Position Of Earth Research Articles

Analyzing Earth's Position based on the Anisotropic Characteristics of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

This paper elaborates on the results of an exhaustive study regarding the Earth's position in the universe based on the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation map, which is the latest discovery in modern astronomy. CMB radiation provides crucial insights into the early distribution of mass and energy in the universe. The aim of this research is to understand the theory and mechanisms behind the formation of polarity structures in the CMB and analyze their correlation with Earth's position in the overall structure of the universe. Intensity measurement data of CMB radiation published by COBE, WMAP, and Planck present temperature distribution data in coordinates in FITS (Flexible Image Transport System) format files. Subsequently, a spherical harmonic transformation is performed to obtain spherical harmonic coefficients a_lm as equations that represent dipole, quadrupole, octupole models, and various other multipole models. The analysis of the correlation in the temperature distribution of CMB radiation involves detailing various patterns found in the dipole, quadrupole, and octopole models, demonstrating quasi-symmetry characteristics with Earth at its center. An analysis of anisotropic CMB data yields an interesting hypothesis that the Earth's position plays a role in shaping the structure of the universe on a certain scale. Even more extremely, it can be said that Earth is at the center of the universe. This finding prompts profound contemplation about Earth's position in the structure of the cosmos, opening the door for further research in this field.

The astronomic view of The Village of Graw

The star view of the village of Graw is located on the mountain of Darre Lolkan, opposite the village of Graw. You're a. It is located at the foot of The Black Head Mountain, 25 kilometres northeast of Erbil. It's a hose. The light of the dakhha has not been able to reach all the revelations, the benefits and benefits of the people, and who and who is hesitant about this way? Is it made? The view comes from a set of corners, each of which is in a prominent location. Ascendant was created , after much observation of the sunset and the hard work and nightlife of many observations escaping or setting up many stars by the founder of this view based on change The earth's position is built according to the sun as a result of the rotation around the sun. According to The Grawi Perspective and Calendar , the year is divided into four seasons . Sun in the evening of the day 20/12 on The early winter corner will be like this, according to the day 21/12 ( the first day of the winter season . As The evening of the day (20/3) on the third corner of the corners of the scales will be like this, so the day 20/3 (last) It's winter. According to this, 21/3 will be the first day of the Kurdish spring and New Year season. As The evening of the day (20/6) will be like this on the corner of the beginning of summer, so the day 20/6 (the last day of the season) It's going to be spring. After that and as a result of the earth's rotating to finish another half a minute the same time it repeats the appearance of the horns at sunset. And this time it's the same as before Must be reversed by one after the coming of the armpits. Day 22/9 (sun on the third corner It will be like this in the corners of the scales, so the day will be 22/9 (the last day of the summer season and the day of 23/9) the first It's autumn day. As the day 20/12 (the sun will be like this on the corner of the beginning of winter, so the day 20/12 will be the last day of the autumn season. It is not known who created this view, but most of them Most of the oral information and those who have reached our mouths agree on both teachers Mullah Abdullah Mudaris and Mullah Omar, and according to the information, this view should be it was built around the second half of the seventeenth and first half of the eighteenth century

ИНФОРМАТИВНОСТЬ ГИДРОМЕТЕОРОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ И АСТРОГЕОФИЗИЧЕСКИХ ФАКТОРОВ В ЗАДАЧЕ ОПИСАНИЯ МЕЖГОДОВЫХ КОЛЕБАНИЙ ЛЕДОВИТОСТИ ГРЕНЛАНДСКОГО МОРЯ

The interannual changes in ice coverage in the Greenland Sea for the winter (December–April), spring (May– June), summer (July–September), and autumn (October–November) seasons for the period 1950-2018 are considered. The presence of negative linear trends and the polycyclic oscillations of the ice coverage variability for all seasons has been confirmed. Using spectral analysis, the dominant fluctuations from 5 to 22 years were identified. The cross-correlation method allowed us to determine the significant relationship of the Greenland Sea ice coverage with hydrometeorological and astrogeophysical factors. The statistically significant relationship of the ice coverage for a concrete year with similar characteristics for a previous period persisting up to three years had been noted. The highest cross-correlation coefficients were noted in the winter and spring seasons. The ice coverage of the autumn season demonstrates the persistence of the inertia of ice conditions for up to two years. The analysis of correlations with astrogeophysical parameters revealed the closest relationship between the ice coverage and the longitude coordinate of the Earth's pole position, the nutation parameters of the Earth's axis, and the distance between the Earth and the Sun. When constructing the multi-regression equations, we investigated the informativeness of various hydrometeorological and astrogeophysical factors in the models of the ice coverage variability for each season. The following estimates of quality of the models were obtained: correlation coefficients (up to 0.89), determination coefficients (to up 0.80), and a model reliability which depends on the admissible forecast error and includes the mean square deviation of the investigated value) – up to 99%). The informativeness of various factors was estimated and the contribution to the total variance was revealed: hydrometeorological factors – up to 70%; astrogeophysical factors – up to 50%. The obtained statistical equations can be used for the diagnosis and for development of methods for the very-long-term forecast of the Greenland Sea ice coverage.

Modeling the Uncertainties of Solar System Ephemerides for Robust Gravitational-wave Searches with Pulsar-timing Arrays

Abstract The regularity of pulsar emissions becomes apparent once we reference the pulses’ times of arrivals to the inertial rest frame of the solar system. It follows that errors in the determination of Earth's position with respect to the solar system barycenter can appear as a time-correlated bias in pulsar-timing residual time series, affecting the searches for low-frequency gravitational waves performed with pulsar-timing arrays. Indeed, recent array data sets yield different gravitational-wave background upper limits and detection statistics when analyzed with different solar system ephemerides. Crucially, the ephemerides do not generally provide usable error representations. In this article, we describe the motivation, construction, and application of a physical model of solar system ephemeris uncertainties, which focuses on the degrees of freedom (Jupiter's orbital elements) most relevant to gravitational-wave searches with pulsar-timing arrays. This model, BayesEphem, was used to derive ephemeris-robust results in NANOGrav's 11 yr stochastic-background search, and it provides a foundation for future searches by NANOGrav and other consortia. The analysis and simulations reported here suggest that ephemeris modeling reduces the gravitational-wave sensitivity of the 11 yr data set and that this degeneracy will vanish with improved ephemerides and with pulsar-timing data sets that extend well beyond a single Jovian orbital period.

An optimized analytical solution for geostationary debris removal using solar sails

Debris in geostationary Earth orbits is often uncontrollable, consisting of launch-vehicle upper stages and non-operational payloads. To help mitigate orbital debris congestion, a solar-sailing satellite concept is proposed which retrieves and relocates large debris for placement into the “graveyard” orbit above the geostationary regime. This work derives an analytical deorbit solution based on Lyapunov control theory combined with the calculus of variations. A dynamic constraint vector is introduced as a result, which dictates the orbital response of a spacecraft to some controlled perturbation. The resulting controller is simulated for various solar sailing platforms to characterize deorbit capability based on a system's area to mass ratio. User design parameters in these solutions are then optimized using a Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO) to produce robust, locally time optimal solutions for orbital debris removal using solar sails. Solar sail deorbit times are shown to decrease as the reflective area increases, with additional performance dependencies based on the Earth's relative position from the sun.

Astrometric detectability of systems with unseen companions: effects of the Earth orbital motion

Astrometric detection of an unseen companion is based on analysis of apparent motion of its host star around the system's barycentre. Systems with orbital period close to one year may escape detection if orbital motion of their host stars are observationally indistinguishable from parallax effect. Additionally, the astrometric solution may produce a biased parallax estimation for such systems. We examine effects of orbital motion of the Earth on astrometric detectability in terms of correlation between the Earth's orbital position and position of the star relative to its system barycentre. The $\chi^2$ statistic for parallax estimation is calculated analytically, leading to expressions that relate the decrease in detectability and accompanying parallax bias to the position correlation function. The impact of the Earth's motion critically depends on the exoplanet's orbital period, diminishing rapidly as the period deviates from one year. Selection effects against one-year period systems is therefore expected. Statistical estimation shows that the corresponding loss of sensitivity results in a typical 10 per cent increase in detection threshold. Consideration of eccentric orbits shows that the Earth's motion has no effect on detectability for $e\ge0.5$. Dependence of detectability on other parameters, such as orbital phases and inclination of the orbit plane to the ecliptic, are smooth and monotonic because they are described by simple trigonometric functions.

Magnetohydrodynamic simulation of interplanetary propagation of multiple coronal mass ejections with internal magnetic flux rope (SUSANOO‐CME)

AbstractCoronal mass ejections (CMEs) are the most important drivers of various types of space weather disturbance. Here we report a newly developed magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of the solar wind, including a series of multiple CMEs with internal spheromak‐type magnetic fields. First, the polarity of the spheromak magnetic field is set as determined automatically according to the Hale‐Nicholson law and the chirality law of Bothmer and Schwenn. The MHD simulation is therefore capable of predicting the time profile of the southward interplanetary magnetic field at the Earth, in relation to the passage of a magnetic cloud within a CME. This profile is the most important parameter for space weather forecasts of magnetic storms. In order to evaluate the current ability of our simulation, we demonstrate a test case: the propagation and interaction process of multiple CMEs associated with the highly complex active region NOAA 10486 in October to November 2003, and present the result of a simulation of the solar wind parameters at the Earth during the 2003 Halloween storms. We succeeded in reproducing the arrival at the Earth's position of a large amount of southward magnetic flux, which is capable of causing an intense magnetic storm. We find that the observed complex time profile of the solar wind parameters at the Earth could be reasonably well understood by the interaction of a few specific CMEs.

On the Problem of Neutrino Mass in the Aspect of the Detected Spatial Anisotropy of Temporal Variations of Solar Neutrinos Flux

Mass of the muon and tau-neutrinos are calculated. Set the integer 2:5 ratio between the mass of muon neutrinos and muon ultra-light weight torsion. Found that the calculated mass of the tau-neutrino is the same as the largest with heat 3/2 T relic neutrinos. In the standard model T = 2K. Considering the temperature of the relic neutrinos as the effective gravitational temperature TΓ = 2/9 M for some mass M,it isfollowed ratio M=3mvτ, corresponding to reactions of the dissolution of the relic neutrinos by three sterile active Tau-neutrinos. Solar neutrino flux measurements data and its temporal variations in the Chlorine-Argon experiment for the period 1970-1994, examined with particular attention near dated frontiers of solar activity (FSA), which defined by means of the key criterion of 2ln2 in point a significant manifestation of the influence the Sun eccentric planets. Review shall be carried out within the framework of the standard model, taking into account the gravity. The results are presented in the form of pie charts in a consecutive temporary scan on a direct ascent of Earth's orbital position α, recalculated according to the date of the middle of each of the series of measurements. The corners of the sectors 35° and more defined for temporary length of each dimension.The amplitude of the sector is equal to the measured magnitude of neutrino flow minus the constant component 2.57 SNU. All charts show the priority direction of the solar neutrino flux detector checked by angles α = 271°, δ = 40o (-15o) axis of anisotropy of Galactic Gamma-radiation, as well as a number of less significant in transverse to the axis of the direction. Researched the relationship between solar activity, seismic activity of the Earth and neutrinos flows registered in chlorine-argon experiment for the period 1970-1994, as well as in the SAGE for the period 1970-2008years.There are correlations of solar activity with seismic activity of the Earth and the positive correlation between seismic activity of the Earth and the neutrino flow variations, reaching 95% when taking into account the peculiarities of the matching of dates of solar maximums with FSA dates 1978, 1993-5 and 2002.It turned out that all known and perhaps predicted on 2018 year the greatest average annual values of the flow of solar cosmic rays which defines corresponding dose fall exactly on the years of FSA defined on the planets eccentric.

The role of dynamics on the habitability of an Earth-like planet

AbstractFrom the numerous detected planets outside the Solar System, no terrestrial planet comparable with our Earth has been discovered so far. The search for an Exo-Earth is certainly a big challenge which may require the detections of planetary systems resembling our Solar System in order to find life like on Earth. However, even if we find Solar System analogues, it is not certain that a planet in Earth position will have similar circumstances as those of the Earth. Small changes in the architecture of the giant planets can lead to orbital perturbations which may change the conditions of habitability for a terrestrial planet in the habitable zone (HZ). We present a numerical investigation where we first study the motion of test-planets in a particular Jupiter–Saturn configuration for which we can expect strong gravitational perturbations on the motion at the Earth's position according to a previous work. In this study, we show that these strong perturbations can be reduced significantly by the neighbouring planets of Earth. In the second part of our study, we investigate the motion of test-planets in inclined Jupiter–Saturn systems where we analyse changes in the dynamical behaviour of the inner planetary system. Moderate values of inclination seem to counteract the perturbations in the HZ, while high inclinations induce more chaos in this region. Finally, we carry out a stability study of the actual orbits of Venus, Earth and Mars moving in the inclined Jupiter–Saturn systems for which we used the Solar System parameters. This study shows that the three terrestrial planets will only move in low-eccentric orbits if Saturn's inclination is ≤10°. Therefore, it seems that it is advantageous for the habitability of Earth when all planets move nearly in the same plane.

Polynomial regression calculation of the Earth's position based on millisecond pulsar timing

Prior to achieving high precision navigation of a spacecraft using X-ray observations, a pulsar rotation model must be built and analysis of the precise position of the Earth should be performed using ground pulsar timing observations. We can simulate time-of-arrival ground observation data close to actual observed values before using pulsar timing observation data. Considering the correlation between the Earth's position and its short arc section of an orbit, we use polynomial regression to build the correlation. Regression coefficients can be calculated using the least square method, and a coordinate component series can also be obtained; that is, we can calculate Earth's position in the Barycentric Celestial Reference System according to pulse arrival time data and a precise pulsar rotation model. In order to set appropriate parameters before the actual timing observations for Earth positioning, we can calculate the influence of the spatial distribution of pulsars on errors in the positioning result and the influence of error source variation on positioning by simulation. It is significant that the threshold values of the observation and systematic errors can be established before an actual observation occurs; namely, we can determine the observation mode with small errors and reject the observed data with big errors, thus improving the positioning result.

SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION OF SOLAR MODULATION OF GALACTIC PROTONS FOR SOLAR CYCLE 23 USING A MONTE CARLO APPROACH WITH PARTICLE DRIFT EFFECTS AND LATITUDINAL DEPENDENCE

A propagation model of galactic cosmic protons through the Heliosphere was implemented using a 2-D Monte Carlo approach to determine the differential intensities of protons during the solar cycle 23. The model includes the effects due to the variation of solar activity during the propagation of cosmic rays from the boundary of the heliopause down to Earth's position. Drift effects are also accounted for. The simulated spectra were found in agreement with those obtained with experimental observations carried out by BESS, AMS and PAMELA collaborations. In addition, the modulated spectrum determined with the present code for the year 1995 exhibits the latitudinal gradient and equatorial southward offset minimum found by Ulysses fast scan in 1995.

Could periodic patterns in human mortality be sensitive to solar activity?

Abstract. Seasonal behaviour of human diseases have been observed and reported in the literature for years. Although the Sun plays an essential role in the origin and evolution of life on Earth, it is barely taken into account in biological processes for the development of a specific disease. Higher mortality rates occur during the winter season in the Northern Hemisphere for several diseases, particularly diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. This increment has been associated with seasonal and social causes. However, is there more behind these correlations, in particular in terms of solar variability? In this paper we attempt to make a first step towards answering this question. A detailed wavelet analysis of periodicities for diseases from England and Wales seem to reveal that mortality periodicities (3 days to half a year) could be due to the Earth's position around the Sun. Moreover, crosswavelet and wavelet coherence analysis show common features between medical diseases and solar proxies around solar maximum activity suggesting that this relation, if any, has to be searched in times of high solar activity.

Heaven and Earth: global warming, the missing science

Climate, sea level, and ice sheets have always changed, and the changes observed today are less than those of the past. Climate changes are cyclical and are driven by the Earth's position in the galaxy, the sun, wobbles in the Earth's orbit, ocean currents, and plate tectonics. In previous times, atmospheric carbon dioxide was far higher than at present but did not drive climate change. No runaway greenhouse effect or acid oceans occurred during times of excessively high carbon dioxide. During past glaciations, carbon dioxide was higher than it is today. The non-scientific popular political view is that humans change climate. Do we have reason for concern about possible human-induced climate change? This book's 504 pages and over 2,300 references to peer-reviewed scientific literature and other authoritative sources engagingly synthesize what we know about the sun, earth, ice, water, and air. Importantly, in a parallel to his 1994 book challenging creation science, Telling Lies for God, Ian Plimer describes Al Gore's book and movie An Inconvenient Truth as long on scientific misrepresentations. Trying to deal with these misrepresentations is somewhat like trying to argue with creationists, he writes, who misquote, concoct evidence, quote out of context, ignore contrary evidence, and create evidence ex nihilo.

Orbital effects of Sun’s mass loss and the Earth’s fate

I calculate the classical effects induced by an isotropic mass loss of a body on the orbital motion of a test particle around it; the present analysis is also valid for a variation of the Newtonian constant of gravitation. I perturbatively obtain negative secular rates for the osculating semimajor axis a, the eccentricity e and the mean anomaly , while the argument of pericenter ω does not undergo secular precession, like the longitude of the ascending node Ω and the inclination I. The anomalistic period is different from the Keplerian one, being larger than it. The true orbit, instead, expands, as shown by a numerical integration of the equations of motion in Cartesian coordinates; in fact, this is in agreement with the seemingly counter-intuitive decreasing of a and e because they only refer to the osculating Keplerian ellipses which approximate the trajectory at each instant. By assuming for the Sun it turns out that the Earth's perihelion position is displaced outward by 1.3 cm along the fixed line of apsides after each revolution. By applying our results to the phase in which the radius of the Sun, already moved to the Red Giant Branch of the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram, will become as large as 1.20 AU in about 1 Myr, I find that the Earth's perihelion position on the fixed line of the apsides will increase by AU (for ); other researchers point towards an increase of AU. Mercury will be destroyed already at the end of the Main Sequence, while Venus should be engulfed in the initial phase of the Red Giant Branch phase; the orbits of the outer planets will increase by AU. Simultaneous long-term numerical integrations of the equations of motion of all the major bodies of the solar system, with the inclusion of a mass-loss term in the dynamical force models as well, are required to check if the mutual N-body interactions may substantially change the picture analytically outlined here, especially in the Red Giant Branch phase in which Mercury and Venus may be removed from the integration.

The Influence of Giant Planets Near a Mean Motion Resonance on Earth‐like Planets in the Habitable Zone of Sun‐like Stars

We present a numerical study of several two-planet systems based on the motions of Jupiter and Saturn, in which the two giant planets move in low eccentric orbits close to a mean motion resonance. It is more likely to find two planets with similar characteristics in a system than a clone of the Jupiter-Saturn pair of our solar system. Therefore, we vary the distance between the two planets and their mass ratio by changing Saturn's semimajor axis from 8 to 11 AU and increasing its mass by factors of 2-40. The different two-planets were analyzed for the interacting perturbations due to the mean motion resonances of the giant planets. We select several mass ratios for the gas giants, for which we study their influence on test bodies (with negligible mass) moving in the habitable zone (HZ) of a Sun-like star. The orbits are calculated for 2 × 107 yr. In all cases the HZ is dominated by a significant curved band, indicating higher eccentricity, which corresponds to a secular resonance with Jupiter. Interesting results of this study are finding (1) an increase of Venus's eccentricity for the real Jupiter and Saturn masses and the actual semimajor axis of Saturn; (2) an increase of the eccentricity of a test planet at Earth's position when Saturn's mass was increased by a factor of 3 or more; and (3) if the two giant planets are in 2:1 resonance, we observe a strong influence on the outer region of the HZ.

Dialogue in Our Cosmic Aloneness

The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) is briefly summarized to serve as a background for making the case that, due to the highly exceptional characteristics of the earth's position and motion in the solar system as well as the precarious history of human evolution, we may be alone in the universe. With the conviction that this cosmic isolation enhances our need for dialogue with God, I discuss the nature of authentic dialogue as exhaustively explored by Martin Buber. I conclude with remarks dealing with the importance of understanding and using Buber's insights on dialogue as a way of satisfying our primal need to communicate with a cosmic “other,” in particular, God. Thus, in contrast to the numerous articles that have discussed the theological implications of SETI being successful, I treat here what it might mean if we are alone.

The Use of Haiku and Portfolio Entry to Teach the Change of Seasons

One of the major misconceptions among students of all ages is the cause of the change of seasons. A middle school science teacher and a professional geologist teamed up to construct a combined “hands-on/minds-on” lesson to demonstrate the cause of the change of seasons. Two writing exercises were employed to further cement the lesson and allow assessment of student comprehension. The “hands on” activity required the students to maneuver a globe at a constant 23.5 degree tilt around a stationary light source and then draw the pattern of light as it reflected on the globe. The students were encouraged to visualize how the Earth's relative position to the sun affects the change of seasons. They then wrote a five-sentence portfolio entry upon reflecting on their newly learned concepts. In an additional “minds on” activity, the students constructed a three-lined science poem (haiku). Evaluation through rubric scoring indicated that 82% of students significantly improved their conceptual understanding of seasonal change through the use of haiku. Additionally, it appears that differing levels of knowledge, (per Bloom's Taxonomy) were assessed with each technique, as the haiku appeared to represent higher order thinking due to the synthesis skills that were required for its completion.

Prediction of daily average solar wind velocity from solar magnetic field observations using hybrid intelligent systems

A hybrid intelligent system, combining theory driven and data driven models, is used to predict the daily solar wind velocity at 1 AU from solar magnetic field observations. The Potential Field Model (theory driven) is used to calculate the coronal magnetic field up to the source surface placed at 2.5 R ⊙. The Earth's position is projected onto the source surface using a time-lag τ and the corresponding magnetic field strength B s is calculated. The field line is then mapped down to the photosphere and the magnetic field strength B ⊙ is determined. The daily full disc RMS photospheric magnetic field strength B RMS is also determined. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) (data driven) is trained using B ⊙( t) and B s ( t) as input and the solar wind velocity V( t+ τ) as output. The ANN is trained on data from solar cycle 21 and tested on data from solar cycle 22. The function realised in the ANN corresponds very well to the mapping 1 f s ↦ V , where f s = ( R ⊙ R s ) 2 B ⊙ B s is the flux tube expansion factor. There seems to be no explicit dependence on B s . Also including B RMS ( t) to the input improves the results slightly because now there is some information about the daily magnetic field. Extending the input over a time series t − 2, t − 1, t (days) improves the results further. The predicted velocity is now 3 days ahead ( V( t+3)). In this case the ANN also models the dynamic behaviour of the solar wind. This also means that the inverse mapping problem of structures from 1 AU to the Sun is partially avoided. The final model gives an error of 90 km/s and a correlation of 0.58 on the test data set.

On the cosmic ray convection-diffusion and drift anisotropies

We separate the convection-diffusion and drift cosmic ray anisotropy effects on the base of 25 years data of underground muon telescopes and ground based neutron supermonitors by using space observational data of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and information on the Earth's position relative to the solar equator. It is found that rigidity spectrums of these types of anisotropy are sufficiently different.

An Exercise for Introductory Earth-Science Classes on Using Globular Clusters to Determine the Size of the Milky Way Galaxy and Our Position in It

In an effort to provide additional opportunities for active and cooperative learning by students in introductory earth-science classes, I have developed an exercise on the use of globular clusters to determine the size of the Milky Way Galaxy and our position in it. The exercise has the added virtue of dealing with one of the fundamental astronomical questions of the twentieth century, namely the nature of the Milky Way Galaxy and Earth's position in the Galaxy. In the early years of this century, the most widely accepted model of the Milky Way Galaxy was that developed by J.C. Kapteyn who postulated that the Galaxy is a flattened ellipsoidal system of stars with a diameter of 50 to 60 thousand light years, with the earth located a bit above the plane of the system and only about 2 thousand light years from the center. It was the opinion of most astronomers at the time that the Milky Way Galaxy was the cosmos, the Universe. An alternative model was proposed by H. Shapley in the years 1915-17 on the basis ...