Eastern Madhya Pradesh Research Articles

Exploring the impact of climate change on long-term and short-term variability of rainfall in Madhya Pradesh, Central India

The present study assesses trends in rainfall in Madhya Pradesh, Central India, over the long (1871–2016) as well as short (1987–2016) temporal scales. The region is home to disadvantageous groups of the population including vulnerable tribals who depend on rainfall-based agriculture and forest products. Therefore, any disruption in rainfall trends due to climate change needs to be documented for better planning. This study focuses on two meteorological subdivisions, East and West Madhya Pradesh, which receive a major portion of rainfall through the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch of the Indian Summer Monsoon. The study is based on the rainfall series provided by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India. This study used the Mann–Kendall test to detect a trend and Sen’s Slope to estimate the magnitude of change in rainfall. Statistically significant negative trends were detected in total annual (− 1.125 mm y − 1) and monsoon (− 1.242 mm y − 1) rainfall over long-term observation in East Madhya Pradesh only. However, during the last 30 years, no trends have been recorded in East Madhya Pradesh. In West Madhya Pradesh, rainfall has not recorded any trend for long- as well as short-term observation periods. The non-availability of a trend in rainfall during May and October at both meteorological subdivisions shows that there is no shift in the duration of the monsoon season over long as well as short temporal observations. The decreasing rainfall trends in Eastern Madhya Pradesh over the long-term observation seem to be caused by changing patterns of tropical cyclone frequency in the Bay of Bengal.

Crystallographic Study of Vertebrate Fossils from The Central Narmada Valley, India.

The Narmada River originates in eastern Madhya Pradesh near Amarkantak (200 40' N, 81 46' E), travels through Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat before emptying into the Gulf of Cambay in the Arabian Sea, close to Baruch in Gujarat. Numerous fossil discoveries in the region include various mammals, reptiles, fishes, amphibians, and molluscan shells. In addition to being a rare mid-continental location in the Old World, the Narmada Valley has traditionally served as a line delineating Northern and Southern India. This valley has produced countless animal fossils as well as a few human fossils. This has been a crucial route for the movement of both faunal migrations from the north to the south and the transmission of the monsoons from the southeast to the northwest. The present work examines the crystallization index of the faunal fossils from three (Barmanghat ,Talayyaghat ,Devakachar) localities in the Central Narmada valley falling within the region of Madhya Pradesh. Fossil samples were subjected to X-Ray diffraction in order to calculate the Crystallization index as a direct indicator of the degree of fossilization. The materials of Narmada river valley have been studied extensively by previous scholars; however, this study is first attempt to study the fossils using scientific technique such as XRD.

Epigraphic Practice and the Making of State Society in Eastern Madhya Pradesh (Circa Fifth–Sixth Centuries ce)

The essay explores the process of state formation under the Parivråjakas and the Uccakalpðyas in eastern Madhya Pradesh (MP) during circa fifth–sixth centuries ce. A total of 14 epigraphic records inform us about the development of the institutional structures under these two local powers. We delve into the process of transformation of the a»avika-råjya into full-fledged monarchical powers. Besides the internal factors, an attempt has been made to understand the external Gupta and Våkå»aka influence, in relation to the spread of Sanskrit culture, state society and pattern of patronage in eastern MP. Like the well-known Malwa corridor on the western side of MP, the present essay finds the making of another corridor that formed under these two local powers to the eastern side of MP. It, therefore, suggests the existence of another route that connected north India and the Deccan via central India, which catalysed the state formation in the region.

Survey implementation process and interviewer effects on skipping sequence of maternal and child health indicators from National Family Health Survey: An application of cross-classified multilevel model

Implementing a large-scale survey involves a string of intricate procedures exposed to numerous types of survey errors. Uniform and systematic training protocols, comprehensive survey manuals, and multilayer supervision during survey implementation help reduce survey errors, providing a consistent fieldwork environment that should not result in any variation in the quality of data collected across interviewers and teams. With this background, the present study attempts to delineate the effect of field investigator (FI) teams and survey implementation design on the selected outcomes. Data on four of the bigger Empowered Action Group (EAG) states of India, namely Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Rajasthan, were obtained from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) for analysis. A fixed-effect binary logistic regression model was used to assess the effect of FI teams and survey implementation design on the selected outcomes. To study the variation in the outcome variables at the interviewer level, a cross-classified multilevel model was used. Since one interviewer had worked in more than one primary sampling unit (PSU) & district and did not follow a perfect hierarchical structure, the cross-classified multilevel model was deemed suitable. In addition, since NFHS-4 used a two-stage stratified sampling design, two-level weights were adjusted for the models to compute unbiased estimates. This study demonstrated the presence of interviewer-level variation in the selected outcomes at both inter- and intra-field agencies across the selected states. The interviewer-level intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for women who had not availed antenatal care (ANC) was the highest for eastern Madhya Pradesh (0.23) and central Uttar Pradesh (0.20). For ‘immunisation card not seen’, Rajasthan (0.16) and western Uttar Pradesh (0.13) had higher interviewer-level ICC. Interviewer-level variations were insignificant for women who gave birth at home across all regions of Uttar Pradesh. Eastern Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Bihar showed higher interviewer-level variation across the selected outcomes, underlining the critical role of agencies and skilled interviewers in different survey implementation designs. The analysis highlights non-uniform adherence to survey protocols, which implies that not all interviewers and agencies performed in a similar manner in the field. This study recommends a refined mechanism for field implementation and supervision, including focused training on the challenges faced by FIs, random vigilance, and morale building. In addition, examining interviewer-level characteristics, field challenges, and field agency effects may also highlight the roots of interviewer-level variation in the data. However, based on the interviewer's performance in the field, the present study offers an intriguing insight into interviewer-level variations in the quality of data.

Evaluation of soybean cultivars and lines under excessive moisture stress in Eastern Madhya Pradesh

Evaluation of soybean cultivars and lines under excessive moisture stress in Eastern Madhya Pradesh

Emergence of Japanese encephalitis in eastern parts of Madhya Pradesh, India.

Emerging zoonotic and vector-borne diseases are posing new challenges to public health authorities. Morbidities and mortalities due to acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is a serious health problem in paediatric patients. We conducted serological investigations on AES cases from six districts of north eastern Madhya Pradesh (MP), India for Japanese encephalitis (JE). The paired serum and CSF samples were collected from paediatric patients having signs and symptoms of encephalitis and admitted at a tertiary care hospital during the study period from August 2020 to October 2021. Demographic and clinical information was collected in predesigned formats. Serum and CSF were subjected to JE IgM specific ELISA. Samples from 110 patients were collected during the study period of which 28 (25.4%) were reactive for JE IgM antibodies. JE IgM positivity was marginally higher in male children (26.6%) as compared to female children (22.8%). Out of 28 positive cases, 11 (39.2%) deaths were attributed to JE. Four districts of north eastern Madhya Pradesh showed JE activity. Maximum cases were observed in post-monsoon season. Our results show that JEV is an emerging threat in eastern central India and health authorities need to be vigilant. A systematic molecular and serological survey among humans and animals along with xenomonitoring will help in understanding intricacies of JE epidemiology in the region.

Thermal and radiation environments for assessing crop-weather relationship of soybean in eastern Madhya Pradesh

A field experiment was conducted during with three sowing dates (23 June, 8 July and 23 July) with three varieties (JS 20-29, JS 20-34 and JS 97-52) kharif season of 2016 and 2017 at Jabalpur in eastern Madhya Pradesh for assessing crop weather relationship in soybean through thermal and radiation environments. The results revealed that early sown crop attained more accumulated heat units, and yield decreased with delay in sowing. The maximum and minimum temperatures during reproductive stage were positively correlated with seed yield while negatively associated with vegetative and pod development stages. Photosynthetic active radiation absorption (APAR) was maximum in June sowing in semi-determinate JS 97-52 variety at pod formation stage. Maximum leaf area index (LAI) exhibited in June sown for JS 97-52 variety during pod formation stage. Seed yield increase with increased in APAR and LAI during pod formation stage. Season length difference between normal and actual crop maturity period increased with the decrease in GDD thereby suggesting a decline in yield due to shortening of crop growing period.

A new species of Sitana (Squamata: Agamidae) from the Deccan Peninsula Biogeographic Zone of India.

We describe a new species of fan-throated lizard of the genus Sitana from the Deccan peninsula of India. The new species is from the Sitana sivalensis clade and can be readily diagnosed morphologically from S. sivalensis, S. fusca and S. schleichi by having the dewlap extending beyond forearm insertion. The new species differs from all other congeners in the combination of morphological characters such as a feebly serrated dewlap with a dark blue line on the throat in adult males (versus a well serrated dewlap with a bright blue patch and orange spots in S. ponticeriana complex), small body size (versus a large body size in S. gokakensis and S. thondalu) and a relatively smaller dewlap size (relatively larger in S. laticeps, S. spinaecephalus, S. dharwarensis, S. gokakensis, S. thondalu, S. marudhamneydhal, S. ponticeriana and S. visiri). The new species was found to be commonly distributed in arid and open habitats as well as in farmlands and plantations in northern Andhra Pradesh, eastern Madhya Pradesh and most parts of Chhattisgarh and Odisha states.

Two Rājyas and a Dēvī: State Formation and Religious Processes in Central India (circa Fifth–Sixth Century ce)

This article analyses the formation of state polities in central India, where according to Ashokan edicts, āṭavī tribes had been present in the third century bce. From several of these tribes, āṭavīka-rājās (forest kings) arose by the fourth century ce and the Gupta monarch Samudragupta reduced them to the position of servants. This article argues that the two ruling houses—the Parivrājaka and the Uchchakalpa—rose to power in the second half of the fifth century ce in eastern Madhya Pradesh from āṭavīka background and erected their state apparatus similar to that of their overlord Gupta rulers. In the epigraphs of the Parivrājaka rulers, Ḍāhala region, comprising much of eastern Madhya Pradesh with Tripur ī (near Jabalpur) as its centre, is mentioned as a part of their rājya. The Parivrājaka and the Uchchakalpa rājyas had common boundaries and the epigraphs indicate the presence of some territorial conflict between these two. The article proposes that both of these ruling houses, having being subordinated to the Guptas, made land grants to brahmanas and temples for the integration of their territories. The shrines of a local tribal goddess Piṣṭapurikādēvī received land grants from both the Parivrājaka and the Uchchakalpa rulers, and this paper argues that under the patronage of these same rulers, this goddess was absorbed into brahmanical pantheons as Lakṣmī—the consort of god Viṣṇu, due to the efforts of a non-brahmana individual, Chhōḍugōmika. The state formation, accompanied by cult assimilation in central India, therefore had been a complex and multilayered process.

Retroanalytical Study of Epidemiological Factors of Rhinosporidiosis.

Introduction Rhinosporidiosis is a granulomatous disease of humans and animals that is caused by Rhinosporidium Seeberi . This disease is endemic in certain states of India, like Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Orissa, and eastern Madhya Pradesh. We conducted a retrospective, record-based study in the department of ENT & Head and Neck Surgery of a tertiary case institute in Chhattisgarh. Objective To study the epidemiology of rhinosporidiosis, especially host risk factors. Methods We conducted a retrospective, record-based study in the department of ENT & Head and Neck Surgery of a tertiary case institute in Chhattisgarh, India. A total of 55 histologically proven rhinosporidiosis patients who were surgically treated in the department over a period of 2 years from November 2014 to November 2016 were included. Results This study involved 55 histologically proven rhinosporidiosis cases. There were 87% males and 12% females. Most of the cases belonged to lower socioeconomic status (92.73%). All the cases had history of pond bathing. Of 55 cases, 27 cases (49.09%) had O+ blood group followed by A+ in 10 (18.18%), B+ in 9 (16.36) and AB+ in 9 (16.36%). Conclusion The results of the study showed that the disease was associated with the male gender, young and middle age, low socioeconomic status, rural background, pond bathing and O+ blood group.

Nutrition sensitive agriculture: An equity-based analysis from India

Abstract Malnutrition remains a problem across India, particularly among women and children in rural areas. In response, nutrition-sensitive agriculture (NSA) programs have emerged, which promote activities such as crop diversification, nutrition education, and women’s empowerment. While research has assessed whether NSA programs have an impact on nutrition indicators, less work has examined whether such programs are equitable in distributive, procedural, and recognitional terms. This study investigates how one non-governmental organization (NGO) working through women-led self-help groups (SHGs) in eastern India has incorporated NSA practices into its traditional focus of improving cereal productivity and promoting cash crops. Given that both research sites in northern Jharkhand and eastern Madhya Pradesh have seen agricultural practices shift from more diverse, traditional cropping to high-yielding rice over the past decade, this research examines women’s responses to these new NSA promotion efforts. This 11-month study employed ethnographic methods including participant observation and 117 interviews with village women along with NGO and government workers across both sites. This analysis employed an equity framework based on the decolonial concept of cognitive justice, which asserts that epistemological inequity precedes socioeconomic inequities. The findings suggest while all respondents reacted positively to the tenets of NSA promotion, due to high-yielding paddy’s labor requirements and cultural aspirations to maximize rice production, many farmers (especially those engaged in improved paddy cultivation) were unable to adopt NSA practices robustly. While poorer farmers not growing improved paddy were better positioned to adopt NSA, many were less active in SHG activities due to structural barriers and an observed lack of cognitive justice. As NSA programs are still emerging, little research has detailed the ways such efforts may exacerbate or allay rural inequities. This study suggests NSA could have more impact on cropping practices and nutrition outcomes if it led with an equity approach centered on cognitive justice.

Prevalence, risk factors and pattern of severe retinopathy of prematurity in eastern Madhya Pradesh.

Purpose:To describe the prevalence, characteristics including risk factors, and pattern of severe ROP from eastern Madhya Pradesh region of India.Methods:In this 5-year retrospective study, Baseline characteristics, systemic risk factors, and findings of ROP screening were noted. Factors associated with severe ROP including aggressive posterior ROP (APROP), stage IV and V ROP were analyzed. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20.Results:Of 763 babies screened, 30% were diagnosed to have ROP. Prevalence of severe ROP was 14.2% (109) of which 60 (55.5%) were classic and 30 (27.7%) were APROP. Eighteen (16.6%) were diagnosed as advanced ROP (stage IV and V). Mean gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) for severe ROP were 31.05 weeks and 1.34 kg, respectively which were inversely associated with severe ROP. But a significant 10% of severe ROP were seen in late preterm babies, >34 weeks. Low GA and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were significant risk factors for APROP. Most important factor for stage IV and V ROP was late presentation for screening.Conclusion:The study found a high prevalence of severe ROP including APROP. Almost 7% severe ROP cases were outside screening guidelines of NNF. Late presentation for screening is the most important factor associated with ROP related blindness.

Study of Proximal femoral Anthropometry in Population of Eastern Madhya Pradesh

Study of Proximal femoral Anthropometry in Population of Eastern Madhya Pradesh

Districtwise wheat and rice yield predictions using meteorological variables in eastern Madhya Pradesh

District wise rice and wheat yield prediction equations were developed for seven districts of eastern Madhya Pradesh using weakly weather data from 1980-2009. The coefficient of determination (R2) varied between 0.4 - 0.78 for rice and 0.6 - 0.92 for wheat in different districts. Model performance was evaluated with independent reported data for year 2010 and 2011. As the deviations for both the years were less than ± 15 per cent, the models can be used for predicting the rice and wheat yields in Madhya Pradesh.

TRAINING ON WATER, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE (WASH) TO THE FRONTLINE WORKERS (FLWS) IN A RURAL SET UP

Water and Sanitation is one of the primary drivers of public health. Poor hygiene, inadequate quantities and quality of drinking water and lack of sanitation facilities cause millions of the India’s poorest people to die from preventable diseases each year. The MPTAST has been extending technical assistance to the State Government of Madhya Pradesh to improve their water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) planning, delivery, and monitoring mechanisms, and to accelerate the sanitation coverage through a community-led approach. One of the key components of technical assistance under the WASH program was to provide training to Front Line Workers (FLWs) as they play an important role to assist the communities in raising awareness & motivation. This awareness & motivation of the community members would be created a demand for WASH services to access & leverage govt. support schemes and funds under the Govt. of India flagship program “Swachh Bharat Mission”. The IIHMR on behalf of MPWASH were organized district/block/ cluster/section wise training of FLWs in selected 7 Districts of Eastern Madhya Pradesh and covered around 98% of target. It was expected that WASH training to FLWs will bring lot of positive changes in orientation & motivating the community people at Village level.

English

Various biodiversity indices revealed that Microcystis aeruginosa is a major bloom forming colonial cyanobacterium dominantly present in the examined two districts of Eastern Madhya Pradesh. Microcystis viridis, Microcystis panniformis and Microcystis botrys along with filamentous cyanobacteria Anabaena spp., Arthrospira major and Oscillatoria limosa/O. laetevirens were the other species present. Amplification of VCO1 and VCO139 choleragenic Vibrio cholerae strains in phytoplankton material revealed their association with cyanobacteria. VCO1 gene was amplified in five water bodies, and among them, one reservoir also displayed amplification of VCO139 gene. VCO1 and VCO139 genes were not amplified in three water bodies. All of them were infested with Anabaena spp. as the second largest phytoplankton constituent. It was hypothesized that Anabaena spp. produced some antibacterial metabolites with antagonistic property against V. cholerae. To prove this, colonies of V. cholerae on TCBS agar were isolated from those water bodies which displayed VCO1 and VCO139 gene amplification. Methyl Red test, Voges-Prauskaur test and arginine dehydrolase tests confirmed Vibrio. Further identification of V. cholerae was carried out by amplification of VCO1 and VCO139 genes in genomic DNA isolated from V. cholerae colonies. A hexane extractable metabolite extracted from lab culture of Anabaena fertilissima CCC597, a native of these lakes, was tested for its antagonizing effect on growth of V. cholerae strains O1 and O139. A “closed water system” was used to examine the effect of A. fertilissima cell mass on time-dependent population size of Vibrio. Upon such incubation, there was a steady decrease in the viable colony counts of V. cholerae. Key words: Antibacterial effect, cyanobacterial population, Vibrio cholerae O1 and 139, important value index.

Spectrum of Cirrhosis of Liver in Eastern Madhya Pradesh, India

Spectrum of Cirrhosis of Liver in Eastern Madhya Pradesh, India

Prevalence and pattern of lobular capillary hemangioma in Eastern Madhya Pradesh, India: A clinicopathological analysis.

Lobular capillary hemangioma is a common benign vascular tumor seen in the oral cavity. It occurs in response to various stimuli such as low-grade local irritation, traumatic insult, and hormonal factors or as a response to a wide variety of drugs. All patients presenting to the Department of Dentistry, Shyam Shah Medical College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh during July 2014 to June 2016, who were diagnosed by histopathologic confirmation as oral lobular capillary hemangioma (OLCH), were evaluated for the area involved, clinicopathologic presentation, demographic features, and treatment. A total of 94 cases were identified as OLCH by histopathologic confirmation during this period. The lesion occurred most commonly in the age group of 21-30 years. A characteristic female predominance (female: male ratio of 2.24:1) was seen. Anterior maxillary labial gingiva was most frequently involved (34.04%) followed by posterior maxillary buccal gingiva (14.89%). The clinicopathologic picture of OLCH found in this study was similar to other studies conducted on same as well different ethnic and geographical populations. Poor oral-dental-hygiene was observed in majority of patients (87.23%) dental health education should be an integral component of imparting oral health care by health providers. Surgical excision as a treatment modality renders good results with low recurrence rate.

Trends and variability in evapotranspiration at Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh

Evapotranspiration demands and trends were analysed for Jabalpur region in eastern Madhya Pradesh by assessing reference evapotranspiration (ETo), energy balance and aerodynamic components for 31 years (1983-2013). Analysis indicated multiple trends in annual ETo and annual aerodynamic component of ETo. In the first half of the study period, a clear decreasing trend was seen with 1994 and 1999 years having low ETo values. Later, the ETo started increasing and a high ETo of 1425 mm was observed in the years 2009 and 2010. Energy balance component has shown a negative trendwith the reduction in temperature and sunshine hours.Trends in five-year average ETo values indicated a reduction in kharif season whilethe EToincreased in rabi season. Present study highlights the necessity to understand ETo of the region before planning and management.

Dry eye prevalence and attributable risk factors in the eastern Madhya Pradesh

Background: There is increasing prevalence of dry eye in recent years. This disease is chronic and progressive and invariably leads to complications, if left untreated. Objective: To study the prevalence, incidence, and attributable risk factors associated with dry eye syndrome in eastern Madhya Pradesh region. Materials and Methods: This study included 1178 patients of which 114 patients were found to have dry eye. After detailed history, complete work up, and investigations patients were categorized into mild, moderate, and severe grades. Result: In this study, the prevalence of dry eye in hospital-based population in eastern Madhya Pradesh was 9.6%. Dry eye was more common in women (66.6%). Most patients in this study belonged to rural background (60.5%). Air pollution (33.3%) was found to be the most common attributable risk factor affecting most of the farmers/laborers (33.4%). In this study 43.8% patients had moderate and 39.6% patients had mild grade of dry eye. Conclusion: Diagnosis of dry eye is often overlooked as a possible cause of patient's complaint. Therefore, detection of disease at the earliest stage and prevention of attributable risk factors for dry eye alluded to in literature include air pollution, cigarette smoking, low humidity, high temperature, sunlight exposure, drugs, and uncorrected refractive error should be the goal so that disease progression to severe stage and serious sight-threatening complications caused by severe dry eye could be prevented. Thus prevention of attributable risk factors and early diagnosis could be the key for dry eye and offers good hope for better outcome.