism.

Obesity in adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities) occurs at twice the frequency as their typically developing peers. Typically developing adolescents with obesity have abnormal cardiac function (as measured by strain echocardiography) and cardiac mass, but the effects of obesity on cardiac health in adolescents with Down syndrome or autism spectrum disorder are unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of body mass index on cardiac function in adolescents with Down syndrome or autism. Adolescents (age 12-21 years) with Down syndrome (n = 28), autism (n = 33), and age-/sex-matched typically developing controls (n = 15) received an echocardiogram optimised for strain analysis at a single timepoint. Measures of ventricular function, mass, and size were collected. Regression modelling evaluated the impact of body mass index and intellectual and developmental disabilities diagnosis on these cardiac measures. In regression modelling, an elevated body mass index z-score was associated with diminished systolic biventricular function by global strain (left ventricular longitudinal strain β 0.87, P < 0.001; left ventricular circumferential strain β 0.57, p 0.003; right ventricular longitudinal strain β 0.63, P < 0.001). Diminished left ventricular diastolic function by early diastolic strain rate was also associated with elevated body mass index (global longitudinal end-diastolic strain rate β -0.7, P < 0.001). No association was found between traditional (non-strain) measures of systolic and diastolic ventricular function and body mass index z-score. Obesity in adolescents with Down syndrome or autism negatively impacts cardiac function as measured by echocardiographic strain analysis that was not detected by traditional parameters.

Cardiac radioablation does not worsen cardiac function: preliminary safety results of the prospective STARNL-1 trial

Abstract Background Cardiac radioablation for ventricular tachycardia (VT) appears to be highly effective and safe in patients with recurrent VT despite anti-arrhythmic therapy and catheter ablation(s), although global experience is currently very limited. Detailed echocardiographic strain analysis could provide important insights in (subclinical) functional safety. Importantly, current stereotactic cardiac radioablation techniques includes irradiation of the VT substrate but, inherently, also includes irradiation of the VT border zone and some healthy cardiac tissue. The latter particularly may result in detoriation of cardiac function after cardiac radioablation. Purpose To evaluate functional echocardiographic safety of cardiac radioablation. Methods The STARNL-1 trial is a prospective, monocenter, single-arm, pre-post intervention study. Six patients with recurrent VT despite high dose anti-arrhythmic drugs, after (single or multiple) conventional catheter ablation and deemed unsuited for repeat catheter ablation, were treated with a single fraction 25 Gy radiotherapy dose. Per protocol, patients underwent echocardiograms at baseline, 24 hours after treatment, and 3 months after treatment. Echocardiograms were analysed using 2D-speckle tracking. Mean radiotherapy dose per segment was calculated according to the AHA 17-segment model. Echocardiographic parameters were compared between baseline, 24 hours and 3 months, and correlated to radiotherapy dose. Results Patients were all male (age 55–83 years), all suffered from ischaemic cardiomyopathy, and all completed 3 month follow-up. At baseline, median left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) was 38% [30; 47] and median global longitudinal strain (GLS) −8% [−12; −5]. Interestingly, LVEF significantly improved 24 hours after treatment (42% [36; 49], p=0.046) but GLS did not change (−7% [−12; −5], p=0.833). At 3 months, both LVEF and GLS were unchanged compared to baseline (LVEF 39% [33; 49%], p=0.463; GLS −6% [−12; −5], p=0.893). The difference in longitudinal strain per segment before and after treatment did not correlate with the mean radiotherapy dose per segment, both 24 hours after treatment (Pearson coefficient −0.082, p=0.410) and 3 months after treatment (Pearson coefficient −0.005, p=0.957). In Figure 1 an illustrative case is presented. Conclusion(s) Cardiac radioablation for VT does not worsen (subclinical) cardiac function within the first 3 months after treatment. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Dutch Heart Foundation

Dose-dependent cardiac effects of collateral cardiac irradiation: Echocardiographic strain analysis in patients treated for extracardiac malignancies

Cardiac radioablation is a new treatment modality for the treatment of patients with ventricular tachycardia.1 The time course and magnitude of subsequent myocardial changes are unknown but seem to occur within weeks to months.2 There is ongoing uncertainty about the relationship between radiotherapy dose and efficacy and safety of radioablation. Detailed cardiac investigations comparing pre- and post-thoracic radiotherapy may provide insights into functional effects. In this study, the effects of cardiac irradiation on the left ventricle were evaluated by correlating radiotherapy dose to echocardiographic changes.

Restrictive Atrial Dysfunction in Cardiac Amyloidosis: Differences between Immunoglobulin Light Chain and Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis Patients.

Background: In cardiac amyloidosis, the prevalence of thromboembolic events and atrial fibrillation is higher in transthyretin amyloidosis compared to immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis. Therefore, we hypothesize that transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis patients have worse atrial function. Purpose: To explore the left atrial function by conventional ultrasound and strain analysis in immunoglobulin light chain- and transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis patients. Methods: In cardiac amyloidosis patients in our Amyloidosis Expert Center, echocardiographic strain analysis was performed using speckle tracking. Results: The data of 53 cardiac amyloidosis patients (83% male, mean age 70 years) were analyzed. Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis patients (n = 24, 45%) were older (75 ± 5.6 vs. 65 ± 7.2 years, p < 0.001) and had more left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy than immunoglobulin light chain cardiac amyloidosis patients (n = 29, 55%). However, LV systolic and diastolic function did not differ, nor did left atrial dimensions (LAVI 56(24) vs. 50(31) mL/m2). Left atrial reservoir strain was markedly lower in transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (7.4(6.2) vs. 13.6(14.7), p = 0.017). This association was independent of other measurements of the left atrial and ventricular function. Conclusions: Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis patients had lower left atrial reservoir function compared to immunoglobulin light chain cardiac amyloidosis patients although the left atrial geometry was similar. Interestingly, this association was independent of left atrial- and LV ejection fraction and global longitudinal strain. Further research is warranted to assess the impact of impaired left atrial dysfunction in transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis on atrial fibrillation burden and prognosis.

Left Ventricular Strain Analysis During Submaximal Semisupine Bicycle Exercise Stress Echocardiography in Childhood Cancer Survivors

Background Childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) show relevant cardiac morbidity and mortality throughout life. Early detection is key for optimal support of patients at risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography strain analysis during semisupine exercise stress in CCSs for detection of subclinical left ventricular dysfunction after cancer treatment. Methods and Results Seventy-seven CCSs ≥1-year postchemotherapy were prospectively examined at rest, low, and submaximal stress level and compared with a cohort of healthy adolescents and young adults (n=50). Global longitudinal strain (GLS), short axis circumferential strain, and corresponding strain rates were analyzed using vendor-independent software. CCSs at median 7.8 years postchemotherapy showed comparable left ventricular GLS, circumferential strain, and strain rate values at all stress stages to healthy controls. Yet, prevalence of abnormal GLS (defined as <2 SD of controls reference) in CCSs was 1.3% at rest, 2.7% at low, and 8.6% at submaximal stress. In CCSs, relative change of circumferential strain from rest to submaximal stress was lower than in healthy controls, median 16.9 (interquartile range [IQR], 3.4; 28.8) % versus 23.3 (IQR, 11.3; 33.3) %, P=0.03, most apparent in the subgroups of CCSs after high-dose anthracycline treatment and cancer diagnosis before the age of 5 years. Conclusions In this prospective 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography strain study, prevalence of abnormal left ventricular GLS increased with stress level reflecting impaired cardiac adaptation to exercise stress in some CCSs. However, relatively early after last chemotherapy, this did not result in significant differences of mean GLS-, circumferential strain-, and strain rate values between CCSs and controls at any stress level.

Multichamber Strain Characterization Is a Robust Prognosticator for Both Bicuspid and Tricuspid Aortic Stenosis

Cardiac damage (CD) staging is associated with worse survival in aortic stenosis (AS). However, patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) are less likely to develop CD than those with tricuspid aortic valve AS (TAV-AS). The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic value of multichamber strain (MCS) characterization, a sensitive measurement of subclinical CD, in patients with BAV- and TAV-AS. Offline two-dimensional echocardiographic strain analysis was performed in 209 consecutive patients with BAV and 369 patients with TAV with more than moderate AS (mean gradient, 47±12 vs 47±14mm Hg, respectively; >90% severe AS), retrospectively identified from the echocardiography database. The extent of abnormal cardiac mechanics was characterized by the number of chambers with impaired longitudinal strain (left ventricle, left atrium, and right ventricle) as preserved or single-chamber, paired-chamber, or triple-chamber impaired strain. Cutoffs of strain parameters to define impaired versus preserved chamber function were 15% for the left ventricle, 24% for the left atrium, and 25% for the right ventricular free wall. CD was staged using a panel of comprehensive echocardiographic parameters. The primary outcome was all-cause death. MCS (per chamber increase) modestly correlated with CD staging (per stage increase) in both groups (BAV, r=0.36; TAV, r=0.43). After a median follow-up period of 4.9years (interquartile range, 2.2-4.6years), 262 patients died (5-year survival 86.8±2.4% [BAV-AS] vs 49.6±2.7% [TAV-AS], P<.001). In multivariable analysis, MCS was strongly associated with all-cause death in BAV-AS and TAV-AS, separately, and independent of CD staging (P<.001 for both). MCS provided incremental prognostic value to CD staging in both BAV-AS and TAV-AS (P for χ2 change < .001 for both) and improved risk classification of CD staging in TAV AS (continuous net reclassification index=0.24, P=.02). MCS characterization is a robust prognosticator in patients with greater than moderate AS andprovides incremental prognostic value to CD staging in both BAV-AS and TAV-AS. Therefore, MCS characterization could represent an alternative or additive method to CD staging.

Right Heart Chambers Longitudinal Strain Provides Enhanced Diagnosis and Categorization in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension.

BackgroundIncreased systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (sPAP) could lead to the mechanical dysfunction and myocardial fibrosis of the right heart chambers. Echocardiographic strain analysis has not been adequately studied in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH).Study design and methodsA cross-sectional cohort of patients with suspected PH and echocardiographic strain evaluation was recruited. The cut-off values of peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) with the low probability of PH (≤2.8 m/s), intermediate probability (2.9–3.4 m/s, without other echo PH signs), and high probability of PH (2.9–3.4 m/s with other echo PH signs and >3.4 m/s) categories were studied by right ventricular and right atrial (RA) strain analysis in a sample of 236 patients.ResultsThe results showed that 58 (56.9%) patients had low, 15 (14.7%) had intermediate, and 29 (28.4%) had a high probability of PH. We observed a negative association between right ventricular free wall strain (RV-FWS) and atrial global strain with sPAP. With the increase in PH severity, RA reservoir, conduit, and contraction (booster) strain values decreased. The identified cut-off values of strain parameters had an adequate ability to detect PH severity categories. In addition, the post-mortem biopsies of right heart chambers from subjects with known severe PH were analyzed to quantify myocardial fibrosis. Our sample of right heart biopsies (n = 12) demonstrated an association between increased sPAP before death and right ventricular and RA fibrosis.ConclusionMechanical dysfunction and fibrosis in the right chambers are associated with increased sPAP. Right ventricular and atrial strain could provide enhancement in the diagnosis and categorization of subjects with suspected PH.

The Diagnostic Role of Echocardiographic Strain Analysis in Patients Presenting with Chest Pain and Elevated Troponin: A Multicenter Study

Myocarditis presenting as acute chest pain with elevated troponins without significant cardiac compromise is rare in previously healthy children, often referred to as myopericarditis. Diagnosis is challenging, as conventional echocardiographic measures of systolic function can be normal. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the diagnostic utility of strain imaging in this scenario. This was a multicenter, retrospective study including patients presenting with chest pain and elevated troponin from 10 institutions who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and transthoracic echocardiography within 30days of each other (group 1). Findings were compared with those among 19 control subjects (group 2). Clinical data and conventional echocardiographic and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging data were collected. Echocardiography-derived strain was measured at the core laboratory. Group 1 was divided into subgroups as myocarditis positive (group 1a) or negative (group 1b) on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging on the basis of established criteria. Group 1 included 108 subjects (88 in group 1a, 20 in group 1b). Although all groups had normal mean fractional shortening and mean left ventricular ejection fraction, group 1 had significantly lower ejection fraction (56.8±7.0%) compared with group 2 (62.3±4.9%; P<.005) and fractional shortening (31.2±4.9%) compared with group 2 (34.1±3.5%; P<.05). Additionally, peak global longitudinal strain (GLS) was markedly abnormal in group 1 (-13.9±3.4%) compared with group 2 (-19.8±2.1%; P<.001). In subgroup analysis, GLS was markedly abnormal in group 1a (-13.2±3.0%) compared with group 1b (-17.3±2.6%; P<.001). Fifty-four subjects underwent follow-up echocardiography (46 in group 1a, eight in group 1b), with mean a follow-up time of 10±11months. At follow-up, whereas ejection fraction and fractional shortening returned to normal in all patients, abnormalities in strain persisted in group 1, with 22% still having abnormal GLS. Moreover, mean GLS was more abnormal in group 1a (-16.1±2.6%) compared with group 1b (-17.4±1.2%; P<.05). The present study demonstrates that echocardiographic GLS is significantly worse in subjects with myopericarditis presenting with chest pain and elevated troponins compared with control subjects even when conventional measures of systolic function are largely normal and that these abnormalities persisted over time.

A method for direct estimation of left ventricular global longitudinal strain rate from echocardiograms

We present a new method for measuring global longitudinal strain and global longitudinal strain rate from 2D echocardiograms using a logarithmic-transform correlation (LTC) method. Traditional echocardiography strain analysis depends on user inputs and chamber segmentation, which yield increased measurement variability. In contrast, our approach is automated and does not require cardiac chamber segmentation and regularization, thus eliminating these issues. The algorithm was benchmarked against two conventional strain analysis methods using synthetic left ventricle ultrasound images. Measurement error was assessed as a function of contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) using mean absolute error and root-mean-square error. LTC showed better agreement to the ground truth strain {({varvec{R}}}^{2}=0.91) and ground truth strain rate {({varvec{R}}}^{2}=0.85) compared with agreement to ground truth for two block-matching speckle tracking algorithms (one based on sum of square difference and the other on Fourier transform correlation; strain {({varvec{R}}}^{2}=0.70), strain rate {({varvec{R}}}^{2}=0.70)). A 200% increase in strain measurement accuracy was observed compared to the conventional algorithms. Subsequently, we tested the method using a 53-subject clinical cohort (20 subjects diseased with cardiomyopathy, 33 healthy controls). Our method distinguished between normal and abnormal left ventricular function with an AUC = 0.89, a 5% improvement over the conventional GLS algorithms.

Assessment of left atrial strain reservoir in patients with ischaemic stroke: a case-control study

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background/Introduction Left atrial (LA) function is considered a seperate marker of cardiovascular disease and its assessment with echocardiography strain analysis has been gaining interest lately. The association of LA characteristics with ischaemic stroke has not been fully understood. Purpose This is a case-control study aiming to identidy differences in LA reservoir strain between ischaemic stroke patients and healthy controls. Methods Consecutive ischaemic stroke patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction and sinus rhythm were enrolled in the study. Patients were assessed with 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (apical 4-chamber view) using longitudinal speckle-tracking technique. Non-parametric testing with Mann-Whitney U analysis (new procedure) was carried out to identify differences in the distribution of LA reservoir strain values within the patients group and the controls. A p value of &amp;lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Sixty-six patients (44 males, 22 females) of a mean age of 49.97 years [minimum = 20, maximum = 61, standard deviation (SD)=8.90] were enrolled in the stroke group. The control group included 39 healthy volunteers (27 males, 12 females) of a mean age of 42.23 years (minimum = 19, maximum = 71, SD = 12.77). In the stroke group, the mean LA reservoir strain was 34.24% (minimum = 5.62, maximum = 71.88%, SD = 10.21%) and the median was 34.06%, whereas the mean and median values of control subjects were 42.84% (minimum = 24.20, maximum = 90, SD = 13.87%) and 39.59% respectively. Mann-Whitneu U analysis (new procedure) showed lower LA strain values in the stroke group (mean rank = 45.29, Mann-Whitney U = 778, p = 0.001) compared to controls (mean rank = 66.05). Conclusion Our study showed that ischaemic stroke patients on sinus rhythm at presentation had impaired LA reservoir strain compared to healthy adults. The role of speckle-tracking echocardiography in assessing LA function and predicting stroke needs to be further evaluated thorougly. Figure Mann-Whitney U testing (new procedure) of left atrial reservoir strain in the stroke group and in healthy controls. Abstract Figure.

Impaired left atrial reservoir strain in patients with ischaemic stroke is associated with atrial fibrillation development

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background/Introduction The investigation of patients with ischaemic stroke includes undoubtedly their evaluation for atrial fibrillation (AF). On the other hand, the role of left atrial (LA) function in cardiovascular disease is increasingly researched, while echocardiography strain analysis is a novel attractive technique. Purpose In this retrospective study, we investigated the association between LA function assessed with reservoir strain and the follow-up development of AF. Methods The study population consisted of consecutive ischaemic stroke patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction who were on sinus rhythm at the moment of enrollment and had no history of AF. Baseline LA reservoir strain was assessed with 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (apical 4-chamber view) using longitudinal speckle-tracking technique. Afterwards, patients were investigated for AF with ambulatory electrocardiography during one-year follow-up. Differences in the distribution of LA reservoir strain values within the groups of patients with and without AF development were examined with Mann-Whitney U test (new procedure). The level of statistical significance was set to a p value of &amp;lt;0.05. Results Sixty-three patients (41 males, 22 females) of a mean age of 50.94 years [minimum = 20, maximum = 65, standard deviation (SD)=10,02] were enrolled in the study. Eight (12.7%) patients developed atrial fibrillation on follow-up. Overall, the mean LA reservoir strain was 32.75% (minimum = 5.62%, maximum = 71.88%, SD=%) and the median value was 32.91%. The values were shown to be lower in the group with later AF development (mean rank = 13.94, Mann-Whitney U = 75.5, p = 0.003) than in those without this finding (mean rank = 13.94). Neither the gender nor the age was associated with AF diagnosis. Conclusion Lower LA reservoir strain values were found to be associated with AF development in ischaemic stroke patients of our study. Pending more research data from large studies, this novel technique appears to be promising in identifying AF risk in stroke patients. Figure Non parametric assessment with Mann-Whitney U test (new procedure) of left atrial reservoir strain analysis with 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography in the groups of ischaemic stroke patients with and without atrial fibrillation development. Abstract Figure.

Speckle tracking echocardiography strain analysis for the assessment and monitoring of myocardial mechanics after pediatric cardiac surgery

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background. Speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) is a relatively new ultrasound technique that exploits acoustic reflections and artifacts within the ultrasonic window, with the aim of analyzing global myocardial deformation and segmenting. STE has proved to be more sensitive in identifying a myocardial dysfunction so gained increasing value in the evaluation of congenital heart diseases (CHD) even though its use, in pediatric cardiac surgery, is still limited. The present study aims to evaluate the global and left ventricular (LV) systolic impairment after pediatric cardiac surgery by STE strain (ε) analysis.  Methods We prospectively enrolled 120 children undergoing cardiac surgery for CHD. Echocardiography was performed at four different times: pre-operatively, 12-36 hours (Time-1), 3-5 days (Time-2), 6-8 days (Time-3). Images were obtained in the 4-2-and 3 apical chamber’s views to derive LV global and regional (basal/mid/apical) ε values. Results. We collected data from 332 examinations in 120 children (mean age: 2.33 ±3.91, range: 0-16 years) at different post-operative times. 120 age-matched healthy children (3.1 ± 4.2 years) served as controls. All global, basal, and mid LVε values reduced after surgery; the lowest values were at Time-1 (p &amp;lt; 0.0001) but increased thereafter. At discharge, all global, basal, and mid LVε values persisted lower than pre-operatively and healthy children (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Instead, apical segments (lowest at baseline), increased after surgery (p &amp;lt; 0.0001), but remained lower compared to controls. LV ejection fraction (LVEF) decreased at Time-1 (p = 0.0003) but promptly recovered to Time-2, to standardize at Time-3. Conclusions. Despite LVEF was normalized by the discharge, STE ε has shown a systolic impairment after cardiac surgery that disclosed a gradual improvement but still uncomplete normalization at discharge. Regional STE differences revealed a discrepancy base-apex: apical segments, contrary to all the other regions, showed hypercontractility after surgery. The slower recovery of LVε values compared to LVEF, suggests that STE ε analysis may be more accurate in the follow-up of mild LV post-surgical impairment. Abstract Figure. LV ventricular ε values

Abstract 10676: Left Atrial Strain is Associated with Supraventricular Tachycardia in Cardiac Amyloidosis Patients

Introduction: In cardiac amyloidosis, supraventricular tachycardia is common. Probable mechanisms are left ventricular dysfunction resulting in left atrial disease, but also direct atrial amyloid infiltration. Although measurement of left ventricular global longitudinal strain is commonly used, the value of left atrial strain remains unclear. Hypothesis: Left atrial strain should be strongly associated with the occurrence of supraventricular tachycardia in cardiac amyloidosis patients. Methods: In 69 cardiac amyloidosis patients (75% male, mean age 65 years) in our Amyloidosis Expert Center, echocardiographic strain analysis was performed using EchoPAC (version 203, General Electric Healthcare) between March 2017 and May 2020. Results: Supraventricular tachycardia occurred in 34 (43%) cardiac amyloidosis patients, which were older (70±8 vs. 60±15 years, p=0.001) but had a similar left ventricular mass index and ejection fraction. Left atrial volume index was higher (56±21 vs. 45±18 ml/m 2 , p=0.02), left ventricular global longitudinal strain (11±4 vs. 14±4, p=0.004) and left atrial reservoir strain (12±9 vs. 23±16, p=0.001) were lower. Left atrial reservoir strain was associated with supraventricular tachycardia, independent of left ventricular global longitudinal strain or left atrial volume (B-value 0.88 (confidence interval 0.80 - 0.97), p=0.01). Conclusion: Low left atrial reservoir strain was associated with the occurrence of supraventricular tachycardia independent of left atrial volume and left ventricular global longitudinal strain and therefore a promising parameter in cardiac amyloidosis patients.

Cardiac Fibrosis Is a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19.

Increased left ventricular fibrosis has been reported in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is unclear whether this fibrosis is a consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or a risk factor for severe disease progression. We observed increased fibrosis in the left ventricular myocardium of deceased COVID-19 patients, compared with matched controls. We also detected increased mRNA levels of soluble interleukin-1 receptor-like 1 (sIL1-RL1) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in the left ventricular myocardium of deceased COVID-19 patients. Biochemical analysis of blood sampled from patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) with COVID-19 revealed highly elevated levels of TGF-β1 mRNA in these patients compared to controls. Left ventricular strain measured by echocardiography as a marker of pre-existing cardiac fibrosis correlated strongly with blood TGF-β1 mRNA levels and predicted disease severity in COVID-19 patients. In the left ventricular myocardium and lungs of COVID-19 patients, we found increased neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) RNA levels, which correlated strongly with the prevalence of pulmonary SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid. Cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis may therefore predispose these patients to increased cellular viral entry in the lung, which may explain the worse clinical outcome observed in our cohort. Our study demonstrates that patients at risk of clinical deterioration can be identified early by echocardiographic strain analysis and quantification of blood TGF-β1 mRNA performed at the time of first medical contact.

Left ventricular mechanics and cardiovascular outcomes in non-compaction phenotype

AimsThis study aims at understanding left ventricular (LV) mechanics of non-compaction (LVNC) phenotype using echocardiographic strain analysis and at assessing the association of functional parameters with cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. Methods and resultsLongitudinal (GLS) and circumferential strain (GCS) as well as rotation of the LV were analyzed in 55 LVNC patients and 55 matched controls. Cardiovascular outcomes were documented for a median follow-up duration of 6 years. GLS and GCS were impaired in LVNC. Similary, regional longitudinal and circumferential strain as well as twist were reduced. CV events occurred in 28 LVNC patients. Apical peak circumferential strain (APCS), peak systolic rotation of apical segments (APSR), and twist were strongly associated with events. This was independent of and incremental to LVEF and non-compacted to compacted myocardial thickness ratio (NC:C ratio). The association of twist with events was also independent of and slightly superior to GLS. ConclusionsGLS, GCS, regional strain, and twist were impaired in LVNC. APCS, APSR, and twist exhibited strong association with CV events independent of and incremental to LVEF and NC:C ratio, and in case of twist even GLS. Thus, STE-derived parameters may complement the echocardiographic assessment of LVNC patients in clinical routine.