Aceh Earthquake Research Articles

Integrating Building Information Modelling (BIM) for improved assessment and seismic evaluation of existing buildings: a case study

Abstract This paper presents a project case study on the seismic evaluation of an existing office building in Aceh, Indonesia, originally constructed in 1994 and having survived the 2004 Aceh earthquake and tsunami. The study explores the integration of traditional and modern survey techniques with Building Information Modelling (BIM). Given the limitations of older seismic codes and the challenges in evaluating existing structures, this research highlights the importance of utilizing advanced digital technologies, such as LiDAR and ground-penetrating radar (GPR), in conjunction with BIM. Within a span of three weeks, the project team developed a comprehensive digital model of the building, enabling detailed structural analysis to identify vulnerabilities that might compromise its seismic resilience. The paper discusses the methodologies applied, the building’s seismic performance, and the financial implications of proposed retrofitting strategies. The integration of BIM significantly enhanced project coordination, accelerated delivery, and improved documentation accuracy. This study highlights the advantages of adopting BIM to overcome challenges in evaluating existing structures and highlights the need for increased awareness and training in evolving standards to ensure the safety of older buildings in earthquake-prone regions.

Structural Design of a 10-Story Office Building using the Special Moment Frame System (SMFS) in Padang, West Sumatra

Indonesia is located at the convergence of the Eurasian, Pacific, and Indo-Australian tectonic plates, making it prone to significant earthquakes, such as the Aceh earthquake and tsunami in 2004 with a magnitude of 9.1, and the Padang earthquake in 2009 with a magnitude of 7.6, both known for their severe impacts. According to the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), there were 10,843 earthquakes in 2022. Given this high level of risk, all buildings, especially offices, must be designed to be earthquake-resistant due to high activity and user numbers. The city of Padang is categorized in Seismic Design Category D, indicating a high level of earthquake risk. The construction of a ten-story reinforced concrete building for office use is planned, referring to SNI 1726-2019 on earthquake resistance and SNI 1727-2020 on minimum loads, along with the Special Moment Resisting Frame System (SMRF). Structural analysis and modeling are conducted using ETABS software, with element dimensions based on the initial design. This analysis aims to ensure the building meets earthquake resistance requirements through response spectrum evaluation, including natural periods, inter-story drift, P-Delta effects, and checks for irregularities. Based on internal forces from ETABS V.18, reinforcement designs are prepared for structural elements such as columns, beams, slabs, and shear walls. A design capacity evaluation ensures the safety and optimal performance of the structure during an earthquake.

Coulomb Stress Changes in the 2004 Aceh Earthquake on the Mount Sibualbuali and Mount Lubukraya

The great Aceh earthquake on December 26, 2004, had a magnitude of 9.2 Mw for 10 minutes with coordinates 3,316°N 95,854°E. had a tremendous impact on changes in geological conditions and disasters in Aceh and Asia, especially Southeast Asia and South Asia. Changes in geological conditions have resulted in Aceh and its surroundings becoming more prone to earthquakes, including volcanoes in North Sumatra. This research aims to determine the value of changes in coulomb stress that occur on Mount Sibualbuali and Lubukraya. This research uses the coulomb stress method presented in Coulomb 3.4 software. This research produces positive coulomb stress changes in 2021 which are marked by the red lobe, namely 0.197 bar on Mount Sibualbuali and 0.187 bar on Lubukraya. The highest increase in chwerees in coulomb stress was in 2015, namely 0.319 bar in Sibualbuali and 0.262 bar in Lubukraya. This research also resulted in the highest coulomb stress changes at a depth of 90-100 km so that it does not affect the volcanic activity of the two mountains.

Penguatan Pengetahuan Kesiapsiagaan Terhadap Bahaya Bencana Gempa Bumi dan Tsunami bagi Siswa SMAN I Lhoknga, Kabupaten Aceh Besar

Earthquakes and tsunamis are natural disasters that can occur anywhere and anytime. Knowledge about the dangers of natural disasters needs to be imparted to the community so that they can understand the types and levels of danger that may arise. This is necessary to enhance the community's capacity to deal with disasters. Reflecting on the occurrence of the 2004 Aceh Earthquake and Tsunami, which claimed hundreds of thousands of lives and caused hundreds of millions of US dollars in losses, increasing knowledge and understanding of disaster hazards needs to be continuously pursued. The repetition of these activities aligns the history of disaster events passed down through generations with the advancements in scientific knowledge and technological progress. Increasing knowledge of earthquake and tsunami hazards can be achieved, in part, through socialization efforts. One appropriate segment of society to receive reinforcement of knowledge through socialization activities is high school students, particularly the students of SMAN 1 Lhoknga, Aceh Besar Regency. Students are the younger generation whose roles can be agents of change within the wider community. Therefore, their role in the realm of disaster management needs to be supported by a good and competent capacity enhancement. Thus, students of SMAN 1 Lhoknga can understand the factors causing and the impacts arising from earthquake and tsunami disasters and actively participate in such events.

Disaster Preparedness and Safety Curriculum for Early Childhood Education in Indonesia.

Indonesia is located within the Asia-Pacific Ring of Fire, so natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, floods, and landslides are common. Preparedness is essential to prevent many casualties due to various disasters. The Aceh, Indonesia earthquake and tsunami in 2004 was one of the most devastating disasters since the 1990s. Some of the victims were children. This is because there was no pattern of preparedness in dealing with disasters when the incident took place; even the word tsunami was not familiar in Indonesia at that time. Thus, the preparation of a disaster preparedness and safety curriculum began to be implemented in Indonesia after the Aceh earthquake and tsunami. The disaster preparedness and safety curriculum in early childhood education is developed in accordance with the potential and characteristics of the school area. Basic disaster material provided concepts, characteristics and threats, maps, ways of overcoming, and disaster preparedness and security. Facilities and infrastructure supporting disaster preparedness learning used disaster puzzles, disaster posters, songs about disasters, and prayers asking God for help to be protected from disasters.

Affecting Factors in Space Changing of Tsunami Assisted House in Gampong Bitai, Banda Aceh

The rehabilitation and reconstruction program for Aceh and Nias after the earthquake and tsunami in Aceh in 2004 are included building relief houses, which in Gampong Bitai Banda Aceh as many as 235 housing units, type 45+ from the Turkey Red Crescent (TRC) in 2006. Currently (2022) ), most of the houses seemed to be getting bigger, with the result the neighbourhood is getting denser. The purpose of the study was to determine the factors that influence the residents to change their houses. This research is important to understand the phenomenon in society, which could be as an anticipated in dealing with the slums in the future according to SDGs point 11. The research approach was using a combination of quantitative-qualitative research, on 40 sample units (17.02%), using the SPSS statistical method. The aspects were studied including: occupancy aspects (space changes): and occupant aspects (6 factors). The results showed that the priority hierarchy of residents have changed their houses, they are: lifestyle changes (92%), economic improvement (85%), self-identity (82%), using of new technology (82%), increasing the number of family members (82%), and socio-cultural influence (77.5%). The conclusion of the study is that lifestyle is very important to the society, while socio-cultural factors are not really important comparing to it. Changes in lifestyle related to people's conditions are increasing the society after the tsunami, demanding the modern living facilities which require additional space in their dwellings. Socio-cultural factors have little influence in this condition because generally some of the residents are immigrants.

Quantifying the Seismicity Parameters of A New Model of Seismic Source Zone for Aceh and Surrounding Areas

Aceh is justified as one of the Indonesian provinces with a high level of seismicity. This high seismicity certainly has a severe negative impact on various aspects of human life in Aceh and the surrounding areas. Various types of efforts must be carried out to solve and mitigate the problem caused by each earthquake in Aceh and the surrounding areas. One aspect that can be carried out to minimize the hazards of seismic activity is the characterization of the source of the earthquake. This characterization can be used for various purposes for further seismic-related studies, including for studying seismic hazard analysis using the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) method. This research aims to determine the characteristics of the seismic source zones for Aceh and the surrounding areas. Based on the geological setting and seismicity catalog data of Aceh and the surrounding areas, a new model of seismic source zones was developed. This new model proposed for Aceh and the surrounding areas is divided into four zones: shallow background seismic source zones (divided into two source zones), two deep background seismic source zones, two megathrust source zones, and one fault zone, namely the Sumatra fault zone. The results of this study suggest that Zone I and Zone II of shallow background seismic source zones have a-values of 2.36 and 4.7, b-values of 0.545, and Mmax of 7.7 and 6.8. Deep background seismic source zone I has an a-value of 4.43 and a b-value of 0.9 with a maximum magnitude of 7 Mw. Meanwhile, deep background seismic source zone II has an a-value of 3.28 and a b-value of 0.755 with a maximum magnitude of 6.1 Mw. Megathrust seismic source zone I has an a-value of 3.53 and a b-value of 0.691 with a Mmax of 7.7 Mw. Meanwhile, the megathrust seismic source zone II has an a-value of 3.81 and a b-value of 0.702 with a Mmax of 7.1 Mw. Sumatra fault seismic source zone has an a-value of 2.88 and a b-value of 0.615 with a Mmax of 6.7 Mw.

Analysis of Coulomb Stress Changes in Aceh Earthquake on Sibayak Volcano

Based on geological conditions, Indonesia is located between the Indo-Australian plate, the Eurasian plate, and the Pacific plate, making Indonesia prone to tectonic earthquakes. However, since the big earthquake that occurred in Aceh on December 26, 2004, the geological conditions in Sumatra have undergone significant changes marked by stressful situations in the western to southern regions of Sumatra, especially on Sibayak Volcano. This study used data from BMKG and Global CMT, which included magnitude (Mw), depth, earthquake coordinates (longitude and latitude), type of earthquake, strike, dip, and rake. From the analysis using Coulomb 3.3, the highest coulomb stress value of Sibayak Volcano was obtained in 2015 with an average change in coulomb stress of 0.235 bar, shear 0.1909 bar, normal 0.1106 bar. However, the lowest coulomb stress value occurs in 2021 with a moderate shift in coulomb stress of 0.0593 bar, shear 0.0251, normal 0.0849 bar.

Development of fragility curve due to the effect of tsunami force on existing building in Banda Aceh city

Aceh is located on the Indian Ocean Coast which is very prone to Tsunamis, this is due to frequent large earthquakes due to Megatrust faults, such as those that occurred during the earthquake on December 26, 2004. Based on the 2012 Aceh earthquake, the Acehnese prefer horizontal evacuation to vertical evacuation [1]. In this case, many people in Banda Aceh do not believe in the strength of TVE buildings (distrust building). From this research, it it is possible for the Acehnese will do the same thing in the future when the tsunami occurs. Horizontal evacuation puts them at risk of traffic accidents so that they cannot reach a safe area in a short time, whereas through vertical evacuation they can reach the TVE of a building in a short time due to its proximity to settlements. When the earthquake and tsunami occured Banda Aceh in 2004, many buildings were destroyed due to the earthquake load and also the Tsunami load. For this problem, a vulnerability analysis of buildings that can be used as TVE buildings can be carried out. If an earthquake magnitude more than 7.0 Mw can cause a tsunami, the TVE building should be counted on the structural strength caused by the Tsunami waves. In this research, a hydrodynamic analysis will be carried out due to air pressure and collision which is a function of velocity and depth of flow and also the influence of drag and drift variables on the building.

A Gender-Sensitive Earthquake Recovery Assessment Using Administrative and Satellite Data: The Case of Indonesia’s 2016 Aceh Earthquake

A Gender-Sensitive Earthquake Recovery Assessment Using Administrative and Satellite Data: The Case of Indonesia’s 2016 Aceh Earthquake

Development of fragility curve based on incremental dynamic analysis curve using ground motion Aceh earthquake

History records that Aceh has been hit by earthquakes several times, including the largest recorded, on December 26, 2004 with a magnitude of 9.3 SR. In connection with the history of disasters that have occurred, there is a need for safety and disaster preparedness. It is very important to conduct a feasibility study of the existing public buildings used in disaster preparedness for vulnerability against earthquakes. The type of building damage caused can predicted by referring to the fragility curve. This research conducted on evaluating the seismic performance of existing buildings in Banda Aceh City by developing a fragility curve based on Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA). The existing buildings that are the main focus of this study include the Tsunami Vertical Evacuation (TVE) of Lambung, TVE Alu Deah Teungoh, TVE TDMRC, SDN 48 Banda Aceh, SMPN 11 Banda Aceh, Baiturrahim Ulee Lheu Mosque, and the Subulussalam Punge Mosque. The IDA method is applied to predict and estimate the performance of the structure using several ground motions. The resulting set of IDA curves were further analyzed to form the fragility curve. The fragility curve becomes the basis for assessing the seismic performance of building structures rationally.

Coulomb Stress Change of the 2004 Aceh Earthquake on Mount Sorik Marapi 2021

Sorik Marapi is an active volcanic mountain with an altitude of 2,145 meters located in Batang Gadis National Park, Sibanggor Julu Village, Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Since the earthquake in Aceh on December 26, 2004, geological conditions in the western part of Sumatra Island have increased in stress. This affects the volcano in Sumatra, Mount Sorik Marapi, so it needs to be studied to find out the condition of changes in coulomb stress in Sorik Marapi. The method used in this study is a descriptive method with an analysis of the coulomb stress method. From the Aceh earthquake year of December 2004 to 2021, Mount Sorik Marapi experienced the highest average increase in coulomb stress in 2012, which was 0.171 bars. The highest average increase in shear in 2015 was 0.25 bars, and the highest average normal increase in 2018 was 0.202 bars. While at depth, Sorik Marapi mountain experienced an average change in coulomb stress highest of 0.368 bars, the average increase in the highest shear by 0.269 bars, and the average normal increase of 0.246 bars. All such increases are at a depth of 90 km below sea level. Based on the results of this study, it is stated that Mount Sorik Marapi experiences inconsistent changes in coulomb stress every year.

Sovereignty in Crisis: Deterritorialization Of State Sovereignty After Tsunami Aceh 2004


 
 
 
 The main purpose of this study was to analyze how the concept of state sovereignty is experiencing a crisis due to a major natural disaster. By using the illustration of the 2004 Aceh earthquake and tsunami, the concept of state sovereignty has been explored in the abnormal situation arising from the disaster as the state was unable to carry out its functions and authorities properly. This article used qualitative approach to explore the dynamic relations or network between agency (material or non-material, such as state, NGO, International organization, media, norms, military equipment, army, natural resources etc); which construct sovereignty assemblage. The territorialization and deterritorialization of sovereignty is investigated by seeing four dimensions proposed by Baker and McGuirk. This article demonstrates that sovereignty is very dynamic, and its definition is constructed and continuously through mechanisms engaging multiple actors and specific processes. This research found that the state conception of sovereignty before and after the disaster has been so dynamic, constructed and reconstructed overtime, which is influenced by the dimension of multiplicity, processualism, labor, and uncertainty.
 
 
 

Comparative Study of Indonesian Seismic Codes Applied on Vertically Irregular RC Building in High Seismicity Region

The Aceh earthquake suffering Indonesia in 2004, and some big ground motions afterward led the earthquake-resistant building standard provisions to be updated. The rise of ground motions increases the lateral forces, so reevaluating existing buildings is needed, especially for Irregular buildings, which are more vulnerable than the regular ones. This study investigates the increase of earthquake loads and the building response in the high seismicity region due to the updated Indonesian code from SNI 1726:2002 to SNI 1726:2012. Building A in DI Yogyakarta with vertical irregularity on a certain floor is chosen as the object to be studied. There are two types of seismic loads to be simulated, response spectrum and time history analysis. The building is simulated using the numerical program, and four ground motion histories are selected for the dynamic exiting forces. The analysis result shows an increase in the story force either in the response spectrum or the time history. By taking the building's top floor as the reference point, the increase in lateral displacement is also detected in both response spectrum and time history analysis. From the interstory drift ratio examinations, it is also found that there is a weak point located on the setback part that is not identified just by observing the total displacement. This paper compiles the comparison of two versions of the Indonesian seismic code, two types of seismic force, and two points of view in analyzing the building response. Furthermore, the result presented in this paper also beneficial for mitigating the building.

The Utilization of GGMplus Data Using Derivative Method and 3D Modeling of Subsurface Structure for Trienggadeng Fault Identification in Pidie Jaya, Aceh Region

The Pidie Jaya, Aceh earthquake occurred on December 7th, 2016 that caused damage to the northern coastal area. This event was caused by a local fault (Trienggadeng Fault). The existence of this fault is close to settlements so we need the mitigation efforts to reduce the casualties and material loss. One of those efforts is mapping the fault location by using the gravity method that is sensitive to subsurface rock density changes. In this study, we used GGMplus gravity data then processed with derivative analysis (First Horizontal Derivative and Second Vertical Derivative) to determine the location and type of fault. By performing the slices, we found that this fault is oblique with strike-slip dominant tends to reverse fault. The azimuth discovered through fault position traces that the value is 47.5°. Then, we use 3D inversion modeling to obtain a subsurface structure model. The average density is 2.3 g/cm3. The model shows a distribution of limestone and sandstone sedimentary rocks reaches a 4 km depth. The clay sediments follow the river flow. In the southern part, there are andesite and granite igneous rocks. The difference in rock density within 3 km and below indicates the existence of the Trienggadeng Fault.

Disaster mitigation in Indonesia: between plans and reality

Indonesia is one of the most vulnerable countries in the risk of natural disasters from the standpoint of geography, geology, climatology and demography. The geographical position of Indonesia is located at the confluence of 3 main tectonic plates and includes the Pacific Ring of Fire, and has more than 500 volcanoes, of which about 128 are still active. Some of the disasters that caused severe damage, large casualties and high losses included the earthquake and tsunami in Aceh (2004), the earthquake in Yogyakarta (2006), the earthquake in Padang (2009), the earthquake in Lombok (2018) and earthquake, tsunami and liquefaction disasters in Palu (2018). For this reason, it has become a necessity for the Indonesian people to learn from this disastrous experience of disaster by identifying all aspects related to risk and vulnerability to improve the ability of communities to cope with disasters. This study, which is based on the results of a study of a number of disaster studies, seeks to revisit several disaster events in Indonesia with a special review of the concept of disaster mitigation and its application to minimize disaster risk in urban areas. The results of the study show that the concept of disaster mitigation has been planned in several cities in Indonesia but there are still weaknesses in its application when a disaster occurs. This result is expected to be one of the references in improving the quality of urban disaster mitigation planning in Indonesia.

An Analysis of Psychological Trauma and Depression of Survivors in Recurring Disaster

The study aimed to determine psychological trauma and depression in survivors of recurring disasters (the 2004 and 2012 earthquakes in Aceh). A quantitative approach was used as the research design, 2 villages located in Banda Aceh were taken as the samples involving 60 respondents from the two villages. The respondents' criteria were: 1) experiencing two earthquakes in 2004 and 2012, 2) aged over 30 years. Data collection used a modification of the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale questionnaire, depression scale, and demographic data. The results showed that there was no correlation between psychological trauma and depression in survivors of the recurring earthquake in Aceh. Besides, based on the results of data analysis, there was a correlation between symptoms (p≤0,000), occupation (p≤0,030), and age (p≤0,015) with psychological trauma; and there was no correlation between potential disasters (p≤0,075), family support (p≤0,002), education (p≤0,181) coping ability (p≤0,401), the value of faith (p≤0,266), and income (p≤0,830) with psychological trauma.

Home / Archives / Vol 10 No 2 (2020): July 2020 / Articles The Village Leader as a Safety-Valve in Resolving Conflict of Shelter Aids Post an Earthquake

Natural disasters always threaten human life, but sometimes it may prosper people in the disaster area. For example, the earthquake in Aceh, it brought material aids and employment opportunities to Acehnese. However, the aid caused a social conflict due to the aids distribution deemed unfair. In this case, a village leader, as a central figure, demanded his expertise to prevent violence or damage. This research aims to analyze the village leader's roles as a safety valve in handling conflict of shelter aids for earthquake victims. This study was conducted with a qualitative approach that involved fifteen informants as the primary data source. They were the village's apparatus and earthquake victims. The results showed that the village leader as a safety valve, he formed a community group as a new safety valve and offered his people new hope beyond the demands. Thus, this study suggests that the safety valve model may be used to pause the conflict escalates into violent behavior, but not to settle the root causes of conflict. Nevertheless, it may create harmony if the solutions proposed are beyond the promise of voice.  For the next researchers, the study suggests examining the effectiveness of hope or promise in conflict resolution for disaster aids management

Earthquake Risk Assessment Using Integrated Influence Diagram–AHP Approach

Indonesia is located at the joint situation of four major world tectonic plates in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Mostly, the coastal regions of Indonesia are highly prone to several natural hazards, such as tsunamis, earthquakes, and volcanic activity. The major earthquake incident in the country was the 2004 earthquake in Aceh, whereas a major volcanic eruption was the Mount Merapi volcanic eruption in 2010. With the present advancement of knowledge regarding the existing hazards, we acknowledge the importance of vulnerability and risk in monitoring and mitigating earthquake hazards. However, to date, a specific effort is unavailable for assessing the risk of earthquake hazards that will cover the city-level in Indonesia. Moreover, a comprehensive profile for risk assessment has yet to be created for small-scale urban areas. Few studies have been organized in Indonesia on city-scale risk assessment. Therefore, we attempt to fill this gap by calculating the risk percentage of Banda Aceh City by determining its conditioning factors and analyzing its variations spatially. We used an influence diagram approach and considered all the factors that affect the risk in Banda Aceh. Results show that only the central parts and some parts in the surrounding areas are under high risk compared with other locations. We validated the results using inventory earthquake events and the results of previously published articles.

Leadership in Disaster Management: Theory Versus Reality

Leaders should be competent in managing disaster situations to minimize the damage of the events. However, when disaster strikes these leadership competencies may not always come into play. This paper aims to identify the incongruence between what leaders should do and what leaders do when managing real disasters and what can be learned from it. This paper reviews the Aceh Earthquake and Tsunami disaster in 2004 and the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster in 2011, as case studies. Published and grey literatures relating to these events were searched from online sources. Two major mismatches between leadership theory and reality were noted: effective communication and ability to co-ordinate resources at all levels. To improve leadership in disaster management, mitigation measures, preparedness and skills in crisis communication must be top-notch, communication disruption must be overcomed as soon as possible; and all entities involved in disaster management must know their roles.