Eastern Hungary Research Articles

Obituary: Pál Kozma (1920-2004)

Pál Kozma, a scientist famous throughout Europe for his work on vines, was born into a poor peasant family in the small village of Gyulaháza in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County in Eastern Hungary on 11 July 1920. Despite his thirst for knowledge, he was obliged to interrupt his studies on several occasions due to the poverty of his family, and it was not until 1947 that he finally graduated from the University of Agriculture with a first class honours degree in agriculture, specialising in horticulture and vine-growing. The following year he obtained his teaching diploma, again with first-class honours. In 1947 he started work as an assistant inspector of viticulture in Tarcal, later moving to the Technical College for Horticulture and Viticulture in Miklóstelep, where he was employed as a teacher and viticulture inspector. From 1949 onwards he worked in the Department of Viticulture at the Faculty of Horticulture and Viticulture of the University of Agricultural Sciences, filling the post of Head of Department from 1960 until he retired in 1990. From 1962-1965 he was Vice-Rector of the University, followed by six years as Rector from 1965-1971. The basic and applied research he carried out from 1948 onwards gave a new direction to viticulture. His field of research included the flowering biology of the vine (flower morphology, histology, divergence and evolution of flower types, special types of fertilisation and grape formation in various flower types, light and electron microscope studies on morphological traits), vine breeding through selection and crossing (intra- and interspecific hybrids of white and red wine grapes and table grape varieties), leaf analysis for the study of the organic and mineral metabolism of vines and the diagnosis of optimum nutrient supplies, transpiration, the physiological effects of cultivation and pruning methods, the physiology of vine branches, improved technologies for the cultivation of table grapes, and the history of viticulture. In addition to the success he achieved in scientific research, he was also an excellent teacher. His students left the university with a high standard of knowledge and many of them distinguished themselves in later life. In recognition of his achievements he was given many awards, including the State Prize in 1975 and the Order of the Hungarian Republic in 1990. He received a prize from the publishers for his books entitled "Table Grapes" in 1962 and "Vines and Their Cultivation I-II" in 1994. He also received a number of international awards, including the OIV Prize (1964, 1994), the Humboldt Memorial Plaque (1968) and the Hegel Medal, Berlin (1970). He was a member of the Editorial Committee of Acta Agronomica Hungarica from 1967 to 1994 and Chief Editor from 1995 to 2000. Those who were privileged to know Pál Kozma found him to be a good-humoured and extremely well-informed man, with an enormous thirst for new knowledge and the determination which had stood him in good stead in his rise from the depths of poverty to the heights of an academic career. He was not only highly intelligent, but also extremely hard-working, never allowing difficulties to hinder him in his quest for knowledge. He will be sadly missed, but his influence will remain with us in his books and in the work of the experts he trained so well.

Experimental results of the effects of Hungarian climatic conditions to German disease-resistant industrial apple varieties

In the recent years, several disease-resistant apple varieties appeared through the modern breeding technologies. These varieties can be grown with low usage of pesticides, which mean not only environment friendly fruit growing, but the production costs are also lower. In Eastern-Hungary — it is one of the main apple growing regions — a new apple growing structure started to form by the investment of the German Wink Ltd. — several resistant apple varieties were brought from Germany. 'Resistant' refers genetic resistance that usually transferred from the genome of wild apple species. But the fruit of these apple species is not only resistant to diseases, but its quality is poorer, too. In Germany the Re-apples are grown only for the processing industry. Due to climatic circumstances in Eastern Hungary, the first experiences showed better parameters during laboratory measurement, the fruits have more beautiful view, shape and inner characters than usual industrial apples.
 In our paper we discuss the results of sensory (consumer) tests, carried out in Eastern Hungary and in the Budapest-region the data analysis of systematic storing experiments (refraction, flesh firmness, weight loss, etc.) and profile analysis of fresh and stored Re-apples. (In the profile analysis the ProfiSens software [4,5] has been used.)

04/01053 The solid state partitioning of contaminant metals and As in river channel sediments of the mining affected Tisa drainage basin, northwestern Romania and eastern Hungary: Bird, G. et al. Applied Geochemistry, 2003, 18, (10), 1583–1595

04/01053 The solid state partitioning of contaminant metals and As in river channel sediments of the mining affected Tisa drainage basin, northwestern Romania and eastern Hungary: Bird, G. et al. Applied Geochemistry, 2003, 18, (10), 1583–1595

First Report of Puccinia xanthii on Xanthium italicum in Eastern Hungary.

In 2002, in Debrecen, eastern Hungary, Puccinia xanthii Schwein. was detected on hunter burr, a geographically spreading, noxious weed species in row crops. Symptoms were found on leaves, stems, and petioles of plants collected from a competition experiment between sugarbeet and hunter burr. Density of the hunter burr population (6 plants per m2 or 20 plants per m2) influenced the rate of infection. In the low-density population, the number of rust pustules and infected leaves was lower than that in the high-density population, in which 70% infection was reached by September. First symptoms appeared at the end of July (high-density population) and in the beginning of August (low-density population) in the form of small, chlorotic raised spots on the underside of the leaves. Dark brown telia (3.8 mm in diameter or larger) developed on spots. Elliptical telia occurred at the rate of 0.02 to 2.37 pustules per cm2. Elongated pustules caused swelling and epidermal splitting on stems and petioles. Teliospores were brown, two-celled, and 35 to 56 × 15 to 21 μm, the walls were 0.8 to 1.0 μm at the side and 5 to 8 μm at the apex, the septum was 1 to 1.5 μm, and a persistant pedicel was 15 to 50 μm. Size and morphology of teliospores fit the description of P. xanthii (2). A pathogenicity test was conducted in the greenhouse (24°C with high relative humidity) according to the "leaf disc method" of Morin et al. (1) using freshly collected hunter burr leaves. Teliospores germinated immediately, producing metabasidia, and basidiospores were produced within 5 h. The first macroscopic symptoms on test plants were observed 4 days after inoculation. Approximately 8 days after inoculation, developing telia arose from the thallus and began to erupt through the epidermis. Developed teliospores on artificially inoculated plants were morphologically identical to those from leaves collected in the field. Control plants did not develop symptoms. This microcyclic rust occurs in several regions of the world, including several southern European countries. This rust is a potential biological agent for the control of Xanthium spp.; however, it can infect several cultivars of sunflower (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. xanthii in Hungary.

Planning of empirical antibiotic therapy for women with pelvic inflammatory diseases: a geographical area-specific study

Objective: Elaboration of an empiric antibiotic regimen for women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) for a geographical area in eastern Hungary. Study design: Pathogens were identified by culturing or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from 2215 patients with suspected PID between 1 January 1999 and 31 December 2001. Empiric guidelines for PID treatment were based on susceptibility testing of the recovered bacteria, patient acceptance and cost-effectiveness of drugs and recommendations of earlier studies. Results: Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in 11%, Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 2%, Streptococcus spp. in 17%, Enterococcus spp. 9%, genital mycoplasmas in 25%, all obligate anaerobic pathogens in 30% of the patients. All antibiotics chosen for our regimen were effective in vitro against one or more recovered pathogens at least in 80%; this regimen produced 98% clinical cure rate in mild cases of PID. Conclusion: Early detection and prompt empirical antimicrobial therapy adapted to the local microflora and its resistance pattern can lead to good clinical results.

The solid state partitioning of contaminant metals and As in river channel sediments of the mining affected Tisa drainage basin, northwestern Romania and eastern Hungary

The solid state partitioning of metals and As in river channel sediments has been investigated along an 828 km study reach comprising the rivers Lapuş, Someş and Tisa, using a 4-stage sequential extraction procedure (SEP) that identified 4 chemical phases: (1) exchangeable, (2) Fe and Mn oxides, (3) organic matter/sulphides and (4) residual. Peak total concentrations of As (240 mg kg −1), Cd (95 mg kg −1), Cu (24,500 mg kg −1) and Pb (21,100 mg kg −1) were found in the River Lapuş immediately downstream of Băiuţ base-metal mine, with Zn concentrations (23,000 mg kg −1) peaking 2 km further downstream. Contaminant metals and As within samples close to Băiuţ mine were largely bound to sulphides (>92%). Ten km downstream from Băiuţ mine, however, Cd and Zn were found to be environmentally significant due to their strong association with the exchangeable phase (73 and 47%, respectively). Lead was found to be predominantly associated with Fe and Mn oxides (71%), but concentrations in the residual phase were relatively high in the upper Tisa. Copper was more evenly distributed between the 4 phases than the other 4 elements analysed. Elevated metal and As concentrations were found in the rivers Lapuş and Someş downstream of polluted tributaries, but sites on the River Tisa had total metal concentrations below Dutch guideline values. The implications of the river sediment metal partitioning results on the environment are considered in light of Cd and Zn ‘exchangeable hotspots’ at sites on the Lapuş and Someş Rivers.

Black RomeAnthropologie du Carnaval: La ville, la fte et lAfrique Bahia. By Michel Agier. Marseilles: ditions Parenthses/IRD, 2000. 256 pp.

Previous articleNext article No AccessBooksBlack Rome Anthropologie du Carnaval: La ville, la fte et lAfrique Bahia. By Michel Agier. Marseilles: ditions Parenthses/IRD, 2000. 256 pp.RichardPriceRichardPriceDepartment of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va. 231878795, U.S.A. ([email protected]). 24 vi 02 Search for more articles by this author Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va. 231878795, U.S.A. ([email protected]). 24 vi 02PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Current Anthropology Volume 44, Number 3June 2003 Sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/374908 Views: 14Total views on this site Citations: 2Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Eric J. Guiry, Maria Hillier, Rui Boaventura, Ana Maria Silva, Luiz Oosterbeek, Tiago Tomé, António Valera, João Luís Cardoso, Joseph C. Hepburn, Michael P. Richards The transition to agriculture in south-western Europe: new isotopic insights from Portugal's Atlantic coast, Antiquity 90, no.351351 (May 2016): 604–616.https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2016.34Julia I. Giblin, Richard W. Yerkes Diet, dispersal and social differentiation during the Copper Age in eastern Hungary, Antiquity 90, no.349349 (Feb 2016): 81–94.https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2016.3

Theme II Tectonics, deformation, pore pressures and fluid flow

Two regional fluid flow regimes are recognised in Eastern Hungary: an upper gravity-driven flow regime and a loweroverpressured regime with overpressures as high as 1 to 35 MPa. Apparently, the position and nature of the transition zone between the two pressure regimes are controlled by the morphology of the rigid basement, and locally by the permeability contrasts within the overlying hydrostratigraphic units. Local hydrostratigraphic breaches and conduit faults facilitate hydraulic communication across the regional aquitards. The patterns of regional groundwater flow and overpressure distribution do not match the predictions of compactional, aquathermal, and petroleum generation models. Petroleum generation and buoyancy forces may have local significance as overpressuring mechanisms. Transient overpressures cannot be maintained over geologic time in the basin, due to the rock's low hydraulic resistance. Regional tectonic compressive stress, probably with a recent increase in intensity, offers a new and plausible explanation for the distribution pattern of overpressures in the Great Hungarian Plain.

Evaluation of the possible mechanisms able to generate and maintain the overpressured regime in the Pannonian Basin, Eastern Hungary

Two regional fluid flow regimes are recognised in Eastern Hungary: an upper gravity-driven flow regime and a loweroverpressured regime with overpressures as high as 1 to 35 MPa. Apparently, the position and nature of the transition zone between the two pressure regimes are controlled by the morphology of the rigid basement, and locally by the permeability contrasts within the overlying hydrostratigraphic units. Local hydrostratigraphic breaches and conduit faults facilitate hydraulic communication across the regional aquitards. The patterns of regional groundwater flow and overpressure distribution do not match the predictions of compactional, aquathermal, and petroleum generation models. Petroleum generation and buoyancy forces may have local significance as overpressuring mechanisms. Transient overpressures cannot be maintained over geologic time in the basin, due to the rock's low hydraulic resistance. Regional tectonic compressive stress, probably with a recent increase in intensity, offers a new and plausible explanation for the distribution pattern of overpressures in the Great Hungarian Plain.

Stroke Units in Hungary – The Debrecen Experience

The Debrecen Stroke Unit covers a catchment area of 210,000 inhabitants in eastern Hungary. The unit was established at the Department of Neurology of the University Hospital in 1974 and has 23 beds, 7 of which have monitoring facilities. The unit treats about 600 patients with acute cerebrovascular diseases annually – about 60% of all hospitalised stroke cases in the region. Overall, 18 registered nurses and 4 nurse helpers work for the unit. Computer tomography is performed in over 90% of cases. Carotid duplex ultrasound and echocardiography are part of the routine examinations in ischaemic strokes. Delay from onset of stroke to hospital arrival is the main barrier against the use of rt-PA. Average length of stay is 12 days; a lack of rehabilitation and nursing capacities sometimes delays discharge of dependent patients. The hospital is reimbursed the costs of stroke care based on DRG.

Nathan Birnbaum and Tuvia Horowitz: Friendship and the Origins of an Orthodox Ideologue

Nathan Birnbaum, early Zionist, Yiddishist and later general secretary of the Orthodox Agudat Yisrael, is a perplexing figure to modern Jewish historiography. While the trajectory of his early career as a Zionist and his leadership in the first Conference for the Yiddish Language have been well charted, his later years have been largely overlooked. In the years leading up to and during the First World War, Birnbaum turned his back on the secular political groups which had defined his public persona, and became a ba'al teshuva, a penitent returnee to Orthodox Judaism. Essential to his turn to Orthodoxy, and to his very quick arrival and success in the Orthodox political world, was his relationship with a young rabbi from Eastern Hungary, Tuvia Horowitz. Horowitz, the nephew of the Viznitser Rebbe, sought out Birnbaum upon receiving rumors of his teshuva while a refugee in Vienna, and the relationship between the two men quickly grew to a warm collegiality. Detailed in the extensive correspondence which spanned the rest of Birnbaum's life, their friendship sheds light on Birnbaum's intellectual transformation, as well as the central role played by Horowitz in Birnbaum's emergence as an Orthodox leader.

The Natural, Social and Economic Conditions and Opportunities for Development of Balmazujvaros, Especially in the Case of the Co-operative Kvaliko

Balmazujvaros as a settlement near Hortobagy has to cope with both advantages and disadvantages. Its natural and social conditions are mainly given, the agricultural characteristic is dominant, and the number of the employed is the highest in the agricultural firms and processing industry. Developing the third sector, including hosting, tourism, eco-tourism, thermal-tourism, may be an opportunity for the city. The subsidy for rural development relating to the SAPARD-programme may contribute to this, as the city is the member of the Association of Hajdu Towns.The agriculture plays an important part in Balmazujvaros in which production and marketing of vegetables and fruits excel. Several farmers realised this opportunity and founded the Marketing Co-operative of Vegetable Producers in Eastern Hungary, that is the Kvaliko. This PO works in a Corporation form and is constantly developing, spreading and expanding its choice making use of the local natural, social and economic conditions and applications for realising its investments. This PO may set an example for the other entrepreneurs and farmers of Balmazujvaros to co-operate and it may be considered as an already realised opportunity.

Hymenopteran Pupal Parasitoids Recovered from House Fly and Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Pupae Collected on Livestock Facilities in Southern and Eastern Hungary

This field survey, the second noting the occurrence and diversity of filth fly pupal parasitoid fauna in Hungary, was performed on beef and dairy feedlots and swine facilities in the southern and eastern parts of the country. The filth flies Musca domestica L. and Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) were the two most commonly parasitized hosts. The three species of Spalangia recovered, in decreasing order of abundance, were S. cameroni Perkins, S. nigroaenea Curtis, and S. endius Walker. Pachycrepoideus vindemiae Rondani, Trichomalopsis sp., two apparently undetermined Diapriidae spp. and one apparently undetermined Brachycera sp. are believed to be new country records.

Environmental Geological Examination of Chromium-Contamination in Eastern Hungary

Industrialisation in Hungary in recent decades was not accompanied by appropriate environmental regulation. The government orders protecting the geological environment were only formulated in the year 2000. After the regime change in 1989 the government undertook the rehabilitation of the contaminated areas. The regional environment protection authorities have surveyed the significant pollution sources nationally since 1995 and the remediation of 17 of the registered sites started in 1997. One of these pollution sources was the dangerous waste disposal site, operating since the 1960’s on the southwestern edge of Hungary’s second largest city, Debrecen. Our paper presents the investigations carried out on the waste disposal site. 2. Behaviour of chrome in the geological environment Amphoteric metals can be readily transported in alkaline, oxidising waters, but two geochemical processes can inhibit this movement. The first results from the presence of reducing or sulfide-rich conditions in the receiving medium, which results in the fixation of ions in, for example, relatively insoluble sulfides. A second is associated with adsorption of the ions on solid phases. According to laboratory experiments (Fule, 1995) the chromatic reduction effect of humic soil layers on chromate can reduce the impact of chromium contamination on an area. The Cr 3+ ion remains in solution under acidic conditions, while it is precipitated in the presence of CaCO3. Thus, the sorption of Cr 3+ changes with the infiltration coefficient and the carbonate content. The CrO4 2− ion reduces in the presence of organic material (e.g. soil humic substance, etc.) and

Battered Children, Medical Forensic Aspects: A 20-Year Review from Eastern Hungary (1963-1983)

Child abuse generally takes four forms: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. The number of cases varies over time. The authors of this study present data from a region in eastern Hungary for the 20-year period from 1963 to 1983, during which there was a trend at first toward a higher incidence of cases and then a significant decrease in child abuse. That decline has continued. There is no apparent explanation for this decline. The number of sexually abused children was significant, whereas the number of psychologically abused children was small, when compared to that in other studies. Unlike other cases in the authors’ practice, child abuse occurs infrequently, which makes the use of a specialist necessary in the determination of the diagnosis.

Assessment of generation temperatures of crude oils

Biological marker maturity parameters were used to estimate the minimum HC generation temperatures of crude oils from Eastern Hungary. More than 50 oils and oil shows were analysed. Molecular- and homologous-ratios of biological marker compounds (triterpanes, steranes, mono- and triaromatic steroid hydrocarbons) were used as maturation parameters. The oils have at least five maturity stages, i.e. they have been generated under different thermal conditions. The highest reservoir temperature in each group was chosen as the best estimate of the groups' temperature just below the generation temperature, i.e. reservoirs of the group might be expected to be at shallower depths (lower temperatures) than those of the generation zone due to vertical migration into pools. For each maturation level, a threshold temperature range for genesis was inferred from reservoir temperatures; they are from 130–135°C for the least mature oils to 210–215°C for the most mature oils. In the least mature oils cracking was not observed, hence carbon–carbon cracking reactions had not taken place during their genesis. The most mature oils are intensively cracked oils; they are almost condensates. Two major genetic groups (families) of oils were found in the area. Both are present in each maturation level. The effects of migration were checked, and no influence on maturation was found. A number of the oils are in overpressured reservoirs within, or just above, the zone of the present-day active oil generation, hence the present-day temperatures of the pools must have been maximum temperatures. Contrary to the traditionally accepted temperature range for petroleum generation–maturation reactions (50–150°C), there is strong evidence from this study that the onset of oil generation requires temperatures higher than 130°C and is still proceeding above 215°C.

Abstracts presented at ISAC European International Conference for Flow Cytometry and Image Analysis, Epona, Hungary, May 13-16, 1999.

To facilitate research cooperation among the nations of Central and Eastern Europe, ISAC supported the Epona Cytometry Conference in eastern Hungary near Debrecen and the Hortobagy National Park. This was the first ISAC sponsored conference held in Hungary. The 150 attendees included scientists from Hungary, Austria, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Slovenia, Romania, Poland, Ukraine, and Russia. There was also representation from Western Europe, North America, and Japan. Presentations and posters were of typically high ISAC quality. In addition, the Epona meeting attracted an impressive selection of commercial exhibits that provided contacts and improved the awareness of advanced analytical cytology for the attendees. The Epona conference was organized with Hungarian passion and skill by Professor Sandor Damjanovich, Dr. Janos Szollosi, and the members of the Biophysics and Cell Biology Department of the Medical School of Debrecen. The Department has been active in cytometry for over 20 years, and in hosting the conference, it also celebrated the 20th anniversary of its installment of the first cell sorter in Eastern Europe. The successful meeting demonstrates that Hungarians are strong contenders for the organization of future ISAC meetings. During my 1999 Fulbright Scholarship in Professor Damjanovich's Department, I traveled extensively and can verify that there are other unique sites in Hungary—Sopron, Pecs, Lake Balaton, and Budapest—for ISAC meetings. The site of the conference was on the Hungarian Puszta or plain near the Hortobagy National Park, which offered tours to observe “Hungarian Cowboys,” long-horned cattle, twisted-horn sheep, hairy pigs, and water buffalo, which were brought into the Carpathian Basin by the Magyars. Located in beautiful grasslands on the edge of the Park, the Epona Village was an excellent site for the meeting and is distinctly Hungarian. The timing of the conference was dramatic. Hungary was admitted to NATO in April and the Kosovo conflict with Yugoslavia began a few weeks later. During the conference, NATO air raids into Kosovo were being conducted from bases in southern Hungary. There was much concerned discussion among the attendees of the Kosovo situation. All regretted the loss of life, and all shared the hope that creating cooperative projects in science, agriculture, business, and education will lower international tension. In supporting the Epona conference, ISAC contributed importantly to cooperative science.

Gnadenorte der „tränenden Marienbilder „in Ungarn.Mittel der Ideologie der katholischen Restauration und der kirchlichen Union

Places of Pilgrimage in Hungary to Images of Mary said to Shed Tears - Ideological Instruments of the Catholic Restoration and the Church Union - Miraculous tears or drops of blood shed by paintings or statues are found at the origin of a few Marian places of pilgrimage in Hungary. Contemporary souces recorded nine cases in the late 17th to early 18th centuries. Four of these are Greek Catholic (Uniate) places, such as Máriapócs, the famous place of pilgrimage in Eastern Hungary. These miraculous events are linked to the situation of the country and the church at that time. This was the period when the Turks were driven out of Hungary, the time of the Counter-Reformation, the wars of independence against the Habsburgs and of civil wars. The tears were inter-preted at the time to mean that Mary was sorrowing for the people's sufferings and for the division of Christendom, longing for the restoration of Christian unity and reorganisation of the Catholic Church. The miraculous happenings also had an anti-Protestant slant and served the cause of conversion of Ortho-dox Ruthenians and Romanians to the Catholic Church, and organisation of the Greek Catholic Church.

‘We are Born in Straw’: Straw Plaiting and Hat Making in Transylvania

During the 1990s László Gróf, a historian, gave me copies of three articles in Hungarian, about straw plaiting and hat making in Eastern Hungary and Transylvania. He had visited and met with straw plaiters of the Székely region of Transylvania, and provided me with this information and with some hats. A few years later I met a straw worker living in Budapest who not only worked as a translator but also had an interest in learning more about the industry. In 1996 she travelled to Transylvania and made contact with plaiters and hat makers, paving the way for a joint visit.

P-wave spectra of the Füzesgyarmat, eastern Hungary earthquake sequence

On 29–30 September 1996, an earthquake sequence occurred in the Fuzesgyarmat region in eastern Hungary. The main shock had a magnitude of ML = 3.2 and was felt with a maximum intensity 4 MSK. It was preceded by a foreshock with a magnitude of ML = 2.8 and was followed, within six hours, by five aftershocks with magnitudes 2.1≤ML≤ 3.1. The dynamic source parameters of the Fuzesgyarmat earthquake sequence have been derived from P-wave spectra of the Hungarian seismograph stations. The average of the obtained values at different stations shows that the main shock occurred on a fault length of 610 m, with relative displacement of 1.13 cm, stress drop of 7 bar and seismic moment of 3.96*1021 dyne.cm. The main shock was small to yield data for a full mechanism solution and no reliable single fault plane solution could be obtained due to the low signal to noise ratio at the recording stations. The parameters of the foreshock are fault length of 560m, seismic moment of 2.09*1021 dyne.cm, stress drop of 5.53 bar and relative displacement of 0.73 cm. The five aftershocks show source parameters similar to the foreshock stress drops (5.26≤ Δσ ≤ 5.76 bar), fault lengths (415 ≤L≤ 600 m), seismic moments (8.36*1020 ≤Mo ≤ 2.31*1021 dyne.cm) and relative displacements (0.52 ≤ ů ≤ 0.91 cm).