EAS Core Research Articles

Emergence agitation after the cleft lip or palate surgery in pediatric patients: a prospective study

ObjectiveThe pediatric patients after the cleft lip or palate surgery have high incidences of postoperative complications. Emergence agitation is a common complication. It is also a mild complication compared with lingual swelling and other airway-related complications, which are more often expected in children. However, it can cover signs of hypoxic episodes that appear immediately after surgery, because enough monitoring of an agitated child is not possible. The study aimed to discuss the occurrence of EA after cleft lip or palate surgery in pediatric patients, and further to provide a basis for later interventions. MethodsThis prospective study included 214 patients aged 3 months to 6 years old at a tertiary stomatological teaching hospital. We calculated the EA scores for every patient when they entered PACU, were in PACU, and left from PACU, and the score ranges from 1 to 5 point. The patients occurred agitation if they scored from 3 to 5 on the 5-point scale, and the patients needed medication and care if they had a score of 4 or 5. ResultThe results showed that the EA scores of 69.63% (n = 149) among patients were 3 or higher when they entered PACU, 40.65% (n = 87) were 3 or higher when they were in PACU, and 21.03% (n = 45) were 3 or higher when they left from PACU. Whether they are children with cleft lip, cleft palate, or horizontal cleft, the EA scores had a significant difference among different timings when entering PACU, in PACU, and leaving PACU (P = 0.000). Further comparison showed that the EA score of patients was the highest when entering PACU, and the lowest when leaving PACU. A significant difference in the EA scores was found among the patients with cleft lip, cleft palate, and horizontal cleft when they were in PACU (P = 0.024), further comparison showed that the EA score of the patients with cleft lip was lower than patients with cleft palate or horizontal cleft. While there were no statistical differences in the EA scores among the patients with cleft lip, cleft palate, and horizontal cleft when they entered PACU and left from PACU (P > 0.05). ConclusionChildren had a high incidence of EA after cleft lip or cleft palate or horizontal cleft surgery, especially when they entered PACU. Children after cleft palate and horizontal cleft surgery had higher incidences of EA than cleft lip surgery when they were in PACU.

Prototipe Aplikasi Manajemen Sparepart Atm Menggunakan Framework Zachman Pada Logistik Asp

ASP Logistics is a place for depositing ATM spare parts where one of the branches owned by the company is ASP Logistics in Ambon city. ATM spare parts management in Ambon ASP Logistics has good procedures for incoming data and outgoing spare parts for ATMs, but the system is still done manually such as reports typed in Microsoft Excel and also written on the Stock Request Form (SRF) work report. The research aimed to Prototype And Design of Management Information Systems for ATM Spare Parts at Ambon ASP Logistics. The analysis model in collecting data uses a SWOT analysis, while the EA Score card is a test of whether this system is feasible to use. And the design carried out using the Zachman Framework enterprise architecture and the UML approach Mapping of the Zachman Framework in this study is limited only to the perspective of the Planner, Owner and Designer while each column consists of Data (What), Function (How), Network (Where) , People (Who), Time (When) and Motivation (Why).
 The results of the analysis and design carried out, produced an ATM Spare Parts Management Information System model that can control all part activities optimally consisting of inventory data, part usage data, part entry data and data return (return) parts which are subsequently implemented in the form of a prototype as an illustration of the system interface to be built.
 By using the Zachman Framework enterprise architecture, detailed information is obtained about how the ATM spare parts management information system is designed, as well as all the needs of data, human resources and infrastructure that support the operation of the information system.
 
 Keyword: Keywords: Logistics, SWOT Analysis, EA Score card. Zachman Framework, UML, ATM Spare Parts Management

Test of the hadronic interaction models SIBYLL2.3, EPOS-LHC and QGSJETII- 04 with Tibet EAS core data

A hybrid experiment has been started by the ASγ experiment at Yangbajing (4300m a.s.l.) in Tibet since May 2009, that consists of a high-energy air-shower-core array (YAC-I) and a high-density air-shower array (Tibet-III). In this paper, we report our results to check the hadronic interaction models SIBYLL2.3, SIBYLL2.1, EPOS-LHC and QGSJETII-04 in the multi-tens TeV energy region using YAC-I+Tibet-III experimental data from May 2009 through January 2010. The effective live time is calculated as 106.05 days. The results show that the description of transverse momentum, inelastic cross-section and inelasticity for the 4 hadronic interaction models is consistent with YAC-I experimental data within 15% systematic errors range in the forward region below 100 TeV. Among them, the EPOS-LHC model is the best hadronic interaction model. Furthermore, we find that the H4a composition model is the best one below the 100 TeV energy region.

Transition to Kindergarten: Negative Associations between the Emotional Availability in Mother-Child Relationships and Elevated Cortisol Levels in Children with an Immigrant Background.

Background: The transition to child care is a challenging time in a child’s life and leads to elevated levels of cortisol. These elevations may be influenced by the quality of the mother–child relationship. However, remarkably little is known about cortisol production in response to the beginning of child care among children-at-risk such as children with an immigrant background. However, attending kindergarten or any other child day-care institution can for example have a compensating effect on potential language deficits thus improving the educational opportunities of these children.Method: Data of a subsample of N = 24 “hard-to-reach” mother–child dyads was collected in the context of the psychoanalytic early prevention project FIRST STEPS. The project focuses on the earliest integration of children with an immigrant background by supporting parenting capacities in the critical phase of migration and early parenthood. Children’s hair cortisol concentration (HCC) was assessed 1 week before (mean age = 38.77 months) and 3 months after kindergarten entry (mean age = 42.26 months). Hair analysis was conducted for both times of measurement, reflecting the first 3 months after kindergarten entry and 3 months prior. Furthermore, the emotional quality of the mother–child relationship was assessed with the help of the Emotional Availability Scales (EAS; Biringen, 2008) shortly before kindergarten entry when the children were about 3 years old (mean age = 37.2).Results and Conclusion: Children’s mean cumulated HCC was higher after kindergarten entry than before. The increase correlated negatively with several dimensions of the EAS. Repeated measures ANCOVA revealed that particularly responsive children and children who had experienced less intrusive mother–child relationships demonstrated lower elevations in HCC after kindergarten entry. Furthermore, a decreased EA score was found in all EA dimensions, besides the dimension “mother’s non-hostility,” indicating problematic EA within the mother–child relationships of the sample. The results suggest that children with an immigrant background who experience more emotional available mother–child relationships seem to regulate stress induced by kindergarten entry more effectively, indicated by lower cortisol elevations after entry. This implicates that supporting early mother–child relationships by intervention may have a positive effect on the children’s ability to regulate stress induced by kindergarten entry thus promoting child development.

The Effect of Age and History of Recurrent Otitis Media on Dichotic Listening and Verbal Memory in Children

To explore the possible effects of recurrent otitis media (ROM) in early childhood on binaural processing and verbal memory in school-aged children. Two hundred eleven children, including 31 children with and 180 children without a history of ROM, were examined. A dichotic digit test (DDT) and a forward and backward digit memory span test (DMST) were administered. A significant difference was observed between age groups among ROM-free children. The ROM-positive group earned significantly poorer results than the ROM-free group in all measurements, except for the right DDT (rDDT) score. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between the DDT and EA scores with both DMST scores in the ROM-free group. The correlation between the rDDT and forward DMST scores was not significant in the ROM-positive group, and no significant correlation was observed between the EA score and either DMST score. Our findings support that a history of OM in early childhood based on a parental survey of children is associated with differences in DDT and DMST outcomes.

Efficacy of ketamine in prevention of agitation in children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging under face mask sevoflurane: A randomized trial

BackgroundEmergence agitation (EA) is a common distressing problem in children after sevoflurane general anesthesia. The aim of the present study was to test the efficacy of ketamine in prevention of EA after sevoflurane general anesthesia in children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. Also, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of the face mask for administration of sevoflurane anesthesia in children.MethodsIn this randomized study, 120 children aged 2–7 years (ASA I or II) of either sex scheduled for elective MRI scan under sevoflurane anesthesia were enrolled in the study protocol. Patients were randomly allocated to one of 3 groups: saline group receiving normal saline (n = 40), ketamine 0.25 group receiving 0.25 mg/kg of ketamine intravenously 10 min prior the end of the procedure (n = 40), and ketamine 1.0 group receiving 1.0 mg/kg of ketamine intravenously before sevoflurane induction, (n = 40). Anesthesia was provided with sevoflurane in 100% oxygen. EA score, pausing of the scan, scan time, discharge time and any reported adverse events were recorded.ResultsNo significant differences as regards age, weight, sex, or ASA score were found among the studied groups. Children in ketamine 1.0 group reported significant lower EA score in comparison with ketamine 0.25 and saline groups (P < 0.05). Ketamine 0.25 group reported significant lower EA score in comparison with saline group (P < 0.05). Children in ketamine 1.0 group reported significant lower incidence of pausing in comparison with ketamine 0.25 and saline groups (P < 0.05). No significant differences as regards nausea, vomiting, desaturation, scan and discharge times among the studied groups (P < 0.05) were found.ConclusionKetamine premedication was effective in reducing EA without delay in recovery and significantly reduced the incidence of pausing of MRI scan.

Effect of an education nutrition program in anthropometry, eating habits and physical activity in preschool children from Querétaro, México (626.9)

Children obesity in Mexico has become a public health problem, 9.7% of preschool children are overweighed or obese. A nutrition program was developed in 7 sessions for children and 7 sessions for their parents, it included eating habits (EH) and physical activity (PA). To evaluate the impact of the education program 626 preschool children from 6 public schools in three different locations: rural, urban and semi‐urban participated in a controlled longitudinal study. The nutrition program was implemented in 3 schools, one of each location, the remaining schools were controls. Before and after 6 months of intervention, anthropometry measures (weight, height and waist) were taken and 2 validated questionnaires (EH and PA) were answered by one parent. Complete data was obtained from 491 preschoolers and 205 questionnaires were collected from parents. Anthropometry changes were similar between groups. Only children from the semi‐urban school had a smaller waist to height change [‐0.71(‐1.16,‐0.26)] than the children in control school [0.42(‐0.61,1.44)] (p&lt;0.05). The EA and PA score was improved in children from the intervention schools compared with control schools [EH:0.59(0.16,1.44),‐0.27(‐0.81,0.27), respectively; PA:0.83(.34,1.33), ‐1.14(‐1.67,‐0.60),respectively] (p&lt;0.05).Children from the urban intervention school improved PA more than the control school. Children from the rural intervention school improved their EH more than the control school. In conclusion the nutrition education program did not show clear effect in anthropometry after 6 months, however, there was an impact in EH and PA. Parents participation is required to have a better impact on such programs. . .Grant Funding Source: FOMIX‐CONACYT2012

Measurements of the thermal neutrons flux near the EAS core

The characteristics of the thermal neutrons flux have been measured near the EAS core at the "Carpet-2" EAS array. The thermal neutron detectors were placed on the floor of the tunnel of the Muon Detector (MD) and showers with a core near the MD were selected. Thermal neutrons multiplicity spectrum has been obtained for these showers. Measurements of the lateral distribution function of thermal neutrons at distances of 1-16 m from the shower axis have been performed. The mean number of the recorded thermal neutrons as a function of the number of hadrons crossing the MD has been measured.

Looking for Strange Quark Matter in Cosmic Rays.

Usually it is supposed that the definition of the CR mass composition in knee region is the key to problem of CR spectrum modification in this range. However tens of the experiments were done for the last half of century and have not decided this problem up to now. The possible causes of fiasco and arguments in favour of necessity to reformulate attack method are discussed, taking into account a new experimental data about fine structure of CR spectrum and EAS core investigations. The possible presence of the exotic processes in the area of a knee is discussed. If exotic component really exists in CR then impossible to formulate correctly more common problem of mass composition without solving this one. It is represented, that the problem of presence of an exotic component in CR should be solved easier than a CR composition problem. The observational basis is discussed. The hypothesis of strange quark matter in CR is suggested for the exotic component.

Underground hadronic calorimeter for EAS studies

An innovative method for studying the properties of extensive air showers (EASes) that is based on the detection of thermal neutrons generated by high energy hadrons under a soil absorber of 500 g cm−2 is proposed and tested. It is shown that underground hadronic calorimeter can be performed with special scintillation detectors developed by the authors. The method could be quite useful in gamma shower selection and investigations of EAS properties, primary cosmic ray mass composition, EAS core location, and so on.

24pZK-11 空気シャワーコア近傍における到着時間分布(24pZK 高・超高エネルギー宇宙線,宇宙線・宇宙物理領域)

24pZK-11 空気シャワーコア近傍における到着時間分布(24pZK 高・超高エネルギー宇宙線,宇宙線・宇宙物理領域)

Neutron “thunder” accompanying an extensive air shower

The role of the neutron component of extensive air showers at PeV and EeV energies is considered. The occurrence of neutrons delayed by several hundreds of microseconds with respect to the main shower front is explained by the production and slowing down of neutrons, mainly in the neutron monitor, when a PeV-EAS core falls on it, as well as in the nearby soil and environment. An important circumstance in study of EeV EASs is that neutrons form the dominant hadronic component at a distance of about 1 km from the EAS core and at delays about 5 μs with respect to the main shower front and may contribute to the signal of the detectors located at such distances.

Method for mass analysis of primary cosmic ray particles with the SPHERE-2 system

The results of simulation showing the possibility of mass analysis of primary cosmic-ray particles in the energy range 1016–1018 eV with the use of the SPHERE-2 balloon system are reported. The system is lifted by a tethered balloon at an altitude of 1 km. It has almost continuous sensitivity at an area of about 1 km2 that is viewed by 109 photoelectron multipliers. This property makes it possible to analyze in detail the spatial distribution of Cherenkov light in extensive air showers both in the immediate vicinity of the EAS core and at large distances from it.

PRIMARY ENERGY MEASUREMENT WITH EAS CHERENKOV LIGHT: EXPERIMENT QUEST AND CORSIKA SIMULATION

A new primary mass independent method of energy measurement has been developed by exploiting: a) the joint analysis of the shower size, obtained by EAS-TOP, and of the EAS atmospheric Cherenkov light lateral distribution, obtained by the QUEST array, and b) simulations based on the CORSIKA/QGSJET code. The method is based on the correlation between the size/energy ratio and the steepness of Cherenkov light lateral distribution and has been compared with a "classical" one based on the Cherenkov light flux at a fixed distance (175 m) from the EAS core. An absolute energy calibration of the EAS atmospheric Cherenkov light flux has been obtained.

Estimate of the chemical composition of cosmic rays from a multifractal moments analysis of the lateral particle distributions in the core of high-energy EAS

The central detector of the KASCADE experiment, which is focused to investigate the chemical composition of primary cosmic rays by EAS observations in the energy range of 1014 eV to 1017 eV, is able to observe the density distributions of the EAS components in the shower core, in particular of the muons by large-area position-sensitive multiwire proportional chambers (MWPC), installed below an iron sampling calorimeter (≈ 1000 g/cm2 Fe) used for hadron measurements. Using a method based on the determination of multifractal moments the appearance of the density distributions of the EAS core in the MWPC has been analyzed. Results with EAS simulations indicate distinct signatures for the mass of the primary. We communicate first results extracted from measurements with the MWPC combined with measurements of the energy deposit in the timing and trigger facility (segmented scintillation detector plane as third active layer of the calorimeter) of the KASCADE central detector.

The arrival time distribution of muons in extensive air showers

The time spread of muons within EAS has been determined by measuring the time of arrival of individual muons with respect to the extreme shower front with an accuracy of +or-10 ns. The integral time distributions averaged over a group of showers are presented as a function of shower parameters. For near vertical showers it is found that the 10%-90% time spread of muons increases from about 100 ns at an EAS core distance of 150 m to about 160 ns at 450 m. These results are shown to be in reasonable agreement with predictions based on model calculations.