Eastern Part Of Inner Mongolia Research Articles

Spatial and temporal variations in environmental impacts of heavy metal emissions from China's non-ferrous industry: An enterprise-specific assessment

In China, the non-ferrous metal industry is the sector with the highest emissions of arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead, causing serious impacts on human health and the ecosystem. However, current heavy metal emission inventories are inadequate for figuring out their exposures and associated environmental impacts due to the lack of detailed data. Here, we constructed a high-resolution, enterprise-specific, and long-term dataset detailing heavy metal emissions from the non-ferrous industry in China from 1981 to 2020, using comprehensive enterprise information. Furthermore, an environmental impact assessment was performed using the characterization factors of the IMPACT World + model. Results show that: (1) from 1981 to 2020, the total heavy metal emissions of China's non-ferrous industry reached 144,697 tons (t), with atmospheric emissions (104,524 t) exceeding aquatic ones (40,173 t). (2) The industry's emissions showed a rising and then declining trend, with significant spatial heterogeneity, where heavy metal emissions concentrated in the central and western parts of Yunnan, the southern part of Hunan, the northern part of Guangxi, Henan along the Yellow River, the intersection of Gansu and Shaanxi, the central and eastern parts of Liaoning, and the eastern part of Inner Mongolia. (3) The environmental impact on human health was 1.19 × 107 DALY, and the value of ecosystem quality was 7.26 × 109 species·yr. The top 10 % of enterprises with the largest environmental impacts contributed over 60 % of human health risks and 62 % of ecosystem quality impacts. Improving the removal efficiency of heavy metals by 10 % within the four major industry classes could lead to a 9.92 % reduction in human health impacts and a 9.77 % reduction in ecosystem quality impacts within the non-ferrous metals industry. The findings of this study can provide insights for pollution control, environmental risk reduction, and sustainable development in the non-ferrous metals industry.

Spatiotemporal patterns and evolutionary trends of eco-environmental quality in arid regions of Northwest China.

The arid regions of northwest China suffer from water shortages, low land quality, and a fragile ecological environment, while social and economic development has increased the ecological and environmental load. The spatiotemporal pattern and evolutionary trend of ecological environmental quality were investigated by constructing a remote sensing-based ecological environmental index (EQI) evaluation model incorporating four indicators: drought index (DI), soil erosion index (SEI), greenness index (GI), and carbon exchange index (CEI). The study found that between 2001 and 2020, the DI, the SEI, and the CEI in the northwest arid region exhibited a downward trend with reduction rates of - 3e-05, -0.0006, and -0.0018, respectively. However, the GI demonstrated an upward trend, with a growth rate of 0.002. The average EQI in 2020 was 0.315, indicating a fair grade, with only 11.56% falling above the medium level. A general increasing trend was observed throughout the study period in EQI, with an incremental rate of 0.0002. Areas with future improvements in EQI accounted for 57.547% and were principally located in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, and the northern and southern portions of Xinjiang. Notably, land use was significantly correlated with EQI (p < 0.01), with a hierarchy of effects that ran: forest land (0.678) > cultivated land (0.422) > grassland (0.382) > wasteland (0.138). The highly robust findings presented here offer innovative methods for ecological and environmental monitoring in the arid region of the northwest, with potential implications at an international scale.

Metallogenic Material Source and Genesis of the Jilinbaolige Pb-Zn-Ag Deposit, the Great Xing’an Range, China: Constraints from Mineralogical, S Isotopic, and Pb Isotopic Studies of Sulfide Ores

The Jilinbaolige Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic deposit is located in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia and in the central-southern part of the Great Xing’an Range, in which several large-sized Pb-Zn-Ag deposits have been found. The Jilinbaolige deposit, which occurs mainly at the contact zone between Yanshanian granite intrusion and sedimentary strata, shows strong NE-to-NNE structural control. The deposit includes three ore-forming stages: (1) the arsenopyrite–pyrite–chalcopyrite–sphalerite stage, (2) the galena–sphalerite–quartz stage, and (3) the pyrite–calcite–quartz stage. In this study, we present a systematic study on the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics (including major elements, S isotopes, and Pb isotopes) of the main sulfide ore minerals in the Jilinbaolige Pb-Zn-Ag deposit in order to evaluate the metallogenic environment, ore-forming material source, and genesis of this polymetallic deposit. The sulfide typomorphic characteristics, ore fabric, and thermometry suggest that the genesis of sulfides in the deposit is closely related to magmatic-hydrothermal activity. The early stage of mineralization might have evolved from a high-temperature hydrothermal environment. The sulfur isotopic results show that the δ34S values in the Jilinbaolige deposit range from 2.3‰ to 6.1‰, with an average value of 3.98‰, indicating that the sulfur originated from magmas with both mantle and crustal components. The Pb isotopic compositions (206Pb/204Pb = 18.214–18.330, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.478–15.615, 208Pb/204Pb = 37.957–38.292, μ = 9.24–9.50, ω = 34.49–36.49) of the sulfide ores suggest that that the lead is of crust-mantle mixed origin. The comparison between the S and Pb isotopic compositions of the Jilinbaolige deposit and the polymetallic deposits from the central-southern parts of the Great Xing’an Range suggests that these deposits have a similar metallogenic source, which is closely related to the Yanshanian granite and medium-temperature hydrothermal fluids. These ore-bearing hydrothermal fluids that evolved from deep magmatic sources migrated along the contact and fracture zones and during the subsequent gradual decrease in temperature, and the metallogenic components were deposited in the relatively open fracture and fissure space. Our results provide insights for further mineral prospecting in the south-central part of the Great Xing’an Range.

A Study on the Role of Intelligent Medical Simulation Systems in Teaching First Aid Competence in Anesthesiology.

Anesthesiology is a subject with strong practicality and application. Undergraduate anesthesiology teaching needs to strike a balance between theoretical knowledge, clinical skill training, and clinical thinking development. Clinical probation and practice are an important part of undergraduate anesthesia teaching. Traditional clinical teaching uses real patients for demonstration and training, but as patients become more self-protective and less cooperative, there are not enough patients for clinical skill training. Simulation is to teach medical scenes in real life under the control of standardized technical guidelines and parameters. Since then, with the rapid development of computer technology, simulation technology and simulation teaching have been greatly developed and are more and more used in clinical teaching, skill evaluation, and scientific research. This study explores the effective methods of clinical teaching in anesthesiology by comparing the effectiveness of traditional teaching methods and simulation teaching methods in undergraduate clinical teaching. It is difficult to combine theory and practice in first aid, which does not allow them to directly receive and deal with emergency medical treatment and resuscitation. In China's current medical environment and patients' high demand for medical services, it is imperative to vigorously carry out simulated medical education. In the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, according to the advantages of teaching hospitals, our hospital took the lead in carrying out the simulation education project, which is still in the exploratory stage and not systematic enough. This study will help us to better carry out simulation teaching and improve the clinical skills of medical students in the future. Methods. The student group and class took the advanced simulator training as the experimental group, applied the advanced integrated simulator and other systems of the Norwegian company, referred to the international guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and cardiovascular first aid in 2005, and practiced in the emergency department during the clinical internship and “emergency clinical simulation training” course. The course includes basic life support, advanced life support, and comprehensive training of CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) and endotracheal intubation. Results. The passing rate of simulated first aid practice was 94.4%; 100% of the students think it is necessary to set up the course, 91% of the students think it is practical, 91% of the students think the course content is reasonable and perfect, and 77%–100% of the students think the course has improved their first aid operation ability, comprehensive application of knowledge, and clinical thinking ability. Conclusion. Carrying out the course of “clinical simulated first aid training” through the advanced simulator system can effectively improve the interns' clinical first aid operation ability, teamwork ability, and self-confidence, improve the students' clinical thinking and judgment ability, and improve the service level to patients.

Хуурч Бүрэнбаярын хуурдан хэлсэн “Гурван улсын үлгэр”-ийн эхийн харьцуулсан судалгаа

Oral tales, which are known as “tales of the fiddle” (quγur-un üliger or bengаsün-ü üliger) derived in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, are well-inherited to this day and have been the focus of many Mongolist scholars since long ago. Although many international scholars studied the tales of the fiddle from different perspectives, there is a lack of study on lexicological components in the tales of the fiddle. In this paper, author chose the “Romance of the Three Kingdoms (in Mongolian: γurban ulus-un üliger; in Chinese:三国演义)” which was performed by Bürenbayar bard (quγurči, Lit: the fiddle player) as a research object. It was broadcasted by the Khulun Buir Radio Committee for a total of 62 hours length in August 1984. The author considered these materials as oral sources (transcriptions of audio recordings) for his research and conducted a comparative lexical analysis between the original Chinese text and other Mongolian translations. The Chinese source of the “Romance of the Three Kingdoms” contains 209 stanzas (192 poems, 2 hymns, 2 panegyrics, 2 eulogies, 10 songs, 1 children's tale), 3 of which correspond to the selected tale of the fiddle. In addition, the vocabulary items of the bards and some words of the local dialect were compared with the words used in two other translated versions of the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which were translated by Temget and D. Boldbaatar translated from Chinese into Mongolian. In this article, the author not only summarizes the study of the “Romance of the Three Kingdoms” and its translation into Mongolian, but also compares Burenbayar's tale of the Fiddle with other Mongolian translations of the “Romance of the Three Kingdoms” in terms of lexical components and features of poetry, and it was determined that the tale of the fiddle originated from Temget's translation of the Romance of Three Kingdoms.

Assessment of CMIP6 Model Performance for Wind Speed in China

As the major renewable energy, wind can greatly reduce carbon emissions. Following the “carbon neutral” strategy, wind power could help to achieve the realization of energy transformation and green development. Based on ERA5 reanalysis data and the multi-ensemble historical and scenario simulations of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), a variety of statistical analyses are used to evaluate the performance of CMIP6 simulating the wind speed in China. The conclusions are as follows: spatial patterns of the nine CMIP6 models are similar with ERA5, but BCC-CSM2-MR and MRI-ESM2-0 highly overestimate the wind speed in northwest China. CESM2-WACCM, NorESM2-MM, and HadGEM3-GC31-MM behave better than the other six CMIP6 models in four specific regions are chosen for detailed study. CESM2-WACCM, NorESM2-MM, and HadGEM3-GC31-MM tend to simulate a larger wind speed than ERA5 except the yearly averaged wind speed in region II and region IV. CESM2-WACCM and NorESM2-MM simulate a large monthly mean wind speed, but the value is relatively close with ERA5 in the summer. HadGEM3-GC31-MM overestimates wind speed in region I and region II from April to October, but gets closer with ERA during winter. CESM2-WACCM, NorESM2-MM, and HadGEM3-GC31-MM simulate an increasing trend in Tibetan Plateau and Xinjiang in the next 100 years, while NorESM2-MM projects rising wind speed in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, and HadGEM3-GC31-MM simulates increasing wind speed in the northeast and central China. The future wind speed in three models is projected to decline in region I, and the value of HadGEM3-GC31-MM is much larger. In region II, wind speed simulated by three models is projected to decrease, but the wind speed from HadGEM3-GC31-MM in region III and modeled wind speed in region IV from NorESM2-MM would climb with the slope equal to 0.0001 and 0.0012, respectively. This study indicates that the CMIP6 models have certain limitations to perform realistic wind changes, but CMIP6 could provide available reference for the projection of wind in specific areas.

Risk analysis of maize yield losses in mainland China at the county level

Food security in China is under additional stress due to climate change. The risk analysis of maize yield losses is crucial for sustainable agricultural production and climate change impact assessment. It is difficult to quantify this risk because of the constraints on the high-resolution data available. Moreover, the current results lack spatial comparability due to the area effect. These challenges were addressed by using long-term county-level maize yield and planting area data from 1981 to 2010. We analyzed the spatial distribution of maize yield loss risks in mainland China. A new comprehensive yield loss risk index was established by combining the reduction rate, coefficient of variation, and probability of yield reduction after removing the area effect. A total of 823 counties were divided into areas of lowest, low, moderate, high, and highest risk. High risk in maize production occurred in Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces, the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, the eastern part of Gansu-Xinjiang, west of the Loess Plateau, and the western part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Most counties in Northeast China were at high risk, while the Loess Plateau, middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Gansu-Xinjiang were at low risk.

A case study on tourism spatial pattern and its influencing factors from the perspective of real and virtual tourism economic at county scale in Yellow River Economic Belt

&lt;p&gt;Based on the index of tourism Baidu search volume and total tourism income of 667 research units at county scale in Yellow River Economic Belt, this paper uses spatial classification, exploratory analysis of spatial data, nuclear density estimation and other methods to compare and analyze the spatial pattern of county tourism economy in the Yellow River Economic Belt, and then uses the geographical detector model to analyze the influencing factors. The results are drawn as follows. Firstly, from the perspective of spatial distribution pattern, the imbalance of the overall tourism economy is obvious, and the spatial pattern shows a “one big, three small” four core agglomeration pattern. Secondly, from the perspective of spatial correlation pattern, significant HH and LL areas are dominant whether virtual economy or a real economy, and spatial agglomeration effect is obvious. Real economic significant HH areas mainly distribute in the tourism economic developed areas of Shaanxi and Shandong, while real economic significant LL areas are mainly concentrated in the middle and east of Inner Mongolia, the south of Shanxi, most of Qinghai and the north of Ningxia, and scattered in Henan, Gansu and other places. Compared with the entity level, the HH areas of the virtual economy are significantly expanded, mainly distributing in Shandong, Shaanxi and the eastern part of Inner Mongolia. The number of significant LL areas is significantly increased and the distribution range has changed, and the distribution scope of low-value cluster areas mainly distributes in most areas of Qinghai, south and north of Shanxi, and sporadically distributes in Gansu. From the perspective of nuclear density, the spatial structure of virtual and real economy is similar, and the high-value counties mainly distribute in Shandong, Henan and Shanxi forming a high-value gathering area expanding into a core development area. It is worth noting that the virtual economy scope in the north of Shaanxi and the northeast of Inner Mongolia has formed many sub-cores, which indicates that the level of virtual economy in the region is rapidly rising. Finally, according to the results of the Geo-detector model and the coupling matching analysis model, we found the real economy is mainly affected by the resources support level. We also found virtual economy is mainly affected by the level of information technology.&lt;/p&gt;

Spatial Distribution and Dynamic Changes in Research Hotspots for Desertification in China Based on Big Data from CNKI

Desertification research plays a key role in the survival and development of all mankind. The Normalized Comprehensive Hotspots Index (NCH) is a comprehensive index that reveals the spatial distribution of research hotspots in a given research field based on the number of relevant scientific papers. This study uses Web Crawler technology to retrieve the full text of all Chinese journal articles spanning the 1980s–2018 in the Chinese Academic Journal full-text database (CAJ) from CNKI. Based on the 253,055 articles on desertification that were retrieved, we have constructed a research hotspot extraction model for desertification in China by means of the NCH Index. This model can reveal the spatial distribution and dynamic changes of research hotspots for desertification in China. This analysis shows the following: 1) The spatial distribution of research hotspots on desertification in China can be effectively described by the NCH Index, although its application in other fields still needs to be verified and optimized. 2) According to the NCH Index, the research hotspots for desertification are mainly distributed in the Agro-Pastoral Ecotone and grassland in Inner Mongolia, the desertification areas of Qaidam Basin in the Western Alpine Zone and the Oasis-Desert Ecotone in Xinjiang (including the extension of the central Tarim Basin to the foothills of the Kunlun Mountains, the sporadic areas around the Tianshan Mountains and the former hilly belt of the southern foothills of the Altai Mountains). Among these three, the Agro-Pastoral Ecotone in the middle and eastern part of Inner Mongolia includes the most prominent hotspots in the study of desertification. 3) Since the 1980s, the research hotspots for desertification in China have shown a general downward trend, with a significant decline in 219 counties (10.37% of the study area). This trend is dominated by the projects carried out since 2002. The governance of desertification in the eastern part of the Inner Mongolia-Greater Khingan Range still needs to be strengthened. The distribution of desertification climate types reflects the distribution of desertification in a given region to some extent. The Normalized Comprehensive Hotspots Index provides a new approach for researchers in different fields to analyze research progress.

Temporal-Spatial Characteristics and Variability in Aerosol Optical Depth over China During 2001-2017

Based on the latest monthly data of moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Terra C6.1 aerosol optical depth (AOD), the temporal-spatial distribution and variability trend in AOD over China during 2001-2017 are analyzed to explore the distribution and variation characteristics of AOD in China. Regarding the spatial characteristics, the first prominent high-value center of the annual mean AOD was located in the industrially and economically developed areas of the North China Plain, Central China, the Yangtze River Delta region, the Pearl River Delta region, and the Sichuan Basin. The second prominent high-value center of the annual mean AOD was located in the dust aerosol-dominated areas of Taklimakan Desert. Two low-value centers of the annual mean AOD were located in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia to the north of Northeast China and the Tibet Plateau. Regarding the temporal characteristics, the AOD value peaked in eight areas in spring and summer. The annual mean AOD values in the Taklimakan Desert, Sichuan Basin, and Pearl River Delta peaked from March to May, and those in the North China Plain, Central China, and Yangtze River Delta peaked from May to July. The trend characteristics showed that during 2001-2006, the AOD in Northwest China and Inner Mongolia showed a downtrend, and that in the east-central China and the eastern part of southwest China showed a growth trend. During 2007-2012, the trend of AOD in the Tibetan Plateau and the Taklimakan Desert changed from decreasing to increasing. The growth trend of AOD in the North China Plain and the Sichuan Basin was weakened, and the AOD in the Yangtze River Delta showed a weak downward trend. During 2013-2017, the AOD in most areas of China showed a significant downward trend.

A climatological northern boundary index for the East Asian summer monsoon and its interannual variability

A long-term perspective on the spatial variation of the northern boundary of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and the related physical mechanisms is important for understanding past climate change in Asia and for predicting future changes. However, most of the meteorological definitions of the EASM northern boundary do not correspond well to the actual geographical environment, which is problematic for paleoclimatic research. Here, we use monthly CMAP and GPCP precipitation data to define a new EASM northern boundary index by using the concept of the global monsoon, which is readily applicable to paleoclimatic research. The results show that the distribution of the 2 mm day−1 precipitation isoline (i.e., 300 mm precipitation) has a good relationship with the spatial distribution of modern land cover types, the transitional climate zone and the potential natural vegetation types, in China. The locations of the precipitation isolines also correspond well to the locations of major shifts in wind direction. These results suggest that the 2 mm day−1 isoline has a clear physical significance since the climatic, ecological, and geographical boundary can be used as the northern boundary index of the EASM (which we call the climatological northern boundary index). The index depicts the northeast-southwest orientation of the climatological (1981−2010) EASM northern boundary, along the eastern part of the Qilian Mountains-southern foothills of the Helan Mountains-Daqing Mountains-western margin of the Greater Khingan Range, from west to east across Northwest and Northeast China. The interannual change of the EASM northern boundary from 1980 to 2015 covers the central part of Gansu, the northern part of Ningxia, the eastern part of Inner Mongolia and the northeastern region in China. It can extend northward to the border between China and Mongolia and retreat southward to Shangdong-central Henan. There is a 200−700 km fluctuation range of the interannual EASM northern boundaries around the locations of the climatological northern boundary. In addition, the spatial variation of the interannual EASM northern boundaries gradually increases from west to east, whereas the trend of north-south fluctuations maintains a roughly consistent location in different regions.

Responses of Vegetation Activity to Drought in Northern China

AbstractWith the third‐generation normalized difference vegetation index and a multiple‐timescale drought index [standardized precipitation and evapotranspiration index (SPEI)], the relationships between vegetation activity in the growing season and drought occurrences during various seasons and at different timescales were investigated in northern China. Although poorly understood previously, knowledge of these relationships is crucial for climate, vegetation and hydrological studies. Our results show that over the past three decades, vegetation activity during the growing season was significantly correlated (p &lt; 0⋅05) with drought occurrences over 78⋅5% of northern China and highly significantly correlated (p &lt; 0⋅001) in semi‐arid regions. In addition, there were spatially variable responses of vegetation activity to the seasonality of drought events across northern China. When drought events occurred in pre‐season in the northern part of Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang, parts of Shaanxi and Shanxi, and the western part of Xinjiang, they appear to have impacted vegetation activity, as indicated by the short and medium timescales of the drought indices (SPEI‐3 and SPEI‐6, with 3 and 6 months of accumulation, respectively). In the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, eastern part of Gansu and Qinghai, and southern parts of Ningxia, droughts during the growing season played a key role in vegetation growth, as recorded by the drought indices at all four timescales (SPEI‐3, SPEI‐6, SPEI‐12 and SPEI‐24). In addition, we also observed spatial variations in the responses of vegetation activity to droughts in northern China. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

First Report of Race Composition and Distribution of Sunflower Broomrape, Orobanche cumana, in China.

Sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) is a holoparasitic plant that penetrates the vascular system of sunflower roots, absorbs plant nutrients and water, and thus causes stunting, reduced growth, and severe yield losses (3). To date, seven races of sunflower broomrape (O. cumana) have been identified by using international standard race differential hosts in Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania, Turkey, and Russia (4). However, the race types present in China are unknown. To identify the race composition of sunflower broomrape in China, race differential hosts of sunflower broomrape were received from Dr. Dragan Skoric (Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Novi Sad, Serbia): Line AD66 has no resistant genes; Kruglik-41 contains resistant gene Or1; B-RO-02A has Or2; Record has Or3; LC1002B has Or4; LC1003B has Or5; LC-1093 has Or6, and Race-G-2 has Or7 (1). Eighteen sunflower broomrape samples were collected in August of 2011, 2012, and 2013 from different provinces/locations in China, including Xinjiang (Xinyuan, Shihezi, Tekesi, Beitun, Urumqi, and Yining), Inner Mongolia (Linhe, Xixiaozhao, Wuqianqi, Tuzuoqi, Keyouqianqi, and Aohanqi), Shanxi (Hunyuan, Shilou, Mizhi, and Dingbian), Jilin (Tongyu), and Hebei (Xuanhua). The differential hosts were each inoculated with the seeds of each broomrape isolate that was recovered, as described by Pancenko with minor modification (2). Briefly, two parts of field soil and one part of vermiculite were mixed together and used as potting mix. The mix was inoculated with broomrape seeds at 10 mg of seeds per 100 g of potting mix. The inoculated mix was placed in a 7-cm (diameter) × 11-cm (height) plastic pot to fill two-thirds of the pot volume. Three sunflower seeds were placed on the surface of the mix at an even distance from each other and covered with additional mix. The pots were kept in a greenhouse under a 16-h photoperiod at 10,000 lux of illumination intensity, temperature of 20-25°C, and 40% relative humidity. Forty days after incubation, sunflower seedlings were taken out from the pot and the roots washed with tap water. The number of tubercles was recorded on the root of each differential host. Race types were determined based on the reaction (tubercule formation on roots) of all the standard differential hosts to the test isolate. The results showed that races A, D, E, and G of O. cumana were present among the isolates. Race G was found in Wuqianqi, Xixiaozhao, and Linhe in the western part of Inner Mongolia. Race E was found only in Shihezi of Xinjiang. Race D was found in Aohanqi and Keyouqianqi (eastern part of Inner Mongolia); Xinyuan, Tekesi, Beitun, and Urumqi (northern part of Xinjiang); and Tongyu (northern part of Jilin). Race A was found in Mizhi, Shilou, and Hunyuan of Shanxi province and Xuanhua in Hebei province. Additionally, race A was also found in Tuzuoqi, the middle region of Inner Mongolia. Thus, races A, D, E, and G were the main race types of O. cumana in China. Race D was the predominant race type and had the widest distribution. Race G was the highest level race type in this study but was mainly limited to the western part of Inner Mongolia. This is the first report of race composition and distribution of sunflower broomrape (O. cumana) in China.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Caragana microphylla Lam. based on analysis of inter-simple sequence repeat markers

Caragana microphylla Lam. is a long-lived shrub species in the semi-arid, arid and desert regions. To determine the genetic diversity and population structure of C. microphylla Lam., 17 wild populations from the central and eastern part of Inner Mongolia were analyzed by inter-simple sequence repeat. 18 primers produced 296 bands across a total of 510 individuals. A high percentage of polymorphic loci was observed at species level (PPB = 81.4%). Based on analysis of molecular variance, 74.99% of the genetic variation of C. microphylla Lam. was found within population, 7% difference between regions and 15.2% among collection sites within regions. Cluster analyses showed that 17 populations are most arranged in the same cluster by geographic location. An indirect estimate of the GST-derived Nm value (Nm = 1.8921) indicate that gene flow is high among 17 populations. No significant correlation (r 2 = 0.13) between genetic and geographic distance was detected. Results of this study suggest that C. microphylla Lam. has a high genetic variability and potential as a source of variation for breeding programs.

Judge the Possible Areas in Eastern Part of Inner Mongolia where Strong Earthquakes Occur in the Future by Utilizing b-Value

The Zhalantun district of eastern part of Inner Mongolia is located at the northern section of Greater Khingan seismic belt, and it has complicated geological structure, with relatively dynamic moderately strong earthquake in past times and modern times. The seismic activities in this district is selected as the research object; based on the integrity analysis toward seismic sequence in the district, least square method is used to conduct time scanning calculation of b-value, and maximum likelihood method is used to conduct space scanning calculation of b-value. The b-value during the time scanning is the mean b-value of research zone in every scanning window, so its amplitude of variation is not quite great, with range of variation of b-value basically staying within 0.78-1.13, and range of error staying within 0.04-0.065. The space scanning results indicate that the space distribution range of b-value of Zhalantun district basically stays within 0.4-1.6, and the range of error is 0.045-0.085. The low b-value zone is the north central section of Alun River breakage, with b-value basically distributed within 0.5-0.7, which indicates that the earth crust medium of this zone is under the state of high horizontal stress accumulation and it is the dangerous zone where moderately strong earthquake or more occurs in the future.

Indium Enrichment in the Meng'entaolegai Ag-Pb-Zn Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China

Abstract. The Meng'entaolegai In-rich Ag-Pb-Zn deposit is located in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia. It is one of the In-richest deposits in China. Large amounts of quartz and sulfide minerals constitute a hydrothermal quartz-sulfide vein deposit within a Hercynian acidic granite massif, which occupies an area of about 400 km2. Thirty-six orebodies, controlled strictly by the E-W trend faults, are found in the orefield of 6 km in length from east to west and 200 to 1,000 m in width from south to north. The ore minerals are mainly galena, sphalerite and pyrite, and subordinate chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, cassiterite and stannite with many Ag-minerals. The gangue minerals are mainly quartz, calcite, sericite and chlorite. Economic components of the deposit are dominated by Pb andZn (reserves of Pb and Zn are 0.17 Mt and 0.37 Mt, and their grades are 1 % and 2.3 %, respectively), with Ag, Sn, In and Cd (1,800 t Ag, >2,000 t Sn, >500 t In and 1,800 t Cd) as by-products. Indium is highly enriched in ores and its contents are 9 to 295 ppm in ores and 85 to 2,660 ppm in sphalerite. Analytical results show that the ore-forming fluid of this deposit contains 0.8–3.5 ppm In and 4–36 ppm Sn, and the two elements show a very good positive correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.8672, while the correlation between In and Zn in the ore-forming fluids, with a correlation coefficient of 0.5723, is not as good as that between In and Sn. This indicates that indium has an affinity with tin in the ore-forming fluids. The authors think that this is probably the main reason why those In-rich deposits spread over the world are simultaneously enriched in tin.

Hydrothermal source rocks of the Meng'entaolegai Ag-Pb-Zn deposit in the granite batholith, Inner Mongolia, China: Constrained by isotopic geochemistry

The Meng'entaolegai Ag-Pb-Zn-In polymetallic deposit is located in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia. It consists of a hydrothermal quartz-sulfide vein deposit hosted within a Hercynian granite massif which is about 400 km2 in size. More than 40 orebodies are found in the orefield which is 6 km in length from east to west and 200 to 1,000 m in width from south to north. All orebodies are controlled by E-W trending faults. Economic resources are dominated by Pb and Zn (reserves of Pb and Zn are 0.17 Mt and 0.37 Mt, and their grades are 1% and 2.3%, respectively), with Ag, Sn, In and Cd (1,800 t Ag, >2,000 t Sn, >500 t In and 1800 t Cd) as by-products. The δ34SCDT values of sulfides range from -1.7‰ to +4.6‰, averaging 1.4‰, indicating that sulfur is magmatic in origin. The H-O isotopic compositions (δD values from -52.8‰ to -66.9‰ and δ18OH2O values from 4.8‰ to 7.9‰) of the fluid inclusion water in quartz show that the ore-forming fluid has a mainly magmatic source. The lead isotopic compositions of ore are relatively homogeneous and are significantly lower than those of feldspars and whole rock of the Hercynian Meng'entaolegai granite and the Yanshanian Duerji granite. Neither these granites nor the regional basement Precambrian metamorphic rocks provided ore with lead. By comparison, ore lead isotopic composition is the same as that of E-W trend diorite dykes which intruded the granites and this indicates that the ore lead is probably derived from magamatism which is related to these dykes. We considered therefore that although orebodies occurred within the Hercynian Meng'entaolegai granite, the deposit origin is not related to this stage of magmatism.

Regional characteristics of dust storms in China

Abstract Regional characteristics of dust storms in northern China are analyzed using a rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF), based on the annual days of dust storms from 1954 to 1998. The relationships between regional dust storms corresponding to other factors such as precipitation and temperature are explored. The results show that five leading modes of dust storms exist in the following areas: the Taklamakan Desert (Tarim Basin) over the Xinjiang region (far northwestern China), the eastern part of Inner Mongolia (North China), the Tsaidam Basin, the Tibetan Plateau, and the upper reaches of the Yellow River (Gobi Desert). These areas are associated with an arid climate and frequent winds. For the first mode in the Tarim Basin, most dust storms appear in the 1980s, while dust storms become less frequent in the 1990s. The second mode (North China) shows the highest frequency of dust storms in the mid-1960s but the frequency decreases afterward. The third mode indicates a decreasing trend of annual dust storms after the mid-1960s but with a high interannual variability. The fourth mode also shows a decreasing trend but with a low interannual variability. The fifth mode displays a high frequency of dust storms in the 1970s followed by a decreasing trend. For the five modes of dust storm distribution, four of the centers are located in desert regions. The annual dust storms of a selected station in each mode region are shown to compare the coefficient time series of these modes. The negative correlation between the prior winter temperature and dust storm frequency is identified for most stations. There is no consistency in the correlation between the dust storm frequency and the annual rainfall as well as the prior winter rainfall at these stations. The activity of dust storms in northern China are directly linked to the cyclone activity, especially for the interdecadal variability.

Study on the morphology of Nilssoniopteris huolinhensis Duan et Chen sp. nov.

The paper deals with the external form and the epidermal structures of Nilssoniopteris huolinhensis Duan et Chen. collected from the Early Cretaceous of the eastern part of Inner Mongolia. Rich Bennettitalean plants in the assemblage suggest the existence of warm and humid subtropical climate during the Early Cretaceous in the eastern pan of Inner Mongolia.

A preliminary study on the biology ofCydia illutana dahuricoiana in the northeast of China

The tortricid moths damdging Dahurian Larch (larix gmelini Rupr.)cone were surveyed in a matural larch forest in Wurjihan in the eastern parrt of Inner Mongolia, China from 1988 to 1989, and the population dynamics of the moth is investigated in Kuduer, Jiwen and other neighbor areas. The tortricid moth was identified to beCydia illutana dahuricolana (V. I. Kuznetzov), the first recored in China. It has one generation a year, and overwinters in pupae in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia. The characteristics of the larvae and pupae are descrbed in detail, its life habit and damaging are preliminarily studied. The differences of its occurence in different areas are disscussed by combining with meteorological factors.