Eastern Plateau Region Of India Research Articles

Assessment of tomato genotypes for resistance to tomato leaf curl virus and bacterial wilt in the Eastern Plateau Region of India

Assessment of tomato genotypes for resistance to tomato leaf curl virus and bacterial wilt in the Eastern Plateau Region of India

Impact of Amide Fertilizer on Carbon Sequestration under the Agroforestry System in the Eastern Plateau Region of India

Carbon sequestration is an important aspect of expelling greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and decelerating the rate of global warming. Agroforestry plays an important role in carbon sequestration. Keeping this in mind, the current study was carried out between 2017 and 2021 to assess the effect of integrated nutrient management on biomass production, carbon sequestration, and carbon credit in a mango and turmeric agroforestry system. The study used randomized block design (RBD) with four treatments and five replications. According to the findings of this study, the rate of fertilizer application has a significant impact on the growth of turmeric and mango crops. The physiochemical characteristics of soil show an improvement in soil composition with the application of urea (CO(NH2)2), single super phosphate [Ca(H2PO4)2.2H2O] 226 kg ha−1, MOP [KCl] 309 kg ha−1 100 kg ha−1. The carbon density of the agrihorticulture land use system was six to seven times higher than that of the open agriculture-based land use system. The highest turmeric production (8.98 t ha−1) was reported under the mango-turmeric system rather than turmeric alone (6.36 t ha−1) in the T2-N100kg treatment. Total biomass production (61.2 t ha−1 and 64.6 t ha−1), carbon stock (38.6 t ha−1 and 41.06 t ha−1), carbon sequestration (246.5 t ha−1 and 299.5 t ha−1), and carbon credit (246.57 credits and 299.5 credits) were found to be highest in mango and turmeric-based agroforestry land use system treatments T2-N100 kg and T3-N80 Kg, respectively. The net additional profit from the agrihorticulture land use system was 299.5 carbon credits, which is equivalent to 4,49,250 INR.

Distinct nature of soil organic carbon pools and indices under nineteen years of rice based crop diversification switched over from uncultivated land in eastern plateau region of India

Crop diversification and their impact on soil C pools and C indices in Eastern plateau region of India is yet to be clearly understood. To explore this, a nineteen years field experiment was carried out to identify suitable diversified cropping system of this region with assessing the SOC pool, C and humification indices. Selected cropping systems were, uncultivated grassland (D-0), rice-fallow (D-1), rice-fallow/rice-okra/rice-maize (D-2), rice-fallow/rice-capsicum/rice-mungbean (D-3) and rice-fallow/rice-capsicum/rice-babycorn/rice-groundnut systems (D-4). Total organic carbon (TOC), various fractions of reactive and recalcitrant C pools, humification indices, dehydrogenase activity and carbon management index (CMI) were determined for 0−15, 15−30 and 30−45 cm soil layers. After 19 years of cultivation, SOC content (g kg−1) of the soil was improved by 22.9 % in D-1 system in 0−15 cm soil depth. Depth dynamics revealed decrement of SOC fractions and stocks with increasing soil depth, although minimum decrement has noticed in D-3 and D-4 systems. D-1 system had the highest very labile C (VLC), labile C (LC) stock, whileless labile C (LLC) and humus C (Hum-C) was found to be highest in D-0. In deeper soil layers (30−45 cm), D-4 system had the highest reactive C pool (RP) stock. Percent deviation of RP-C stock under D-4 system had also the lowest across the 45 cm soil profile. D-2, D-3 and D-4 systems had ∼34, 52 and 40 % higher C lability index (CLI) than D-0 in 0−15, 15−30 and 30−45 cm soil depths, respectively. Besides, D-1 system had similar and ∼ 63 % higher CMI value at 0−15 and 15−30 cm, while, ∼76 % higher CMI value was observed in D-4 system at 30−45 cm in respect to the reference. At lower depth, rate of humification and dehydrogenase activity were enriched in D-4 system. Thus D-4 can be considered as efficient agro-ecosystem to maintain temporal soil fertility and soil health. At regional scale, more diversified rice-based cropping system with legumesappears to be more promising cropping practice that sustains SOC with higher rate of humification and microbial activity.

Intensification of rice-fallow cropping systems in the Eastern Plateau region of India: diversifying cropping systems and climate risk mitigation

ABSTRACT This article reports research from 2013 to 2016 with tribal smallholders, which evaluated technological interventions, aimed to diversify and intensify cropping systems and improve the climate resilience of the farming systems using modelling and participatory evaluation process. The options on providing access to irrigation water, strategic use of irrigation, and better crop husbandry practices were evaluated for their potential to impart climate resilience in farming systems. Irrigation trials revealed that, in the event of delayed rainfall, irrigation of 229-267 mm ensured timely transplanting and resulted in higher paddy yields (7.0 t ha−1). Supplemental irrigation during a mid-season dry spell increased paddy yield to from 0.64 to 6.1 t ha−1. Better vegetable cultivation practices viz. drip irrigation, polythene mulch, nursery raising in seedling trays and raised bed cultivation exhibited great potential to build climate resilience in the farming systems of the region. The study highlights the need for investments in small water harvesting structures and the promotion of alternative ways of cultivating and irrigating paddy during different climatic situations. The study suggests effective ways of engaging communities coupled with appropriate technological interventions to understand climate change and adaptation needs of the rice-fallow ecosystems in eastern India.

A Bayesian zero-inflated exponential distribution model for the analysis of weekly rainfall of the eastern plateau region of India

A Bayesian zero-inflated exponential distribution model for the analysis of weekly rainfall of the eastern plateau region of India

SARIMA modeling of the monthly average maximum and minimum temperatures in the eastern plateau region of India

The SARIMA time series model is fitted to the monthly average maximum and minimum temperature data sets collected at Giridih, India for the years 1990-2011. From the time-series plots, we observe that the patterns of both the series are quite different; maximum temperature series contain sharp peaks in almost all the years while it is not true for the minimum temperature series and hence both the series are modeled separately (also for the sake of simplicity). SARIMA models are selected based on observing autocorrelation function (ACF) and partial autocorrelation function (PACF) of the monthly temperature series. The model parameters are obtained by using maximum likelihood method with the help of three tests [i.e., standard error, ACF and PACF of residuals and Akaike Information Criteria (AIC), Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) and corrected Akaike Information Criteria (AICc)]. Adequacy of the selected models is determined using diagnostic checking with the standardized residuals, ACF of residuals, normal Q-Q plot of the standardized residuals and p-values of the Ljung-Box statistic. The models ARIMA (1; 0; 2) × (0; 1; 1)12 and ARIMA (0; 1; 1) × (1; 1; 1)12 are finally selected for forecasting of monthly average maximum and minimum temperature values respectively for the eastern plateau region of India.

Spatial Variability in Soil Properties of Mango Orchards in Eastern Plateau and Hill Region of India

Spatial Variability in Soil Properties of Mango Orchards in Eastern Plateau and Hill Region of India Analysis and interpretation of spatial variability of soil chemical properties is important in framing site-specific fertilizer management practices for mango orchards. This paper aims to study the spatial structure of soil variables in the mango orchards in the eastern plateau region of India. Soil samples were collected from 90 points across the mango orchards from three soil horizons (0-30, 30-60 and 60-90cm). Eleven soil properties were analysed by classical statistical and geo-statistical methods. Soil pH exhibited the lowest statistical variation (CV<15%) while it was highest (CV 68.4 to 97.8%) for the phosphorous (P) content in all the soil layers. Spherical, Gaussian and Exponential semivariogram models were developed after accounting for necessary transformations. The findings of geostatistical analysis showed that spatial structures exist in the soil variables. In surface layers, soil pH, phosphorous (P), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca) and copper, (Cu) have the strong spatial dependence with nugget-sill ratios of less than 25%. Analysis suggested that both the internal and external factors are responsible for the spatial dependence of the soil properties. The magnitude and the pattern of spatial variability in soil chemical properties have implications for variable rate fertilizer application strategies in the mango orchards of the eastern region.

Effect of Nutrient Management and Planting Geometry on Productivity of Hybrid Rice (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Oryza sativa&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; L.) Cultivars

Field experiments were conducted during the wet seasons of 2006 and 2007 at the Agricultural Experimental Farm of the Indian Statistical Institute, Giridih, a part of eastern plateau region of India. The study was designed to investigate the effect of planting geometry and nutrient management practices on productivity of two hybrid rice cultivars. Split-plot design with three replications was adopted to carry out the experiment by allocating combinations of treatments of planting geometry and rice cultivar in main-plots and nutrient management treatments in sub-plots. “CNRH-3” rice proved its efficiency in terms of grain yield that was also reflected in yield attributing characters such as number of productive tillers, number of grains per panicle, length of panicle, panicle weight, test weight and harvest index. Higher rice grain yield was registered when the cultivars grown in 20 cm × 20 cm planting geometry. Rice cultivars grown with the application of inorganic fertilizers alone produced maximum grain yield and also recorded higher values of ancillary characters. The maximum amount of N, P and K was taken up by the “CNRH-3” rice, whereas maximum residual soil fertility was recorded in “Pro Agro 6201” rice. Maximum N, P and K uptake values were recorded in 20 cm × 20 cm crop geometry and inorganic fertilizers treatment.

Phosphorus fixing capacity of the Oxic Rhodustalf—alfisol soil in the Chotanagpur plateau region of Eastern India

The P-fixing capacity of a soil governs the P-nutrition of crop plants. P-nutrition of the crop plant is more a soil problem and a higher dose of phosphatic fertilizer is necessary for soils having high P-fixing capacity. The phenomenon of P-fixation and the great variation in the P-fixing capacity of different soils has thus important bearing on crop response to P-application. The eastern plateau region of India with acid lateritic soil is chronically deficient in available phosphorus resulting in very low productivity. An experiment was thus carried out to estimate the P-fixing capacity of soil collected from two depths, 0 - 20 cm and 20 - 50 cm, from the Agricultural experimental farm of Indian Statistical Institute, situated at Giridih, Jharkhand, in the eastern India. The soil was acidic in reaction (pH-5.4) with presence of Fe (1.60%) and Al (17.2%). The P-fixing capacity of the soil was estimated to be 59.60% and 64.94% for the surface and the subsurface soil respectively showing lower P-fixing capacity of the surface soil as compared to the subsurface soil which may be due to presence of more organic matter in the surface soil as organic molecules released on decomposition of organic matter complexes with Fe and Al in the soil thereby blocking the P-fixing sites in the soil.

Rainfall pattern and moisture availability index in relation to rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop planning in eastern plateau region of India

Studies were undertaken to identify the quantum and distribution of rainfall with the frequency of dry spell occurrence during monsoon at Giridih, Jharkhand state, India. Rainfall at different confidence levels was calculated using mixed gamma distribution. The normal onset of monsoon at Giridih was 24th standard meteorological week (SMW) and the mean monsoon rainfall was 1112 mm. If monsoon onsets two weeks earlier (22nd SMW) than the normal (24th SMW) the total monsoonal rainfall was more than the normal with increased number of dry spells. The co-efficient of variation of June and September rainfall was very high. Moisture availability index (MAI) indicated possibility of rice cultivation from 25th SMW and the flowering stage of rice should be completed within 39th SMW (normal withdraw of monsoon). Thus to minimize crop failure, conventional cultivation of 135 ± 10 days rice could be replaced by 95 ± 10 days one, particularly in upland (without bund; direct seeded rice) and medium land (low bund land) situation.

Yield and Resource Utilization Efficiency in Baby Corn—Legume-Intercropping System in the Eastern Plateau of India

Cereal-legume intercropping plays a pivotal role for increasing land use efficiency and atmospheric nitrogen fixation. A field experiment was carried out on a baby corn–legume intercropping system in 2:1 and 2:2 additive series in the eastern plateau region of India over two consecutive rainy seasons (2003/2004). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 13 treatments replicated thrice. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences were observed in grain yield with 2:1 and 2:2 intercropping treatments. Legumes yield was significantly reduced when intercropped with baby corn. However, total productivity in terms of baby corn yield equivalent (7063 kg ha−1) was highest under the baby corn–groundnut intercropping system, and land use efficiency was higher under the intercropping system as compared with monocrops of either species. There was a significant increase in atmospheric nitrogen fixation by the legumes for the intercropping system over monocrops. Baby corn facilitated an increase in nodule number and dry weight in legumes under intercropping over monocrops; moreover, root length of legumes was greater when intercropped with baby corn. These findings suggest that intercropping baby corn and legumes, particularly groundnut, can increase total productivity per unit area, improve land use efficiency, and increase atmospheric nitrogen fixing ability.

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Nutrients for Soil Quality Conservation and Yield of Rainfed Low Land Rice in Sub‐tropical Plateau Region

AbstractThe effect of organic sources of nutrients and inorganic fertilizers, was studied on grain yield of lowland rice and some aspect of soil quality parameters in a field experiment at Agricultural Experimental Farm of Indian Statistical Institute, Giridih, situated at eastern plateau region of India, during consecutive years 1997–2002. Chemical fertilizers and various organic matters were applied to two rice cultivars, Sabita and Subarna. The highest mean grain yield was 3.53 t ha−1 and maximum agronomic efficiency was 60.3 % with the application of inorganic fertilizer followed by cow dung, where 3.47 t ha−1 grain yield was recorded with an agronomic efficiency of 57.5 %. Grain yield of rice recorded under organic sources of nutrients was not significantly different from that of inorganic fertilization though there was improvement in soil quality parameters under organic sources. Soil organic carbon (0.72 %), microbial biomass‐C (279.23 μg g−1 dry soil), urease activity with buffer (33.54 μg urea hydrolyzed g−1 oven‐dry soil) and non‐buffer (21.97 μg urea hydrolyzed g−1 of oven‐dry soil) methods and acid phosphatase activity (2.24 μg para‐nitrophenol released g−1 of oven‐dry soil) analysed following the harvest of the crop were highest under cow dung manure treatment; the most efficient organic source under the experiment. Mean grain yield of rice was significantly higher in Sabita cultivar over Subarna. The regression analyses among the variables have shown that there was linear relationship among soil parameters and grain yield of rice.

Wheat and chickpea intercropping systems in an additive series experiment: Advantages and weed smothering

For increasing land use efficiency and weed suppression intercropping plays a pivotal role. A field experiment was carried out on wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori and Paol)–chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) mono- and intercropping with various weeding (0, 1, or 2 hand-weeding operations) and row spacing (20- or 30-cm) treatments in the eastern plateau region of India over consecutive five winter seasons (1997/2001). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with eighteen treatments replicated thrice. Significant ( P ≤ 0.05) differences were observed in yield and economics with and without weeding treatments. Chickpea yield was significantly reduced by wheat when intercropped. However, total productivity and land use efficiency were higher under the intercropping system as compared to monocrops of either species. There was a significant reduction in weed density and biomass for the intercropping system over both monocrops. Wheat facilitated an increase in nodule number and dry weight in chickpea under intercropping over monocrops, moreover, root length of chickpea was greater when intercropped. These findings suggest that intercropping wheat and chickpea increase total productivity per unit area, improve land use efficiency and suppress weeds, a menacing pest in crop production. Considering the experimental findings, wheat–chickpea (30 cm) with two weedings may be recommended for yield advantage, higher net income, more efficient utilization of resources, and weed suppression as a biological control in eastern plateau region of India.

Deferred Seeding of Blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Field on Yield Advantages and Smothering of Weeds

AbstractField experiments were conducted at Agricultural Experimental Farm, Giridih, Jharkhand, during the kharif (wet) seasons of consecutive four years (1998–2001) to study the effect of staggered seeding of blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) in rice field as a cereal–legume intercropping system and to minimize the degree of competition between the crop species to avoid yield damage, and at the same time to create a high level of competition by the intercrops to suppress the weeds. Intercropping systems were assessed on the basis of land equivalent ratio, relative crowding coefficient, aggressivity, actual yield loss, monetary advantage, etc. Intercropping reduced the yield of component crops when compared with respective pure stands. However, deferred seeding of blackgram in rice (30 cm) after one weeding was most remunerative system and registered maximum rice‐equivalent yield (2711 kg ha−1). Rice–blackgram (20 cm) intercropping system was very effective for weed smothering among unweeded intercropping treatments. In conclusion, deferred seeding of blackgram in rice field (30 cm) with one weeding may be recommended for better yield, weed suppression and better economics in the eastern plateau region of India.

Relative Agronomic Effectiveness of phosphate rocks and P adsorption characteristics of an Oxic Rhodustalf in Eastern India

AbstractThe Relative Agronomic Effectiveness (RAE) of rock phosphates as compared to water soluble Triple Super Phosphate was measured on direct, residual, and cumulative application of the P fertilizers in a field experiment with rice on an Oxic‐Rhodustalf in the eastern plateau region of India. The fertilizers were Morocco Rock Phosphate (MORP), Mussoorie Rock Phosphate (MRP), Partially Acidulated Rock Phosphate (PARP), and Triple Super Phosphate (TSP). The RAE of the rock phosphates were lower for direct application (54–80 %) and cumulative application (70–93 %) of P but roughly equal or larger for the residual effect (92–142 %) as compared to TSP. The P adsorption characteristic of the experimental soil conformed to the linear relationship of both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm equation. The adsorption data when plotted according to Langmuir equation deviated from a single linear relationship at higher concentration (10 μg ml–1), thereby giving two adsorption maximum values ( 68.49 μg g–1 and 256.41 μg g–1) and binding energies ( 2.86 ml μg–1 and 0.089 ml μg–1) for the soil. Two populations of P adsorption site with widely different affinity for P probably existed in the soil.