Earthquake-prone Zone Research Articles

Health Behavior Study in Natural Disaster Vulnerability in Palu City (Case Study of Tondo Huntap, Palu City)

Background: The strengthening of health behavior intentions in disaster mitigation poses an urgent challenge to be addressed. There is a need to enhance health behavior preparedness in facing disaster threats, considering that the city of Palu is located in an earthquake-prone zone and has a history of being affected by earthquakes. This research aims to study health behavior and mental health in relation to disaster vulnerability, based on a case study of Huntap in the Tondo area, Palu City, Central Sulawesi, using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) approach. Method: The type of research used is a mixed-method approach with a sequential explanatory model. Data collection utilizes questionnaires and observation sheets, supplemented by interview methods in the qualitative approach. Result: This study shows that the chi-square test results indicate a significant relationship between attitude, subjective norms, behavioral control, and mental health (<0.05) with health behavior. Meanwhile, in-depth interviews revealed barriers to health behavior, such as respondents' attitudes towards preparedness efforts and inadequate access to information and health workers. There is a pressing need for mental health interventions to improve preparedness. Moreover, there is a need for mental health interventions to improve mental health in promoting disaster preparedness efforts. Conclusion: This study concludes that mental health related to disaster vulnerability among the Huntap Tondo community is still lacking, which will impact disaster preparedness. Mental health interventions are essential to enhance preparedness and reduce disaster-related losses. Therefore, mental health interventions are needed to enhance preparedness for disasters and take action to reduce disaster losses and damage.

Comparison of Sliding Wall Double System Structure Design Special Moment Bearing Frame (SRPMK) with Basic Insulation System

Indonesia is in an earthquake-prone zone; therefore, building structures must be designed to be earthquake-resistant. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of base isolation systems in enhancing the seismic performance of buildings. Specifically, the study compares the structural performance of buildings equipped with base isolation systems to those without, utilizing earthquake analysis spectrum response methods. The case study focuses on a 22-story apartment building, analyzed using ETABS V.18 software. The results indicate a significant increase in the period of buildings with base isolation systems. Although such structures exhibit notable lateral displacement, the inter-story drift remains relatively small. Furthermore, the base moment in buildings with base isolation systems is generally lower compared to those without, suggesting that base isolation can effectively reduce the seismic forces experienced by the structure.

Seismogenic Structure of the Hidden Haicheng Fault System in China Revealed by Seismic Observations from 2008 to 2018

ABSTRACT The hidden Haicheng fault system is an earthquake-prone zone on the Liaodong Peninsula, China. Its seismogenic structure is still unclear and needs further study. In this study, we used the differential evolution algorithm to invert the waveform data of the 2008 ML 4.8 Haicheng earthquake and the 2012 ML 4.8 Gaizhou earthquake and obtained an updated 1D crustal velocity model. The model reveals a low-velocity zone with a depth of 18–24 km below the Haicheng fault zone. Based on the velocity model, we used the arrival-time data to accurately locate the earthquakes that occurred in the Haicheng area from 2008 to 2018. The relocated earthquakes show that the Az 300°-trending Haicheng fault consists of two segments spaced about 2 km apart, namely the western and the eastern segments. They are about 12 and 22 km long and inclined to the northeast with dips of 70° and 80°, respectively. These seismogenic structures of the Haicheng fault zone are important for assessing the future seismic risk in the region.

Analysis of Steel Plate Shear Wall System Using Finite Element Analysis: A Review

Abstract: The shear walls are lateral load resisting system used in high rise buildings located in earthquake prone zone. The current research reviews various researches conducted in improving shear behaviour of high rise building using shear walls. These researches are conducted using both experimental and numerical techniques. The analytical equation evaluating deformation and shear stress on shear wall is also presented.

PERANCANGAN PETA ZONA GEMPA DAN TSUNAMI KOTA PADANG MENGGUNAKAN TEKNIK 3D ISOMETRIC ART

The influence of information technology in disaster mitigation continues to increase. For example, the internet and digital application in delivering information related to the development of aid distribution to disaster victims. In this study, the application of technology and digital map of the earthquake and tsunami zone in Padang City will be developed with isometric visualization, which will make it easier for the public to understand and read important information on the map, so that disaster mitigation are more targeted. Primary data collected from field observation in the form of evacuation routes and shelter buildings were transformed into visual data. Secondary data in the form of a map of the earthquake and tsunami prone zone in Padang City were obtained from relevant agency and references to book and journals related to the earthquake and tsunami. The data were then processed into 3D Isometric Art Map with the graphic application using the digital imaging method. The result of the study is in the form of 3D Isometric Art Zone Map by showing the digital imaging form. This map shows information in the form of the position of the Padang City to earthquake and tsunami hazard, evacuation zones and disaster services.

Strong ground motion data of the 2015 Gorkha Nepal earthquake sequence in the Kathmandu Valley

Strong-motion records of earthquakes are used not only to evaluate the source rupture process, seismic wave propagation and strong ground motion characteristics, but also to provide valuable data for earthquake disaster mitigation. The Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, which is characterised by having soft sediments that have been deposited in an earthquake-prone zone, has experienced numerous earthquakes. We have operated four strong-motion stations in the Kathmandu Valley since 2011. These stations recorded the 2015 magnitude 7.8 Gorkha Nepal earthquake that occurred in the Himalayan continental collision zone. For several months after the mainshock, we deployed four additional temporary stations. Here, we describe the seismic data for 18 earthquakes over magnitude 5.0 collected by this array, including the 2015 magnitude 7.3 Dolakha earthquake of maximum aftershock and three large aftershocks of magnitude 6-class. These data are essential for validating the sedimentary structure of the basin and for evaluating the hazard and risk of future earthquakes in the Kathmandu Valley.

Three-dimensional rigorous upper-bound limit analysis of soil slopes subjected to variable seismic excitations

In the present study, a semi-analytical model that couples the three-dimensional (3D) kinematical approach of limit analysis and the modified pseudo-dynamic method was developed. The model was used to assess the critical safety factor of slopes from a realistic and wholistic perspective. Time-space dependent sinusoidal-cosinusoidal waves were introduced to represent cyclic effects of seismic waves, and the shaking amplitude and damping effect were incorporated. A 3D discretized failure mechanism comprising a series of kinematically admissible triangle meshes was generated. This failure mechanism is superior compared with conventional mechanisms as the normality condition required by the plastic theorem is fully met and variable seismic excitations can be directly incorporated. The work-rate of the external forces and the internal dissipation rates were numerically acquired to explicitly determine critical safety factors. Accuracy of the proposed model was determined through numerical simulations and dynamic safety factors and plastic zones were compared. Comparisons and parametric analyses showed the importance of accounting for the third dimension of slopes, damping ratios, the relationship between shaking frequency and natural frequency. Testing of proposed model was performed through seismic stability analysis of the Longnan slope located in an earthquake-prone zone.

Вероятностный анализ распределения пиковой интенсивности землетрясений на примере г. Иркутска

This article discusses approaches to forecasting the earthquake odds of a given intensity level. This problem is relevant for the earthquake-prone zone in the south of the Irkutsk region characterised by an estimated intensity of shaking of up to 9 points, where large, populated areas having developed industrial and civil construction are located. The intensity values for Irkutsk were obtained using the analysed data on the seismic activity of the Baikal and Transbaikalia regions in 1973–2020 by the equa-tion of the macroseismic field. The algorithm for predicting large and medium-sized earthquakes in-volves mathematical statistics and probability theory. A corresponding empirical distribution was derived on the basis of a sample of the maximum intensity values for the specified period in each year. The potential applicability of common distribution functions for describing the intensity distribution of seis-mic vibrations was considered. It was established that the normal distribution function provides the most accurate description of statistical data. It was concluded that, by using this function, it is possible to determine the high-intensity vibration odds that can lead to serious destruction, as well as their most probable annual peak intensity, which may allow for measures ensuring the resistance of load-bearing structures of buildings to background seismic impacts.

Analysis of a Structural and Sesmic Design of an Auditorium

Though the land, air and water of the planet earth provides cradle for the existence of life , they also cause disasters in the form of earthquakes, wind storms and floods leading to a large scale loss of life and property. Earthquake is moving phenomenon of soil or we can say that vibrations which disturb the earth surface due to waves inside the surface of earth is termed as earthquake. Earthquake can damage the structures which are not constructed according the earthquake consideration. A large number of building designed in India according to static and permanent loads but earthquake is an occasional loads. Present time in India approximately more than 60% area is under earthquake prone zone. So it is important to design the structures according to seismic forces. Earthquake damages the substructure and superstructures. Substructures is the lower part of buildings i.e.; foundation of buildings and superstructures is the part of buildings that rests above the ground level. It is important to understand the behavior of substructures due to seismic loads (soil-foundation interaction) and behavior of superstructures due to seismic loads (beam, column, slab, beam-column joint etc ). Seismic analysis is a major tool in earthquake engineering which is used to understand the response of buildings due to seismic excitations in a simpler manner. It is a part of structural analysis and a part of structural design where earthquake is prevalent.

A Safe Zone SMOTE Oversampling Algorithm Used in Earthquake Prediction Based on Extreme Imbalanced Precursor Data

Earthquake prediction based on extreme imbalanced precursor data is a challenging task for standard algorithms. Since even if an area is in an earthquake-prone zone, the proportion of days with earthquakes per year is still a minority. The general method is to generate more artificial data for the minority class that is the earthquake occurrence data. But the most popular oversampling methods generate synthetic samples along line segments that join minority class instances, which is not suitable for earthquake precursor data. In this paper, we propose a Safe Zone Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SZ-SMOTE) oversampling method as an enhancement of the SMOTE data generation mechanism. SZ-SMOTE generates synthetic samples with a concentration mechanism in the hyper-sphere area around each selected minority instances. The performance of SZ-SMOTE is compared against no oversampling, SMOTE and its popular modifications adaptive synthetic sampling (ADASYN) and borderline SMOTE (B-SMOTE) on six different classifiers. The experiment results show that the quality of earthquake prediction using SZ-SMOTE as oversampling algorithm significantly outperforms that of using the other oversampling algorithms.

Tren desain arsitektur di indonesia yang mempengaruhi kerentanan bangunan terhadap gempa

Indonesia is an earthquake-prone zone country. Many victims of life and material due to the earthquake that occurred in Indonesia. One of them is the result of the collapse of the building. Buildings in Indonesia should be designed to withstand earthquakes. The resistance of buildings to earthquakes is highly dependent on their geometric configuration which is closely related to form and space. With the development of the era, it also affects the architectural 'trend' favored by architects and clients. But without realizing this trend can affect the vulnerability of buildings to earthquakes. Design trends carried out by architects that can affect the vulnerability of buildings to earthquakes are: 1). Architectural styles that are developing in the world, 2). Transformation of the geometric form of the building, 3). Selection of building materials, 4). Placement of swimming pools on the roofs of high-rise buildings, and 5). Use of building modules.

Geoinformatics-based assessment of land deformation and damage zonation for Gorkha earthquake, 2015, using SAR interferometry and ANN approach

The Gorkha earthquake 2015 was one of the largest disastrous events that occurred in the main Himalayan thrust (MHT) region with epicenter at Gorkha region and magnitude of 7.8 which caused severe causality to life as well as property. The spatial statistics on vertical displacement and extent of damage zone is still too scarce to provide strong evidences of its hazard potential. In the present study, quantitative assessment on surface deformation has been carried out to compare land displacement of two different regions of Nepal (the Central Nepal and the Eastern Nepal), which are located at different distances from the epicenter, using InSAR technique on post- and pre-earthquake images from Sentinel 1A SLC product. The Central Nepal experiences an upliftment of 1.1 m and land subsidence of − 0.61 m, whereas for the Eastern Nepal the estimated upliftment and subsidence were 1.0 m and − 0.33 m, respectively. Further a regional earthquake-prone zone map was generated using the historical earthquake epicenter data and geographic information system (GIS) to understand the major vulnerability zones in the area. A total of 564 earthquake events were reported by USGS in Nepal region during 2000–2019, of which 476 (84.39%) were of magnitude greater than 4 on Richter scale and 376 events (66%) occurred at depth greater than 15 km. The damage assessment was done using machine learning (artificial neural network) back-propagation model in which the satellite imagery retrieved from the optical satellite Landsat 8 OLI sensor and digital elevation model was used to map slope, aspect, relief, drainage and lineament to be used as input layers to generate damage proxy map. The result obtained from ANN illustrated that despite being located comparatively at more distance from epicenter, the Eastern Nepal exhibited more damage-prone area (587 sq. km) in comparison with Central Nepal with 457sq. km damage prone in similar zone. Central Nepal evidences more damage-prone areas over compact build-up in contrast to Eastern Nepal, making greater risk potential in urban areas of Central Nepal during earthquake activity.

Earthquakes and seismic safety of waterworks facilities in the Central Asian region

Central Asian region is an earthquake prone zone. At water management engineering, one of the central and great role play dams, water supply systems, etc. The seismic safety of these objects has great importance. In areas subject to seismic effect, the cases were observed when such structures were significantly damaged, and in some cases even destroyed. It leads to the long-term shutdown of the main water supply systems and it causing great material losses. The main aim of the issue is an analysis of the effects of strong earthquakes for waterworks facilities, proposing measures that are necessary for the urgent determination of the technical condition of an operating structure and the development of recommendations for further safe operation. There were considered lessons from past events also and strategies for sustainable development in the future by taking into account local features.

Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Mapping By Modeling of Land Layer and Site Effect Zone in The Kota Baru of South Lampung

Kota Baru is the satellite city of Bandar Lampung. The city is prepared for the expansion of the city of Bandar Lampung. Zonation map of earthquake risk is required for Kota Baru due to its location within the reach of earthquake energy of Semangko subduction fault. In this study, we model the earthquake-prone zone map based on the soil characteristics (site effect) combined with the underground layer model to get a detailed description of the horizontal and vertical soil character. The microtremor method is performed to obtain the zonation effect mapping. Whereas, the ground layer modeling is obtained using the geoelectrical method. The modeling results show that the study area is far from tectonic activity based on the history of past earthquake events. However, this area has a large sediment thickness and has a low dominant frequency value, so it is an area that is vulnerable to earthquakes.

Tsunami threat versus development activities along the coast of Pakistan: A Geographic Assessment

<p>Pakistan is located at the earthquake prone zone. The west coast of the country is in a zone of serious seismic hazards where a subduction zone is found. This area has been victimized by severe earth quakes and tsunamis in the past. Bathymetric and earthquake interpolated maps have been prepared for risk assessment. Growing population, development and planning along the coast of Makran, especially at Gawadar, could be a serious risk in future without seismic hazard assessment. Considering the safety measures against the probable tsunami, special attention must be paid in the prospect of planning and development along the coast. The article is an attempt to assess the magnitude of the risk on behalf of onshore and offshore morphologic configuration with their tectonic setup.</p>

Vane Shear Footing-Integrated Rational Approach for Seismic Bearing Capacity of Foundations & Seismic Pressure

Structural buildings are subjected to huge cyclic powers during earthquakes. The structural failures during seismic events notably impact a variety of facets of buildings within tolerable levels like sustainable strength and stable energy dissipation capability to sustain inter-story drifts and overall structural damages. The major structural elements such as columns, beams and soil shearing capacities are majorly affected during seismic events. Buildings situated in the earthquake prone zone are exposed to most concerns in the structural design. Boreholes are also one of the main factors responsible for seismic waves and soil shearing. Shear strength is a term used in soil mechanics to describe the magnitude of the shear stress that soil can sustain, especially selected BC soil. The shear resistance of soil is a result of friction and interlocking of particles, and possibly cementation or bonding at particle contacts. Soils consist of individual particles that can slide and roll relative to one another. Shear strength of a soil is equal to the maximum value of shear stress that can be mobilized within a soil mass without failure taking place. In many parts of the world to avoid or control these consequences, buildings have been constructed as steel-composite structures. However, in India, buildings are being constructed as RCC framed structures. Here a novel combination of VANE shear footing and BRB method has been introduced. In this article, the effects of boreholes increase seismic bearing capacity of foundation, and load bearing capacity to balance seismic pressure.

Analysis on the Time‐Varying Fragility of Offshore Concrete Bridge

For offshore bridges, the most prominent problem in the whole life cycle is that it is in an earthquake prone zone and an offshore corrosion environment at the same time. A nonlinear dynamic analysis model is set up for an offshore multispan and continuous rigid frame bridge based on the OpenSEES platform. The fragility surface of the bridge pier, bearing, bridge platform, and system are established by selecting a reasonable damage constitutive model of the material durability and a damage index analysis that studies the damage of the bridge durability to time‐varying seismic fragility of bridge components and the system of the whole life cycle in offshore environment. The results show that the durability damage will lead to a constant decline in seismic capacity of the pier and an increase of the seismic demand under earthquake action as well as the probability to reach the ultimate failure state; compared to high piers, a low pier is more vulnerable to the offshore corrosion environment; the seismic fragility of bridge platform is higher than that of simply bearing; and the influence of offshore corrosion on environment is relatively large. With the prolongation of service period, the effect of durability damage on the seismic fragility of bridge system cannot be ignored in the coastal environment and it is necessary to make a reasonable evaluation on the seismic fragility of bridge structure during the whole life period.

Earthquake Relocation Using Double Difference Method for 2D Modelling of Subducting Slab and Back Arc Thrust in West Nusa Tenggara

West Nusa Tenggara is classified into earthquake prone zone as it is located between subduction and back arc thrust earthquake sources. Accurate hypocenter determination in this area is necessary for strong motion calculation and earthquake source zone modelling. Earthquake relocation in the region is needed to produce a more accurate hypocenter location and 2D modelling of subduction slab and back arc thrust. A double difference method was employed with earthquake data from 2009-2017. The results show better accuracy in the distribution of the travel-time residual. Subduction slab modelling shows a dip value of about 7-13° from a trench to an arc, 49-55° from an arc to a transition zone, and 60-64° dip at a depth of 300 km. Back arc thrust modelling shows a dip value of about 19-28° at a depth of 15-30 km. The results provide a reliable 2D model for subduction slab and back arc thrust in West Nusa Tenggara. Therefore, the developed models can be used as reference for earthquake zones and seismic hazard assessment in West Nusa Tenggara.

Anomalous variations of VLF sub-ionospheric signal and Mesospheric Ozone prior to 2015 Gorkha Nepal Earthquake

The subject of pre-earthquake ionospheric signatures has always been contentious and debatable. Some of the previous reports have documented unforeseen and unusual variations in some of the atmospheric and ionospheric parameters well before an earthquake. Here, we analyze the ionospheric response from the Indian Subcontinent to Nepal Gorkha Earthquakes occurred between April and May 2015, which were the most powerful and disastrous natural calamities in past ~80 years over the Himalayan region left ~9000 causalities and more than ~20000 people injured with the property damage of the order of several billion dollars. In view of severe earthquakes occurrences, their prior information on the shorter time scales are warranted for mitigation of associated disasters. Here, we report for the first time, a case which shows a strong link in anomalous variations between VLF sub-ionospheric signal and mesospheric ozone prior to both April 25, 2015 (Mw = 7.8) earthquake and its biggest aftershock on May 12, 2015 (Mw = 7.3). Observations show an unusual variation in VLF signals amplitude /shift in terminator time (TT) strongly linked with positive (negative) mesospheric ozone anomaly in D-region altitudes prior to the Gorkha Nepal earthquakes. It is surmised that simultaneous continuous observations of both VLF waves and mesospheric ozone can be considered as an important tool to identify the prior earthquake signatures in the vicinity of the extremely earthquake-prone zone such as Himalayan region. In this context, the current report opens up a new dimension in lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling during the earthquake preparation processes itself.

Study on seismic isolation techniques of the controlled rocking bridge pier

The seismic isolation techniques of controlled rocking bridge pier is presented to improve seismic performance of the railway bridge in the earthquake-prone zone. In order to limit the lateral movement and overturning under the rarely strong earthquake, the inhibiting steel bar and prestressing tendon are used in the rocking bridge piers. The seismic performance of the two-different controlled rocking bridge piers are evaluated by quasi-static tests for two 1/10 scale model piers of a typical railway bridge pier with pile foundation. Through the hysteretic behaviors, it can be concluded that the rocking isolation model pier with the inhibiting steel bar shows better energy dissipation capacity, while the rocking isolation model pier with the prestressing tendon has higher anti-overturning capacity under strong earthquakes.