Earth Fire Research Articles

NASA Satellites Help us to Quickly Detect Forest Fires

The main idea is that, as the forests of the planet are getting smaller, too much wood is cut and the forests are made too slow, there are also large forest fires due to excessive heat, of people arguing with the law, or simply by chance. Extinguishing fires are generally difficult, interventions being difficult anyway due to the increased the heavy access of the firefighters to the forest, the wind that often attacks the fire and especially due to the late intervention of the specialized firefighters. A first aid could come from finding out the moment when such a fire broke out and instantly signaling it with modern wireless systems. Today, the planet's best surveillance system is the one made with artificial geostationary satellites, which instantly signals the outbreak of the fire. The system set up by NASA is indeed the most efficient possible. Find out quickly by the outbreak of fire the chances for him to be controlled quickly grow very much. satellite tools are often the first to detect fires that are burning in distant regions and new fire locations are sent directly to field managers around the world in a few hours of satellite travel. Together, tools, including a number built and run by the JAS NASA lab in Pasadena, California, have detected fire-fighting actions by tracking fires by providing information on fire management and stair scaling in scar scars. NASA has a fleet of earth observation tools, many of which contribute to our understanding of the Earth's fire. Satellites in orbit around the poles provide observations of the entire planet several times a day, while satellites in geostationary orbit offer rough resolution images of smoke and clouds every five to fifteen minutes. NASA's satellite, land and space survey captures the total impact of the fire on the Earth, from early detection of smoke and ecosystems to decades after the fire, said Doug Morton, a researcher at Greenbelt, Maryland. Much of the remote sensing data that NASA collects for fires is quickly available to help disaster response efforts around the world. The NASA earthquake program supports this application science and mobilizes for high-risk global events that cover a range of natural hazards - not only fires, but also earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, landslides, severe weather, winter, tropical cyclones and volcanoes. In this study we want to propose the future use of robots instead of humans for such dangerous fire-fighting interventions in a forest in flame. Robotic and automated vehicles may be prepared to take over this difficult task for man, extinguishing such a fire making it simpler and less dangerous for humans.

Human exposure and sensitivity to globally extreme wildfire events.

Extreme wildfires have substantial economic, social and environmental impacts, but there is uncertainty whether such events are inevitable features of the Earth's fire ecology or a legacy of poor management and planning. We identify 478 extreme wildfire events defined as the daily clusters of fire radiative power from MODIS, within a global 10 × 10 km lattice, between 2002 and 2013, which exceeded the 99.997th percentile of over 23 million cases of the ΣFRP 100 km-2 in the MODIS record. These events are globally distributed across all flammable biomes, and are strongly associated with extreme fire weather conditions. Extreme wildfire events reported as being economically or socially disastrous (n = 144) were concentrated in suburban areas in flammable-forested biomes of the western United States and southeastern Australia, noting potential biases in reporting and the absence of globally comprehensive data of fire disasters. Climate change projections suggest an increase in days conducive to extreme wildfire events by 20 to 50% in these disaster-prone landscapes, with sharper increases in the subtropical Southern Hemisphere and European Mediterranean Basin.

Poetic motivation of material elements: new categories of analysis in the social-poetic approach

Gauthier and Santos (1996) describes the socio-poetics as na approach of knowledge of human-being and society, a way for the production of knowledge by means of a variety of research practices and education that poetically transforms knowledge for better understanding. The creators of socio-poetics utilize as analysing categories the geo-mitic places, thus stimulating those who work with this approach to create new technics and life experiences in order to improve data production in the research group. Playing attention to this challenge and inspired in the concepts of Material Imagination Gaston Bachelard, C.G. Jung Active Imagination Technic and in the growth experiments of John Stevens's gestalt-therapy, we created the Technic of Material Elements, based in the images provoked by the 4 elements (water, earth fire and air). We concluded that this new technic favored the expression of unconscious or silenced contents that interfere in nurse care, thus allowing nurses to explore themselves creativity and to improved their professional practicing.

Earth Fire: A Hopi Legend of the Sunset Crater Eruption by Ekkehart Malotki and Michael Lomatuway’ma

Reviews 281 The result, if predictable in its Christian, anglophile and literary signals (one wallows, for instance, in typical epigraphs from Kipling, Service, and Roberts), is an informative and buoyant record. Closely observing the terrain, local flora and fauna, the various northern outposts, and the behaviour of both Indians and Inuits (especially the women), Cameron provides an enduring record, both in words and photographs, of a vanishing frontier. That her pres­ entation is often plagued by unresolved contradiction—between, for instance, the appeals of nature and those of progress or the strengths of paganism and the promises of Christianity—in no sense undermines her account. Her values make the record what it is, the testimony of a venturesome, confident Canadian woman fully attuned to the legacy and mythology of the British Empire and “the arm of British justice.” She may ride roughshod over contradiction, but she does so with the certainty of one who inherits and incarnates the best of establishment values. MICHAEL PETERMAN Trent University Earth Fire: A Hopi Legend of the Sunset Crater Eruption. By Ekkehart Malotki with Michael Lomatuway’ma. (Flagstaff, Arizona: Northland Press, 1987. 193 pages, $11.95.) Earth Fire is an attractive conjunction of the tangible historic and scien­ tific phenomena of Sunset Crater with the intangible mystique of the Hopi legend explaining the crater’s origin. The author states that the legend pre­ sented in this book constitutes the first folklore account of the prehistoric erup­ tion that formed the crater. This account features many of the motifs typical of Hopi oral traditions: gods and mortals, marriage and magic, evil forces and good, betrayal and revenge, the mystic and the real. According to the legend, a Hopi maiden rides on the rainbow with her betrothed (actually a kachina) to his mysterious home, where she is forced to grind ice even when her weeping eyes are sealed shut by frozen tears. Severely tested, she is saved more than once by the magic of Old Spider Woman, who sits on the girl’s ear. Back in her homeland, the bride is violated by envious sor­ cerers, and to frighten these wicked men, the bridegroom starts a fire. When his fire burns downward and joins the fire of the god Maasaw, the burning hill erupts, spewing tons of molten embers in every direction. And thus the crater was formed. Two informative sections follow the legend: an archaeologist’s discussion of the ancient people of Sunset Crater and a section by two geologists entitled “Erosion, Mesas, Volcanoes. . . These discussions link the legend with history and science and give the book an interdisciplinary flavor. A significant section entitled “The Hopi Alphabet” records functional Hopi sounds from dialect habits of speakers from Third Mesa communities. In its preservation of Hopi language, this section complements the author’s 282 Western American Literature bilingual (English and Hopi) account of the legend and the last division of the book, in which the author explains the cultural significance of terms such as Spider Woman, the prayer stick, and the number four. These varied sections of the book, followed by a useful bibliography, constitute a unified volume designed to be both studied and enjoyed. Its aesthe­ tic appeal is enhanced by attractive photographs—many of them full-page color prints, which amplify the moods and patterns of Hopi culture that form the book’sessential core. This localized study is a significant addition to more exten­ sive studies of Hopi ritual such as Frank Waters’s famous Book of the Hopi. MARY McBRIDE Texas Tech University Thunder in the Dust: Classic Images of Western Movies. Photographs by John R. Hamilton; Text by John Calvin Batchelor. (New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 1987. 160 pages, $29.95.) Films dealing with romantic facets of the American West have certainly produced some classic images: Gary Cooper in High Noon, John Wayne in Stagecoach, and a host of others. Many of these images are recalled in a collec­ tion of color photographs by John R. Hamilton, whose work has appeared in such publications as Life, Look, and Time. Hamilton’s artistic talent is obvious, for this is anything but the high school annual sort of collection. This rich array of one hundred...