East Coast States Research Articles

Batik Scan: Empowering Cultural Heritage Knowledge Through Mobile Innovation

Batik Malaysia, a type of textile art known as Batik originated in Malaysia, especially in the east coast states; Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pahang. The Batik mostly uses features flower motifs and designs instead of living creatures, such as humans and animals. Even though Malaysian wear it every day, they do not have sufficient knowledge about Batik. Besides, there is a limited number of platforms where Malaysian can get access to the information of Batik in the easiest and fastest way. Hence, this study aims to design and develop a mobile app for batik identification by only capturing the motifs and designs using a camera feature. The app, called as batik scanner, provides quick information related to Batik Malaysia. This app is especially suitable for adults, batik lovers, and new learners. The advances in digital technology play an important role in helping people to identify the type of Batik Malaysia. It also can reduce the effort of new learners and Batik lovers to find out information of Batik. To ensure that users will have a good mobile user experience, an understanding of the importance and limitation of the mobile app features and behaviour is necessary. Therefore, the design thinking approach was applied as the development methodology as it provides a solution-based approach to solving problems. User requirements were gathered through interviews followed by defining the core problems. Next, innovative solutions were identified using the brainstorm technique and mind mapping. Once the batik scanner prototype was completed, user testing was carried out with the targeted respondents to refine the solution. An online form also was distributed to evaluate the usability of the prototype. The results of the evaluation indicate that the Batik Scanner need to improve some of the interface designs. The respondents were also satisfied with the functions of managing the information in the Batik Scanner. The study contributes toward understanding users’ needs in creating the solution to the identified problems. It may serve as a guideline for other developers and researchers to develop similar apps or to enhance the features of Batik Scanner to become better and easier for users.

Factors Affecting the Intention to Receive Future COVID-19 Booster Vaccines in East Coast States in Malaysia

This conceptual paper is presented to study the factors affecting the intention to receive future COVID-19 booster vaccines in three East Coast states in Malaysia, which has become a concern to the government and health system in the country. It begins by reviewing the literature on associated factors and intentions against the booster vaccination. The Theory of Planned Behavior is used as the basis of the study. This study is driven by the low vaccination rates in Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pahang. Past studies have discussed the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination in the country, but very few focus on these states. Due to the limited findings on the issues, this study, therefore, attempts to explore the factors influencing vaccination intention using a quantitative method. The survey distribution and data collection focus on the three states' residents. The findings are believed to be able to provide new insight and knowledge, especially to the healthcare providers and government to increase the vaccination rates in these states and prevent the severity of COVID-19 comeback.

A survey of cranberry fruit rots in commercial production beds in Oregon and Washington.

Fungal fruit rots are a perennial threat to the production of cranberries. Eleven genera of fungi have been reported to cause cranberry rot in the field and/or during cold storage. Oregon and Washington rank fourth and fifth in the production of cranberries in the USA, but much of the research on cranberry fruit rots has been conducted in Wisconsin, New Jersey, and Massachusetts. The primary objective of this project was to describe the current composition of cranberry fruit rot complex in Oregon and Washington. A survey of fungal fruit rot pathogens was conducted over four years in commercial cranberry farms located in the Pacific Ocean coastal zone in Oregon and Washington. Yield, rot incidence, and fungal pathogens isolated varied year-to-year. Pathogens isolated frequently from field-rotted cranberries included the cranberry fruit rot genera described in other cranberry production regions of the USA, such as Colletotrichum, Coleophoma, and Physalospora. Neofabraea actinidiae, a recently described cranberry fruit rot, was isolated consistently from field-rotted cranberries from beds with specific fungicide usage patterns. N. actinidiae also was one of the more common storage rot pathogens in this region, alongside other well-established storage rots like Coleophoma and black rots caused by Allantophomopsis cytisporea, A. lycopodina, and Strasseria geniculata. These findings may have important implications for Washington cranberry production because a large proportion of the crop is dry-harvested, placed in cold storage, and then sold as fresh cranberries. Climatic differences among the cranberry production areas across the United States may affect the disease incidence and prevalence of different genera of cranberry fruit rot pathogens, as summer months in Oregon and Washington are often much cooler and dryer than in Wisconsin and east coast states and may account for differing presence of various cranberry fruit rot fungi.

Associations of Longitudinal BMI-Percentile Classification Patterns in Early Childhood with Neighborhood-Level Social Determinants of Health.

Background: Understanding social determinants of health (SDOH) that may be risk factors for childhood obesity is important to developing targeted interventions to prevent obesity. Prior studies have examined these risk factors, mostly examining obesity as a static outcome variable. Methods: We extracted electronic health record data from 2012 to 2019 for a children's health system that includes two hospitals and wide network of outpatient clinics spanning five East Coast states in the United States. Using data-driven and algorithmic clustering, we have identified distinct BMI-percentile classification groups in children from 0 to 7 years of age. We used two separate algorithmic clustering methods to confirm the robustness of the identified clusters. We used multinomial logistic regression to examine the associations between clusters and 27 neighborhood SDOHs and compared positive and negative SDOH characteristics separately. Results: From the cohort of 36,910 children, five BMI-percentile classification groups emerged: always having obesity (n = 429; 1.16%), overweight most of the time (n = 15,006; 40.65%), increasing BMI percentile (n = 9,060; 24.54%), decreasing BMI percentile (n = 5,058; 13.70%), and always normal weight (n = 7,357; 19.89%). Compared to children in the decreasing BMI percentile and always normal weight groups, children in the other three groups were more likely to live in neighborhoods with higher poverty, unemployment, crowded households, single-parent households, and lower preschool enrollment. Conclusions: Neighborhood-level SDOH factors have significant associations with children's BMI-percentile classification and changes in classification. This highlights the need to develop tailored obesity interventions for different groups to address the barriers faced by communities that can impact the weight and health of children living within them.

Distribution of licensed acupuncturists and educational institutions in the United States at the start of 2023, during the late stage of the COVID-19 pandemic

This study was conducted to identify the number and density of active licensed acupuncturists (LAcs), as well as the number of accredited schools in acupuncture and Oriental medicine (AOM), as of January 1, 2023, in the United States (U.S.). The number of active LAcs as of January 1, 2023 was 34,524, potentially 33,364 after removing license duplication in multiple states, among which the largest three states were California (with 7317 LAcs [21.19% of the total]), New York (5024 [14.55%]) and Florida (2644 [7.66%]). The total number of LAcs decreased by 8.87% from 2018, and fell short of our projected number of LAcs in 2023 by 9037, or 20.75%. The overall LAc density in the U.S.—measured as the number of LAcs per 100,000 population—was 10.36, less than in 2018. There were 56 active, accredited AOM schools which offered a total of 147 programs (121 at the level necessary for licensing [entry-level], 12 for an advanced practicing degree [advanced-level], and 14 for certifications). Broken down further, offerings included 50 master’s degrees in acupuncture, 40 master’s degrees in Oriental medicine, 31 entry-level doctorate degrees (10 in acupuncture and 21 in acupuncture plus Chinese herbal medicine), and 12 advanced-level doctorate degrees in AOM. The certification programs included one in East-Asian Medical Bodywork and 13 in CHM. Among these schools in 2023, institutions in the West and East Coast states comprised 67.86% (decreased from 77.42% in 2018) of the national total. California, Florida and Illinois represented 39.29%. There were 48 jurisdictions with acupuncture practice laws in place. The data suggests that the acupuncture profession in the U.S. has been significantly impacted during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.Please cite this article as: Fan AY, He DG, Sangraula A, Alemi SF, Matecki A. Distribution of licensed acupuncturists and educational institutions in the United States at the start of 2023, during the late stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Integr Med. 2024; 22(4): 379–384.

Tax holidays and the heterogeneous pass-through of gasoline taxes

The pass-through of gasoline taxes to retail prices plays a vital role in determining the extent to which a fuel tax suspension policy provides financial relief to consumers. Given the increased interest in utilizing such “tax holidays” to mitigate the unprecedented rise of gasoline prices in 2022, it is important to obtain location-specific pass-through estimates that will inform future similar policy efforts. Using daily city-level data from a sample of 108 cities in 15 East Coast states and the District of Columbia during the period February 1, 2022-June 30, 2022, I estimate an average pass-through rate of gasoline taxes of 79%. My subsequent analysis reveals heterogeneity in pass-through across locations and explores supply constraints, market isolation, and spillover effects as possible contributing factors to this heterogeneity.

Reframing the debate on legal financial obligations and crime: How accruing monetary sanctions impacts recidivism

AbstractLegal financial obligations (LFOs) associated with justice system involvement are increasingly a focus for policymakers and researchers seeking to understand sources of inequality and the factors that promote successful reentry. These conversations often rely on an assumption that LFOs are associated with or may even drive higher rates of recidivism. The empirical research in this area, however, has not kept up with the growing strength of these claims. This study reports findings that may offer a new perspective and contribute to an evidence‐based debate. Multisourced administrative data on all individuals released from carceral supervision in an East Coast state (N = 21,301) over 3 years are used to examine the complex relationship between criminal justice debt and reoffending. We detail the results of survival analyses estimating the impact of these debts on various forms of recidivism. Broadly, we find that even though the relationship between case‐level LFO assessments and future offending did not reach statistical significance, the association with the cumulative effect of monetary sanctions over the life course did. Furthermore, the impact of LFO debt is greater for certain racial groups, supporting theoretical and practical inquiries into factors informing structural disadvantage. Implications for policy and future research are considered.

From Classrooms to Economies: Examining the Educational Achievement-Economic Development Nexus

Abstract Each states play pivotal roles in contributing to the economic performance of the nation. They have their own unique economic strengths, resources, and industries that contribute to the overall economic development. Terengganu, an east coast state in Malaysia has historically faced economic challenges, marked by a lag in development compared to other regions. The fundamental problem addressed is the potential correlation between educational attainment and the region’s economic growth, aiming to understand how advancements in education might serve as a catalyst for economic progress. The objective of this research is to empirically analyze the impact of educational achievement on the economic development in Terengganu. Utilizing secondary data sourced from the Department of Statistics Malaysia and Economy Planning Unit Terengganu spanning from 2006 to 2022, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model has been employed to estimate and understand the relationship between educational attainment and economic development. The findings suggested that educational achievement plays positive impact in heightening the economic development within the region. Education contributes to the development of human capital, fostering a skilled and knowledgeable populace capable of engaging in diverse economic activities. This, in turn, attracts investments and facilitates the emergence of industries and sectors that rely on a knowledgeable and skilled labour force. This study would provide valuable insights for policymakers and academicians to formulate targeted policies and initiatives, ultimately enhancing the economic development of the states, thus contribute to a prosperous Malaysia.

MAPPING OF SENTIMENT ANALYSIS ON FOOD SECURITY AMONG MALAYSIANS USING SOCIAL MEDIA ANALYTICS

The study investigates the spatial distribution of sentiment in food securityrelated tweets among Malaysians, aiming to identify hotspots of positive, negative, and neutral sentiments. Note that data collection involved gathering 2,218 tweets on basic necessity products from January 2019 to August 2022, capturing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Pre-processing and content analysis techniques identified the main themes in the tweets, while sentiment analysis categorised them using Valance Aware Dictionary and Sentiment Reasoner (VADER). ArcGIS and hotspot analysis visualised and analysed tweet density. Regional trends were observed, with the East Coast states and certain West Coast states having the highest number of tweets. Urban areas expressed concerns about food security and living costs due to urbanisation and limited agricultural land. Here, sentiment visualisation revealed negative sentiments prevalent in developed cities (46.8%) and positive (33.9%) or neutral (19.4%) sentiments in suburban areas. This study emphasises the growing use of social media platforms and the integration of social media data in spatial analysis, highlighting the importance of uncovering hidden patterns for increased social awareness and meaningful dialogue. Understanding the sentiments expressed by Malaysians on social media regarding rising food prices can provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to address these challenges effectively.

Molecular prevalence of Bartonella spp. in bat flies in east coast Malaysia

Bats are a significant reservoir for numerous pathogens, including Bartonella spp. It is one of the emerging zoonotic bacterial diseases that can be transmitted to humans and may cause various unspecific clinical manifestations. Thus, bartonellosis is rarely diagnosed and is regarded as a neglected vector-borne disease (VBD). Bat flies have been hypothesised to be a vector in the transmission of pathogens among bats. They are host-specific, which reduces the likelihood of pathogen transmission across bat species; however, they are likely to maintain high pathogen loads within their host species. To explore the presence of Bartonella spp. in bat flies from Peninsular Malaysia; bat fly samples collected from various sites at the east coast states were subjected to molecular detection for Bartonella spp. It was discovered that 38.7 % of bats from Terengganu and Kelantan were infested with bat flies; however, no bat fly was found in bats collected from Pahang. The collected bat flies belonged to the families Nycteribiidae (79.6 %) and Streblidae (20.4 %). The collected bat flies were pooled according to the locations and species into 39 pools. Out of these 39 pools, 66.7 % (n = 26) were positive for Bartonella spp. by PCR. Sequence analyses of five randomly selected PCR-positive pools revealed that pools from Kelantan (n = 3) have the closest sequence identities (99 %) to Bartonella spp. strain Lisso-Nig-922 from Nigeria. However, the other pools from Terengganu (n = 2) were closely related to Bartonella spp. strain KP277 from Thailand and Bartonella spp. strain Rhin-3 from the Republic of Georgia with 99 % and 100 % sequence identity, respectively. This suggests that the Bartonella spp. found in Malaysian bat flies are genetically diverse and can potentially serve as reservoirs for pathogenic Bartonella spp.

A PROFILE OF POISONING CASES IN MALAYSIA CAUSED BY HOUSEHOLD CHEMICAL PRODUCTS: 14 YEARS OF REPORTED CASES TO THE NATIONAL POISON CENTRE

The increase in chemical product manufacturing in Malaysia contributed to an expanding array of commercialised household chemical products (HCP). These products, after pesticides and pharmaceuticals, rank among the top three poison reagents listed by the Malaysia National Poison Centre. This study conducts a retrospective review of HCP poisoning admissions to the NPC over a 14-year period, aiming to evaluate the HCP poisoning rates in Malaysia. The database of HCP poisoning exposure calls received by the NPC from 2006 to 2020 was analysed and discussed. State profiles and populationbased incidence rates revealed 15,381 HCP poisoning cases. Household cleaning products emerged as the predominant poison reagent (53%) during the study period, followed by solvents and cosmetic/personal care items. The increase in poisoning cases by these products coincided with the spread of the COVID-19 disease. West Coast states (Selangor and Perak) reported higher poisoning exposures compared with East Coast states (Kelantan and Terengganu), with urbanisation appearing to play a role in the disparity of HCP poisoning cases among states. The study recommends intensified prevention efforts and enforcement of HCP poisoning regulations as a fundamental step towards developing national poisoning preventive strategies.

Pathways to Resistance: Theorizing Trauma and Women's Use of Force in Intimate Relationships.

Using a feminist pathways general strain perspective, we explore the victim-offender continuum for women who perpetrated intimate partner violence/abuse (IPV/A). We use data from 86 women court-mandated to "female offender" domestic violence treatment programs, located in an American East Coast state, who were surveyed about their adverse childhood experiences and mental health/well-being as adults. Findings from bivariate linear regressions indicate childhood trauma negatively affects adult mental health/well-being, exacerbated for Black Indigenous People of Color women, suggesting a victim rather than an offender categorization for women using force against their abusive partner. Results imply the need to consider women's traumatic histories and IPV/A victimization, given an incident-driven system that criminalizes victimization over the life course.

The home price–income relationship for US states

ABSTRACT There are conflicting theories on whether house prices and income should share a long-run relationship. Empirical work on the topic has yielded mixed results. Most previous studies have investigated whether the house price/income ratio is stationary (short memory) or non-stationary (has a unit root) but have not allowed for the intermediate possibility of long memory or fractional integration. We estimate fractional integration for the house price/income ratio for US states. We find most states exhibit long memory in their ratios. The states with the most long memory tend to be in the high-priced east coast and California. Southern and great plains states, in contrast, tend to exhibit the least persistence in the house price/income metric. In some housing markets – some east coast states, California, Arizona, Florida, and Nevada, home costs can become less and less affordable for local residents, with no tendency to reverse this unaffordability within a reasonable time horizon for potential buyers. In addition to the univariate estimates, multivariate fractional cointegration tests are implemented, and the results support the findings of non-affordability hypothesis.

Municipal bond volatility spillover modeling with COVID-19 effects by hybrid integration of GARCH and machine learning: The connectedness of U.S. states and South African bond markets

After the passage of the United States Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), the emerging market economy of South Africa (SA) recorded substantial increases in duty-free exports to the U.S. Any loss or disruption of AGOA privileges could undermine SA as a trade partner with designated states in the U.S. For U.S. states most affected by the passage of the 2017-2018 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (e.g., SALT states) along with the COVID-19 pandemic effects, the elimination of the tax exemption impacted how state governments assist in funding international trade. This paper presents a novel hybrid EGARCH conditional volatility and artificial neural network model to map the COVID-19 effect on volatility spillovers between the SA government bond market and state-issued U.S. municipal bonds traded in secondary markets. Our empirical investigation provides three innovations. First, this study addresses illiquidity and informed trading impairments by observing over 11.5 million municipal bond trades. Second, we provide new evidence that a radial basis function artificial neural network enhanced by conditional volatility and fundamental factors can effectively map the geographical bond market spillover transmission between SA and individual U.S. states. Third, on state-based muni trades, we report how the AR (1) process is weighted positively across all East coast states during the global pandemic. Lastly, the study details how COVID-19 and South African conditional volatility impacted the returns of recorded trades of municipal bonds in SALT states. A global summary of the findings concludes with a discussion of how precious metals trading contributes to the performance of state-based municipal bonds.

Career Resilience of Workers with Hearing Impairment in the East Coast States of Peninsular Malaysia

Career Resilience of Workers with Hearing Impairment in the East Coast States of Peninsular Malaysia

The Level of Involvement of Women Entrepreneurs in the Textile Industry in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia

Women and business are a unique phenomenon that can only be observed in the East Coast state of Peninsular Malaysia. The involvement of women entrepreneurs in the batik and songket-based textile industry in the East Coast outweighs the involvement of male entrepreneurs. It is interesting to highlight that only women entrepreneur in Kelantan and Terengganu engaged more actively in market activities than women entrepreneurs in other states. Women entrepreneurs in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia share the same entrepreneurial culture where entrepreneurship activities in two states in the East Coast have been held for a long time. This article aims to analyze the level of involvement of women entrepreneurs in the textile industry on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Quantitative design methods based on descriptive analysis and structured interviews were used in this study conducted on 102 respondents in the states of Kelantan and Terengganu in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Data obtained from structured interviews were analyzed descriptively and multiple regression analysis. The results show that the level of women’s involvement in the textile industry is at a high level. Five factors influence the involvement of women entrepreneurs in this study to venture into the textile industry, namely total of income, increased income, self-motivation, self-satisfaction, and social motives. This study suggests that the high profits that female entrepreneurs can generate will encourage other women to participate in this business.

Evaluation of a coastal acoustic buoy for cetacean detections, bearing accuracy and exclusion zone monitoring

Abstract There is strong socio‐political support for offshore wind development in US territorial waters and construction is planned off several east coast states. Some of the planned development sites coincide with important habitat for critically endangered North Atlantic right whales. Both exclusion zones and passive acoustic monitoring are important tools for managing interactions between marine mammals and human activities. Understanding where animals are with respect to exclusion zones is important to avoid costly construction delays while minimizing the potential for negative impacts. Impact piling from construction of hundreds of offshore wind turbines likely require exclusion zones as large as 10 km. We have developed a three‐hydrophone passive acoustic monitoring system that provides bearing information along with marine mammal detections to allow for informed management decisions in real‐time. Multiple units form a monitoring system designed to determine whether marine mammal calls originate from inside or outside of an exclusion zone. In October 2021, we undertook a full system validation, with a focus on evaluating the detection range and bearing accuracy of the system with respect to right whale upcalls. Five units were deployed in Mid‐Atlantic waters and we played more than 3500 simulated right whale upcalls at known locations to characterize the detection function and bearing accuracy of each unit. The modelled results of the detection function error were then used to compare the effectiveness of a bearing‐based system to a single sensor that can only detect a signal but not ascertain directivity. Field trials indicated maximum detection ranges from 4–7.3 km depending on source and ambient noise levels. Simulations showed that incorporating bearing detections provide a substantial improvement in false alarm rates (6 to 12 times depending on number of units, placement and signal to noise conditions) for a small increase in the risk of missed detections inside of an exclusion zone (1%–3%). We show that the system can be used for monitoring exclusion zones and clearly highlight the value of including bearing estimation into exclusion zone monitoring plans while noting that placement and configuration of units should reflect anticipated ambient noise conditions.

The Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of COVID-19: A Survey Among Medical Students in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia Public Medical Schools

COVID-19 has affected university medical students, resulting in the new norm of learning and practice. Understanding these students’ knowledge, attitude and their practice would be essential as they would serve as the future doctor in Malaysia. The study attempted to evaluate medical students’ knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) in the east coast states of Peninsular Malaysia. An online and multi centre cross-sectional study was undertaken among all the three public medical schools in the east coast region of Peninsular Malaysia, between 8th July to 21st July 2020. The questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic data and the three domains which included COVID-19 KAP. Students were invited to participate via social media platform such as WhatsApp and students’ email. A total of 1,008 medical students voluntarily participated in the study with female to male ratio of 2.6:1. A total of 356 (35.3%) of the medical students had satisfactory knowledge score, with 75% of them were female. The majority of the students had positive attitude towards COVID-19 and practiced meticulous social distancing during the pandemic. We noted that seniority influenced knowledge score, and this was evident as 264 (26.2%) of the students were in their clinical year. Overall, the knowledge scores regarding COVID-19 among the medical students in East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia was reasonable and there were opportunities to augment these standards. Meticulous plans are needed to enhance knowledge and preparedness of the current crops of medical students to be competent future frontliner for Malaysia.

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SCHOOL CLIMATE DIMENSIONS AND TEACHER WELL-BEING IN MALAYSIAN INDIGENOUS SCHOOLS

Background and Purpose: Teaching at indigenous schools located in rural and outskirt areas is no small feat. Therefore, the teachers at these schools require a consistent and supportive school climate to enhance teacher well-being. As such, this study examines the relationship between the dimensions of school climate and well-being of teachers. It also discusses the application of five dimensions of school climate, namely collaboration, student relations, school resources, decision-making, and instructional innovation.
 
 Methodology: Data for this quantitative study was gathered via a set of questionnaires. A total of 291 teachers from indigenous schools along the east coast states of Peninsular Malaysia, which are Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pahang participated in this study. A descriptive analysis of the findings was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), while an inferential analysis was conducted using PLS-SEM.
 
 Findings: The empirical results show a significantly positive correlation between the five previously mentioned dimensions of school climate and teacher well-being.
 
 Contributions: The findings of this study affirm the relative importance of school climate and its impact on teacher well-being. This study is significant for the Ministry of Education, indigenous school administrators, teachers, as well as policymakers in developing suitable strategies to improve the school climate and teacher well-being in Malaysian indigenous schools.
 
 Keywords: Teacher well-being, collaboration, student relations, school resources, decision-making, instructional innovation.
 
 Cite as: Kamarudin, N. A., Ahmad, A., Abdul Halim, A. S., Abdullah, R., & Kamalrulzaman, N. I. (2022). The correlation between school climate dimensions and teacher well-being in Malaysian indigenous schools. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 292-315. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp292-315

Flood Prediction using Deep Learning Models

Deep learning has recently appeared as one of the best reliable approaches for forecasting time series. Even though there are numerous data-driven models for flood prediction, most studies focus on prediction using a single flood variable. The creation of various data-driven models may require unfeasible computing resources when estimating multiple flood variables. Furthermore, the trends of several flood variables can only be revealed by analysing long-term historical observations, which conventional data-driven models do not adequately support. This study proposed a time series model with layer normalization and Leaky ReLU activation function in multivariable long-term short memory (LSTM), bidirectional long-term short memory (BI-LSTM) and deep recurrent neural network (DRNN). The proposed models were trained and evaluated by using the sensory historical data of river water level and rainfall in the east coast state of Malaysia. It were then, compared to the other six deep learning models. In terms of prediction accuracy, the experimental results also demonstrated that the deep recurrent neural network model with layer normalization and Leaky ReLU activation function performed better than other models.