Earthquake Resistant Buildings Research Articles

EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT BUILDING DESIGN: INNOVATIONS AND CHALLENGES

This study provides a comprehensive systematic review of innovations in earthquake-resistant building design, focusing on advancements in materials, technologies, and methodologies aimed at enhancing structural resilience. A total of 32 peer-reviewed articles were analyzed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The findings highlight the critical role of advanced materials such as fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) and shape memory alloys (SMAs) in improving seismic performance, particularly through enhanced energy dissipation and structural flexibility. Technological integrations like Building Information Modeling (BIM), artificial intelligence (AI), and structural health monitoring (SHM) systems were identified as transformative tools that optimize design processes, predict structural vulnerabilities, and enable real-time risk management. Advanced simulation techniques, including finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), were shown to significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of seismic design. Despite these innovations, challenges related to cost, regulatory inconsistencies, and limited access to cutting-edge technologies persist, particularly in developing regions. The study concludes that while these advancements have revolutionized earthquake-resistant design, further efforts are needed to address these barriers and promote global resilience to seismic hazards.

Building Assessment Post Earthquake 21 November 2022 in Cianjur District

The earthquake that occurred in the Cianjur area, West Java on Monday 21 November 2022 at 13.21 WIB resulted in 635 fatalities and 56,000 houses that were damaged. The results of the assessment found that many houses and public facility buildings still did not meet the requirements for earthquake-resistant buildings, especially in the use of concrete materials, main reinforcement, stirrups in columns, beams, foundations and beam-column joint, and did not have a strong column-weak beam planning concept. This can be seen from the inability of the column to withstand/ carry the working load which causes the column to collapse and damage. Therefore, it is very necessary to pay attention to building planning in Disaster Prone Areas (DPA) in accordance with earthquake resistant building regulations SNI 1726:2019 and SNI 2847:2019

Result Comparison of Spectral Matching Between <i>Seismomatch</i> and <i>Specmatch </i>Computer Program

The earthquake ground motion, or acceleration time history, caused by an earthquake event, is an earthquake acceleration wave that can be utilized as a basis to design earthquake-resistant civil engineering buildings. The earthquake acceleration time history is needed as a basis to determine the earthquake loading for the building structure design. A time history can be developed from recorded data using spectral matching software. In this process, the response spectra of the recorded time history are matched to a specific target spectrum. The target spectrum is developed based on the Indonesian National Standard known as SNI 2012 (SNI code). The response spectra derived from this standard are referred to as the design response spectrum. These response spectra adopted by the SNI code are based on the ASCE code from the US. Two spectral matching software programs, namely Seismomatch and Specmatch, are employed for this purpose. In this study, both of software programs are utilized to match the response spectra of a time history to a predefined response spectrum. The results of the matching process indicate that Seismomatch does not produce a satisfactory match between the response spectra of the time history and the target spectrum, whereas Specmatch provides a matching result where the response spectra of the time history nearly perfectly align with the target spectrum.

ANALISIS KINERJA STRUKTUR PADA GEDUNG BERTINGKAT DENGAN ANALISIS PUSHOVER BERDASARKAN ATC-40

Indonesia is an area prone to earthquakes. Earthquakes can cause infrastructure damage and casualties. Efforts are needed to reduce the risk of earthquake hazards by strengthening earthquake-resistant infrastructure. The design procedures for earthquake-resistant buildings are carried out using a performance-based design approach. Building performance can be estimated through non-linear static pushover analysis. This research takes a case study in Jongke Market, Surakarta. This research aims to determine the capacity curve, performance level, and structure collapse mechanism. The method used is pushover analysis with the capacity spectrum. The result of this analysis is a capacity curve that processed to determine the level of structure performance referring to the drift ratio limitation table in the Applied Technology Council (ATC-40). Based on the results of this research, displacement that occurred in the x direction is 92 mm and in the y direction is 77 mm. Building displacement is good because the displacement that occurred is smaller than the displacement limit (control). The total maximum drift in the x direction is 0.007 and in the y direction is 0.006. The maximum inelastic total drift in the x direction is 0.005 and in the y direction is 0.004. Based on the drift ratio limitation table in the ATC-40 document, this building has an immediate occupancy performance level. Based on the plastic hinge mechanism formed, the existing structure also meets the ideal collapse concept (strong column-weak beam).

Parametric Study of Structural Seismic Response: Correlation Between Lateral Load, Displacement, and Stiffness

Indonesia, located near the convergence of major tectonic plates, often experiences significant earthquakes that impact buildings. Many houses damaged by earthquakes are simple structures with red brick masonry. This study analyzes the seismic performance of masonry houses using ETABS software, assuming the houses are in seismic zone 4 and built on soft soil. The analysis focuses on the correlation between lateral loads, displacement, and structural stiffness. The results indicate that the maximum lateral load occurs in the X direction, while the maximum displacement occurs in the Y direction, indicating higher flexibility in the Y direction. Higher structural stiffness reduces displacement but also increases inertia forces. The nonlinear correlation between lateral loads and displacement, as well as the decrease in effective structural stiffness with increasing lateral loads, underscores the importance of balancing stiffness and flexibility in structural design. This study provides valuable insights for earthquake-resistant building design, particularly for masonry houses in earthquake-prone areas of Indonesia. The analysis emphasizes the importance of reinforcing critical areas and ensuring a more uniform distribution of lateral loads to enhance structural resilience to earthquakes. Keywords: ETABS, House, Life Safety, Performance, Seismic

Base Isolation and Energy Dissipating System in Earthquake Resistant Building Design

The utilization of base isolation is a crucial strategy for enhancing seismic resilience in structures. The method involves installing isolators and energy-absorbing devices beneath a building's superstructure to mitigate the destructive effects of earthquakes. When base isolation is implemented in a building, it not only makes the structure stronger and more stable, but also helps to safeguard lives and properties. This technique is particularly valuable for seismic retrofitting of historical buildings. In the present study, software called simulation of seismic isolation systems in structural analysis is employed, considering isolator characteristics, whether they exhibit nonlinear or equivalent linear behavior. Adhering to the IS 1893:2016 Code, the analysis utilized the SAP 2000 software package. A study was carried out to compare the effectiveness of base isolation systems versus fixed-base buildings in dealing with seismic activity. The study focused on analyzing various seismic indicators such as joint displacement, shear force, bending moment, building torsion, and the period of natural frequency. Results showed that models utilizing base isolation systems had significantly higher base shear values than those with a fixed-base building configuration. However, there was a significant 35% reduction in story shear values for the rubber isolation system and a 40% decrease for the friction pendulum model. Additionally, there was a 25% reduction in story drift for the rubber base model and a 30% decrease for the friction pendulum model. The friction pendulum model demonstrated the most effective control of these parameters across various seismic zone conditions. Key words: The topic of discussion pertains to Seismic Isolation with Rubber Bearing System and the Friction Pendulum Technique. Additionally, it includes SAP2000 Analysis, Story Drift Measurement, and Shear Force Evaluation in relation to these techniques.

Studi Komparasi Bangunan Tahan Gempa Berdasarkan SNI 1726-2012 dan SNI 1726-2019

Indonesia is an archipelago that is flanked by oceanic plates and land plates that cause the two plates to often collide. This causes Indonesia to be an earthquake-prone area and has many volcanoes. Research related to earthquakes in Indonesia continues to develop. This has resulted in several points such as new earthquake hazard maps and the latest regulations related to earthquake-resistant building planning, resulting in the building planning process having to follow the latest applicable regulations. The purpose of this study is to analyze changes in SNI, structural dimension requirements, reinforcement requirements, and structural behavior and internal forces due to the application of SNI 1726:2012 and SNI 1726:2019 in a building. The research method used was to conduct a literature study on the changes from SNI 1726:2012 to SNI 1726:2019 using the SNI 2847:2019 planning which will be used in the structural analysis. The results obtained from this study show that there are differences in the earthquake maps used in SNI 1726:2012 and SNI 1726:2019, there are differences in parameters in SNI 1726:2012 and SNI 1726:2019 which result in an increase in the forces acting on the structure which affects the need for reinforcement. Structural planning is carried out by following SNI 1726:2019 and SNI 2847:2019, for existing buildings that have been built based on SNI 1726:2012, it is necessary to carry out a re-examination or assessment to determine the condition of the existing building in relation to earthquake in Indonesia.

Concentric Bracing Frame in Earthquake-Resistant High-Rise Buildings

Concentric Bracing Frame in Earthquake-Resistant High-Rise Buildings

Retrofitting the Heart: Explaining the Enigmatic Septal Thickening in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common genetic cardiac disease and is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy. Although this hypertrophy often associates with sarcomeric gene mutations, nongenetic factors also contribute to the disease, leading to diastolic dysfunction. Notably, this dysfunction manifests before hypertrophy and is linked to hypercontractility, as well as nonuniform contraction and relaxation (myofibril asynchrony) of the myocardium. Although the distribution of hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can vary both between and within individuals, in most cases, it is primarily confined to the interventricular septum. The reasons for septal thickening remain largely unknown. In this article, we propose that alterations in muscle fiber geometry, present from birth, dictate the septal shape. When combined with hypercontractility and exacerbated by left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, these factors predispose the septum to an isometric type of contraction during systole, consequently constraining its mobility. This contraction, or more accurately, this focal increase in biomechanical stress, prompts the septum to adapt and undergo remodeling. Drawing a parallel, this is reminiscent of how earthquake-resistant buildings are retrofitted with vibration dampers to absorb the majority of the shock motion and load. Similarly, the heart adapts by synthesizing viscoelastic elements such as microtubules, titin, desmin, collagen, and intercalated disc components. This pronounced remodeling in the cytoskeletal structure leads to noticeable septal hypertrophy. This structural adaptation acts as a protective measure against damage by attenuating myofibril shortening while reducing cavity tension according to Laplace Law. By examining these events, we provide a coherent explanation for the septum's predisposition toward hypertrophy.

Analysis of Base Shear and Story Drift in the Low-Rise RC Sructure

<p class="Abstract">Earthquakes frequently occur in Indonesia because it is an earthquake-prone area. Due to lateral load from an earthquake can cause a weakly constructed building to collapse. Designers often only consider tall buildings in designing earthquake-resistant building structures but ignore earthquake-resistant designing for low-rise buildings. This study focuses on the analysis of earthquake resistant structures with a case study of low-rise buildings in the form of a 3-story reinforced concrete (RC) building in the South Jakarta area. The objective of the study is to analyze the base shear and story drift of the structure due to lateral or earthquake loads. The structure is a reinforced concrete with the concrete compressive strength of <em> </em>= 30 MPa and longitudinal reinforcement of = 420 MPa and stirrups of = 280 MPa. This study uses equivalent static analysis manually and using ETABS 20.1.0 application. The results showed that three story buildings analyzed using equivalent static analysis method and using ETABS 20.1.0 application had almost the same results on horizontal forces with manual result of 1680.97 kN and ETABS of 1648.46 kN. The elastic story deflection and inelastic story drift in this study are still within safe limits because it is below the drift limit.</p>

Design of Earthquake-Resistant Buildings. New Generation Standards

In modern practice of designing buildings in seismic areas, there is a constant increase in the level of detail of models, however, calculations often ignore the fact that seismic impact is a random process with large variability of parameters, and the interaction of the structure with a nonlinearly deformable foundation is not always taken into account correctly. In addition, when calculating seismic impacts, it is necessary to use modern material models that take into account the nonlinear nature of deformation under cyclic loads. All the factors described above indicate the need to develop complex methods for calculating seismic impacts. The article describes an integrated approach to the calculations of buildings and structures being built in seismic areas, and also provides the main theses for the STO “Construction in seismic areas. Basic provisions”. The section “materials used and research methods” presents the key components of the proposed methodology (nonlinear calculation method, material models and foundation model). The section “research results” presents the main provisions of the proposed two-level calculation. In conclusion, it was concluded that it is necessary to update modern standards and methods of calculation for seismic impacts.

Sosialisasi Penggunaan Kawat Anyaman Pada Bangunan Tahan Gempa Di Desa Karang Bayan Kabupaten Lombok Barat

In Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, major earthquakes triggered by transform margin or plate shift often arise, leading to casualties, not only claiming lives but also affecting the livelihood of locals. Karang Bayan Village is a region division of Segerongan Village, these areas are often affected by major earthquakes, the last one took place not too long ago, in 2018. Due to its area located on the mountain slope of Rinjani, Karang Bayan has captivating scenery with a rather mild temperature, making it a perfect tourist destination. Karang Bayan offers various tourist attractions, starting from tours of traditional houses, durian orchards, horse riding, rafting, waterfalls, and many more to explore around the village. To boost tourism, Karang Bayan needs to establish proper accommodations along with other tourist facilities like restaurants. Ferrocement-coated buildings are suitable options considering their strength to withstand an earthquake. Mesh wire application on a ferrocement is more economical and practical compared to applying reinforced columns, reinforced beams, or beam-column joints reinforcement detailing. Both planning and construction are integral parts of founding strong buildings, miscalculations will pose threats to the inhabitants of the building. Karang Bayan community has limited knowledge of mesh-wired ferrocement walls for earthquake-resistant buildings, this community service is carried out in the hope people of Karang Bayan will be capable of constructing earthquake-resistant buildings with mesh-wired ferrocement walls. Positive feedback is shown by enthusiastic discussion between the Karang Bayan community with the community service team.

Application Levels Of Urban Transformation Methods In Zoning Planning Studies

Urban transformation strategies should be included in zoning plan revisions in order to take precautions against disasters caused by natural events such as earthquake-resistant building stock, floods and landslides, and to meet sustainable urban requirements. Carrying out these studies by public institutions, which are in the position of preparing and implementing the law, will ensure that the correct zoning plans are prepared and will also result in the cities reaching the necessary transformation targets. In this study, it is aimed to select the appropriate urban regeneration methods that will enable the solutions of the problems of the cities and the necessary revisions to be made and to determine the level of reflectivity of urban regeneration studies to the zoning plans in terms of their current applications. In this context, questions were asked to public personnel who urban transformation law implementers and researchers through expert opinion form are. The answers received from the experts were analysed according to the frequency and percentage values given in tables and the answers to the questions about the degree of importance were analysed according to the 5-point Likert scale and the degree of importance was determined.

Multi-model seismic susceptibility assessment of the 1950 great Assam earthquake in the Eastern Himalayan front

The seismic susceptibility and mitigation management is paramount concern in tectonically active area like Northeastern India. This area has been devastated innumerably during the 1950 Assam great earthquake. The present study area falls in the foreland basin (Brahmaputra Valley) of Eastern Himalaya. This region is seismically vulnerable due to the tectonic complexity caused by the convergence of the Eurasian, Indian, and Burmese plates. In such, an area optimal disaster management and preparedness is necessary to define the non-linear character of seismic susceptibility, where population and unscientific urbanization have increased manifold. Therefore, for the present study, various multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods such as analytical hierarchy process (AHP), fuzzy-AHP (FAHP), and maximum entropy technique (MaxEnt) have been used for determining the seismic susceptibility, by assigning weightage to nine controlling factors such as: predominant frequency (f0), geology (G), vulnerability index (K), peak amplification (A0), liquefaction potential (LP), groundwater condition (WT), shear wave velocity (Vs30), peak ground acceleration (PGA), and land use/land cover (LU). The MaxEnt model exhibits the highest accuracy (87.5%) when the performance of the models was compared using the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) value. Further, overlay analysis of best seismic susceptibility model using MaxEnt and PGV-based Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) intensity shows that 40% the study area is in the very high and high seismic risk zone. In tectonically active areas, this kind of integration work is essential to improves the mitigation strategy and aids urban planners in designing earthquake-resistant buildings.

Geotechnical and Structural Damages Caused by the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes in Gölbaşı (Adıyaman)

On 6 February 2023, two independent earthquake pairs on the East Anatolian Fault Zone, with epicenters in Pazarcık (Mw = 7.7) and Elbistan (Mw = 7.6) districts of Kahramanmaraş province, caused great destruction. Adıyaman and Gölbaşı districts of this city are among the settlements most affected by the earthquake. Especially in the district where geotechnical damages are most observed, the destructive effects of earthquakes have been clearly observed in buildings with different structural systems. In this study, information is given about the earthquakes that hit the region and the fault zone where the earthquakes occur. Geotechnical and structural damages occurring in the villages and center of the district were evaluated within the scope of earthquakes and structural engineering. It can be stated that damages observed in the district center are generally caused by soil–structure interaction problems. The fact that masonry structures, which are widely used in rural areas, do not benefit from any engineering services has an impact on the level of damage. The main reason for the damages occurring in the reinforced concrete structures in the district is the reinforced concrete system that is not designed properly or not built in accordance with the design. This case study demonstrated the importance of earthquake–soil–structure interactions in line with earthquake-resistant building design principles.

Kapasitas Mekanik Panel Komposit Beton Ringan terhadap Beban Siklik

The position of our country is included in the area Ring of Fire, where 90% of earthquakes on earth will occur in this region. Earthquakes in West Sumatra (2009), Mentawai (2010), Lombok and Palu (2018) have claimed more than 10,339 lives and more than 100,000 heavy damage to buildings. Building walls are generally made of brick or adobe, but these two materials have several disadvantages including weight and brittle. As a result of its considerable weight, it will increase the dead load of the structure so that the earthquake load will also increase. Thus, lightweight and clay materials (ductile) will be better if used as earthquake-resistant building walls and the level of risk is lower. Prefabricated sandwich panels produced by PT. BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES INDONESIA within BUKAKA TEKNIK UTAMA Tbk Group. to be a series of cyclic load tested full scale wall constructions. The conventional panel circuit model obtained the behavior of each swaying wall segment as an independent individual panel. Cyclic test results up to drift 12 were obtained with a maximum load of 4.245 kN with a maximum displacement of 106.28 mm compressive direction and a maximum load of 1.425 kN with a maximum displacement of 75.68 mm pulling direction. Deviation behavior is obtained that continues to increase as horizontal loads increase, but not until structural damage occurs in the series of 3 sandwich walls. This condition is a positive thing in the development of buildings with light materials to reduce the magnitude of the earthquake force and minimize damage and casualties.

Comparison of peak ground acceleration using deterministic and probabilistic approach in the coastal area of Loh Buaya, Rinca Island, Indonesia

An area located near an active volcano, subduction zone, and/or active fault has a risk of an earthquake. Earthquakes can cause damage to buildings with a large number of losses. One of the earthquake-related parameters required in planning an earthquake-resistant building is the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). The objective of this study is to compare the PGA value at the coastal area of Loh Buaya, Rinca Island, Indonesia, using Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) and Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA). The DSHA is calculated based on earthquake data series from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in the period between 1922 to 2022. Also, it is calculated using 10 data of Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE). Data from the USGS is constrained with magnitude > 5.0 MW and earthquake distance < 200 km from the study site. The PSHA is based on the Indonesian earthquake hazard map and the de-aggregation map from the National Earthquake Study Centre of Indonesia with a probability exceeding 2% in 50 years. Based on the parameters of PGA maximum, distance, and magnitude, the DSHA by Kanno method has the closest result to the PSHA. It is concluded that this area has a high earthquake risk with a PGA maximum of more than 0.5 g.

Pole Allocation Applied to Two Buildings Connected by Joint Damper

For two adjacent buildings connected by a joint damper, an inverse problem is formulated based on the pole allocation method in control theory. The structural system is simplified as a two-degrees-of-freedom (2-DOF) lumped-mass damped shear model. The unified governing equation, which expresses the relationship between an assigned control target and the structural parameters for an earthquake-resistant building, seismically isolated building, or passively controlled building, is extended to structural control using a joint damper. The introduced equation automatically constrains the variations in the structural parameters under the assigned modal properties. The integration of the pole allocation method and fixed-point theory directly estimates the additional damping effect on the target buildings from the optimum capacity of the joint damper, which improves the trial-and-error steps at the preliminary design stage. The past fixed-point theories do not provide the additional damping effect but the optimum damping coefficient of the joint damper. The present study directly links the additional damping with the damping of the joint damper. Numerical examples are used to verify the theoretical integration using a 20-DOF building model wherein two 10-DOF models are connected by a joint damper between the top lumped masses.

Modern concrete composites for earthquake-resistant construction

Objective. The purpose of the research is to develop earthquake-resistant building composites Method. The study is based on experimental dynamic testing of fine-grained concrete. Existing approaches to ensuring seismic safety of buildings and structures are analytically summarized. Result. Domestic and foreign experience in designing fine-grained concrete compositions for earthquake-resistant construction is presented. Compositions of fine-grained concrete of various classes were obtained using raw materials of natural and man-made origin. Recipes were proposed and their construction, technical and dynamic properties were studied. Conclusion. The strength of fine-grained concrete increases with decreasing loading time, and at a loading time of approximately 0.01 sec or a loading rate of about 5000-7000 MPa sec, this excess is about 30% compared to the statistical strength of concrete. This allows us to recommend fine-grained concrete for structures experiencing dynamic impact.

PERENCANAAN STRUKTUR KANTOR PHICOS DENGAN SISTIM RANGKA BAJA PEMIKUL MOMEN KHUSUS

Colomadu is the name of a district in Karanganyar Regency, Central Java. Colomadu's economic growth can grow through the goods and services business, tourism, and industry so that an office building is planned in the Colomadu area. Because the location of Colomadu District is not far from the province of Yogyakarta, where earthquakes often occur, an earthquake-resistant building is needed to anticipate a minimum number of casualties and material losses during an earthquake. Therefore, in planning this office, a special moment resisting frame system (SRPMK) is used. The building with the Special Moment Bearing Frame System (SRPMK) is planned with the concept of Strong Column and Weak Beam (strong column and weak beam). This planning aims to plan a building structure that is resistant to earthquake loads that will be received by the structure using a special moment-bearing frame structure system and refers to the applicable requirements in accordance with SNI 2847: 2019. Earthquake loads are reviewed using the spectrum response method and structural analysis is carried out with the help of the ETABS V9.7.4 program. From the planning results, the dimensions of the bondek floor plate thickness of 140 mm, beams B1A 150x400 mm, B2A 200x400 mm, B2B 200x400 mm, B2C 200x400 mm, B2D 200x400 mm, B2E 200x400 mm, B3A 200x500 mm, B3B 200x500 mm, B4A 300x150 mm, B5A 300x150 mm, BS 150x300 mm, and columns KP 150x150 mm, K1A 200x300 mm, K2A 400x550 mm, K3A 450x650 mm, and K4A 350x500 mm.