Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Articles

Analysis of the QS. Ar-Rum Verse 41 on the Tsunami Disaster Issue for UNP Students

Padang State University is located in the earthquake and tsunami danger zone. On the other hand, the attitude and curiosity of Padang State University students regarding disaster mitigation are still lacking. Apart from that, the level of implementation of knowledge about disaster mitigation by the government and related agencies is also lacking. This research aims to describe the attitudes of Padang State University students towards mitigating the earthquake and tsunami disaster in the city of Padang. This research is quantitative descriptive research which is used to study an event or phenomenon as it is. The type of data in this research is primary data obtained directly from the research object by submitting a questionnaire to students and secondary data from various books and articles related to the research. The data collection techniques used in this research are surveys and documentation. The data analysis technique was carried out using descriptive statistical analysis using a percentage formula which was then translated into narrative form. This research concludes that students' attitudes towards earthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation are good with a percentage of 72.4%.

A modified stochastic finite-fault method for estimating strong ground motion: Validation and application

We developed a modified stochastic finite-fault method for estimating strong ground motions. An adjustment to the dynamic corner frequency was introduced, which accounted for the effect of the location of the subfault relative to the hypocenter and rupture propagation direction, to account for the influence of the rupture propagation direction on the subfault dynamic corner frequency. By comparing the peak ground acceleration (PGA), pseudo-absolute response spectra acceleration (PSA, damping ratio of 5%), and duration, the results of the modified and existing methods were compared, demonstrating that our proposed adjustment to the dynamic corner frequency can accurately reflect the rupture directivity effect. We applied our modified method to simulate near-field strong motions within 150 km of the 2008 MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake rupture. Our modified method performed well over a broad period range, particularly at 0.04–4 s. The total deviations of the stochastic finite-fault method (EXSIM) and the modified EXSIM were 0.1676 and 0.1494, respectively. The modified method can effectively account for the influence of the rupture propagation direction and provide more realistic ground motion estimations for earthquake disaster mitigation.

OVERVIEW OF UNDERSTANDING AND PREPAREDNESS FOR EARTHQUAKES IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Knowledge of disaster mitigation is the most essential component and a key factor for preparedness. The possessed knowledge typically influences attitudes and concerns, fostering readiness to anticipate disasters. Vocational High School students should be informed about the various disasters that frequently occur in their areas, as well as the procedures to face sudden disasters. The significant loss of lives and various damages to buildings and facilities in the vicinity underscore the need for a deeper examination of mitigation efforts. The objective of this study is to assess the level of understanding and preparedness of Vocational High School students regarding earthquake natural disasters. The research method employed is quantitative, with descriptive statistics as the analytical technique. The instruments used include test instruments and non-test instruments utilizing Google Forms to collect data from several Vocational High Schools in various cities in DKI Jakarta, Sukabumi, and Tangerang. The research findings reveal that 42% of students are unaware of earthquake disaster mitigation measures. Additionally, 69% of students lack knowledge about minimizing damage from earthquakes in terms of building construction. Furthermore, 65% of students are unfamiliar with images related to earthquake-resistant construction. Moreover, 52% of students still do not know the local earthquake resilience features of earthquake-resistant houses. Lastly, 52% exhibit a panicky attitude, hastily evacuating buildings during an earthquake. The conclusion drawn from this research is that the knowledge of Vocational High School students regarding earthquake disasters and their mitigation measures is still low.

Design for Optimized Public Safety and Earthquake Disaster Mitigation With IoT

Design for Optimized Public Safety and Earthquake Disaster Mitigation With IoT

Analysis of Physical Properties and Soil Uplift by Searching for Swelling Values in Barbate Quarry Soil for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Efforts

Aceh Besar District is part of the Province which is located on the tip of the island of Sumatra and this area is on the Sumatra Fault fault as well as the local fault. Areas that are on active faults can result in the possibility of an earthquake being quite high, this is because the area is quite close to the epicenter. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of the physical properties and uplift of the quarry soil in the Barbate area of Kurma-Paya Kameng Gardens so that if the PI value of the soil is >17%, the soil needs to be stabilized with coffee husk ash as a mixed ingredient. The research research method was testing soil samples at the Soil Mechanics Laboratory at Syiah Kuala University. The results of the study show that this soil is of the clay type and has a PI value of 38.42% so stabilization is carried out, the soil uplift value also shows that the value is increasing and the highest point of the calculation results is at a 25% mixture of 22.37 kg.

Analysis of the Value of Maximum Ground Acceleration in Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Efforts on the Lan

The Aceh region itself has a location that is within the scope of the Sumatran fault, areas on active faults can experience a high possibility of earthquakes. Earthquake epicenters on the mainland can occur due to shifts in the Sumatran fault which is indicated by the number of earthquakes along the fault and generally has shallow depths. The research was conducted to determine the value of the earthquake acceleration on the ground around the East Aceh Alue Genteng bridge. The results of this study found that the magnitude of the earthquake can affect the level of acceleration of the earthquake that occurs, the acceleration of the earthquake increases with the magnitude of the earthquake. Based on the results of calculating the acceleration of the earthquake using magnitude 7, 5 SR-9.3 SR, the earthquake acceleration occurred significantly and continues to increase. Earthquake acceleration data is one of the important data that can be used in earthquake mitigation such as in planning strong building structures that are able to withstand loads caused by earthquakes.

Analysis of return period and seismic risk of Shallow Earthquake occurrence in Cianjur and surrounding areas

Determination of the seismic risk and return period of shallow earthquakes in Cianjur and surrounding areas is very important as a reference in earthquake disaster mitigation programs. Within this return period, structural and non-structural conditions can be prepared in stages that are ready to face disasters if the earthquake recurs. In this study used the least squares statistical method to determine the relationship between frequency and magnitude, level of risk, and earthquake return period. The earthquake data used in this study is sourced from the earthquake catalog of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) spanning 50 years (1973 – 2023). A total of 57 shallow earthquakes that occurred in Cianjur area and its surroundings at coordinates (06°-08°S and 106°-108°E) with magnitude greater or equal to 5.0 at a depth of 0-60 km were used as sample data. Based on the results of data processing and analysis, the return periods are 3.17 to 29.1 years for earthquakes with magnitudes between 5.0 and 6.0, and 29.1 to 267.38 years for earthquakes with magnitudes between 6.0 and 7.0.. Earthquake risk for 10 to 20 years with magnitude greater than 5.0 is 95.74 to 99.82 %, with magnitude greater than 6.0 is 20.09 to 49.70 %, and with magnitude 7.0 is 3.67 to 7.21 %. From the results of processing and analysis of the earthquake data, it shows that the Cianjur area and its surroundings are earthquake-prone areas with a high risk.

Ground motion prediction model for shallow crustal earthquakes in Japan based on XGBoost with Bayesian optimization

Ground motion prediction is an important and complex research subject in earthquake engineering and traditional approaches based on statistical regression have much room for improvement in prediction accuracy. Utilizing the 67,164 ground motion records from KiK-net and K-Net for 777 shallow crustal earthquakes between 1997 and 2019 in Japan, this paper proposes a ground motion prediction model XGBoost-SC based on the machine learning algorithm of eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) for Japan. Magnitude, focal depth, hypo-central distance, Vs30, site altitude, and focal mechanism were used as the feature parameters, and XGBoost, Random Forest, and Deep Neural Networks (DNN) algorithms were selected for model training while Bayesian optimization was used to search for optimized hyperparameters to improve the prediction accuracy. XGBoost algorithm was selected for further study based on the comparison of results from the three algorithms. Residual change with magnitude and hypo-central distance, the probability distribution of residuals, residual standard deviation (σ), residual mean squared error (MSE), and Pearson correlation coefficient (R) were used as the evaluation parameters, and a comparison study was performed against the ground motion prediction equation based on traditional approaches. Actual earthquake events were selected to compare the prediction results against the observation records. To further validate and explain the proposed model, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was performed to explain the impact of selected feature parameters on the proposed model. The results demonstrate that the proposed XGBoost-SC model has good prediction stability for all periods, and its residual errors are smaller than those of other models. Therefore, the proposed model can better reflect the ground motion attenuation for shallow crustal earthquakes in Japan and can serve as a better model for ground motion prediction in future aseismic design and earthquake disaster mitigation efforts.

PENGARUH PEMAHAMAN MITIGASI BENCANA GEMPA BUMI DAN KONSEP DIRI TERHADAP KESIAPSIAGAAN BENCANA

Indonesia is a country encircled by the Pacific ring of fire, so it has a high potential for natural disasters, especially earthquakes. Responses to efforts to provide information and increase students' understanding of natural disasters and mitigation have been carried out through the world of education. The aim of the study was to identify and analyze the effect of understanding earthquake disaster mitigation and self-concept on disaster preparedness. This type of quantitative research with data collection methods in the form of questionnaires. The time of the research was carried out from September to December 2022. The research location was at SMAN 5 Depok. The results of the study show that there is a partial and simultaneous effect of understanding earthquake disaster mitigation and self-concept on disaster preparedness in class XI students of SMA N 5 Depok, West Java. This means that the more understanding of earthquake disaster mitigation and self-concept increases, the more disaster preparedness the students will have. A greater influence on student disaster preparedness is self-concept. The research recommendation is the need for continuous learning about earthquake disaster mitigation and self-concept towards disaster preparedness in students. This aims to increase student understanding regarding natural disaster mitigation.

COMPARISON OF EARTHQUAKE HYPOCENTER RELOCATION METHODS IN THE JAVA REGION, INDONESIA

Java is a frequent island of earthquakes caused by the subduction of the Indo-Australian plate under the Eurasian plate. The mitigation of earthquake disasters is by relocating the hypocenter. Hypocenter relocation was conducted in order to obtain a more accurate earthquake position, which can be used to interpret the structure under the earth's surface. The Modified Joint Hypocenter Determination (MJHD) and Double Difference (DD) methods are required when applying earthquake hypocenter relocation. The objective of research is comparing the relocation results in the Java region with the Modified Joint Hypocenter Determination (MJHD) and Double Difference (DD) Methods for obtaining the distribution of earthquake hypocenters before and after relocation. The study has obtained arrival time data in the form of BMKG catalog data from the period of January 1, 2022 through May 30, 2022 in the Java area with the coordinates of 6.0 LS - 12.0 LS and 106.0 BT - 114.0 BT. The MJHD method compares the travel time difference of a set of data that occurs simultaneously in order to obtain a more accurate hypocenter position, while the DD method compares the hypocenter distance of the two earthquakes with the station distance, so that Ray Path and Waveform are considered equal. The relocation of the initial earthquake has a depth of 10 km, resulting in a shift of shallow earthquakes clustered in the active fault section, while deep earthquakes are clustered in the subduction zone section. The results of relocation with the MJHD method obtained 637 earthquakes.

Life cycle cost analysis of seismic retrofit policy at the city scale

Many early-developed cities are grappling with aging building environments, characterized by chronic deterioration of structures. The consequent rise in seismic risk and loss has spurred governments to promote relevant disaster mitigation plans. In the process of urban renewal or the retrofit of dilapidated buildings, it is crucial to consider economic feasibility and the impact of policies. To support decision-making, this study aims to develop a framework for evaluating different seismic reinforcement strategies at a city level using a life cycle cost-benefit analysis. The reduction of seismic loss by a certain reinforcement strategy was assessed through the capacity spectrum method, fragility curves, and probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. Construction costs and reinforcement costs were adapted from historical data. The Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost Method was also adopted to analyze the overall life cycle cost of the target buildings based on the chosen reinforcement strategy. The researchers of this study analyzed the private buildings in Taipei City, Taiwan, to demonstrate the proposed method. The priority for reinforcement was determined based on various vulnerability measures of the buildings. Six different reinforcement strategies were compared in the case study. The results revealed that the strategies that can properly exploit soft story reinforcement are more economically attractive in terms of life cycle cost. However, a decline in marginal utility was detected. The results also showed that the proposed method could provide an objective reference for determining the priority of reinforcement plans and effectively mitigate the impact of earthquakes on the community. The findings of this research can assist stakeholders in earthquake disaster preparedness and mitigation.

Analysis of Vertical Deformation and Potential Formation of New Faults Cause by Earthquake Using the DInSAR Method (Case Study: 2022 Cianjur Earthquake)

In this study, we focus on the repetitive nature of earthquakes along known fault lines and their potential to create new fault segments. Our primary aim is to enhance our understanding of fault patterns and distribution, facilitating more efficient and accurate earthquake disaster mitigation efforts. Our research specifically targets the vertical deformation resulting from the 2022 Cianjur Earthquake. To achieve this, we employed a sophisticated technique involving data processing from the Sentinel 1A satellites using the Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) method. This method allowed us to derive earthquake-induced displacement values in meters with an impressive level of accuracy, down to the centimeter scale. Our analysis revealed a conspicuous fringe pattern in the interferogram phase data, which did not align with the nearby Cimandiri Fault. This discrepancy led us to suspect the emergence of a new fault or fault segment. By comparing Sentinel 1A satellite images before and after the earthquake, we observed phase differences ranging from -3.112 to 3.117 phases. These recurring phase differences clustered at coordinates 6?48'48" South Latitude and 107?06'05" East Longitude, pinpointing the epicenter of the Cianjur earthquake on November 21, 2022. Furthermore, we calculated line-of-sight (LoS) displacement values ranging from 0 to minus 102 millimeters, indicating vertical subsidence in the vicinity of the 2022 Cianjur earthquake. In conclusion, our research underscores the utility of the DInSAR method for assessing Earth's surface deformation patterns, making it a valuable tool for various earthquake-related analyses.

Modeling of Crustal Deformation Due To Sumatra Tectonic Earthquakes Based On GNSS Remote Sensing Data

Indonesia is at the confluence of three large plates, so it often experiences earthquakes. Therefore, earthquake disaster mitigation efforts must be increased. One of the efforts that can help the government prepare a disaster mitigation system for earthquakes and their associated disasters is research on fault deformation. This research utilizes continuous data from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), especially the Global Positioning System (GPS), which is processed into surface deformation. The crustal deformation was modeled based on the Okada formulation with estimated earthquake parameters and then verified with surface deformation to obtain optimal parameter values. Automation is carried out with a computerized system to speed up the estimation process, and more optimal results are obtained using the Hooke-Jeeves numerical method. We do modeling for tectonic earthquakes in Sumatra during 2005 and 2007 with magnitudes > 8 Mw. The modeling results were validated with seismic data and seismological theory of the seismic moment. The success of this modeling can be taken into consideration in earthquake prediction as part of an earthquake disaster mitigation system.

Preface

The 5th International Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Mitigation, ICEEDM 2022, was held on 28th-29th September 2022. The 5th ICEEDM in Gadjah Mada University was profoundly enjoying the collaboration with the joint-organizing committee with the Indonesian Earthquake Engineering Association (AARGI), International Association for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE), Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering (JAEE), Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesian Islamic University, and Atmajaya University. The conference was supported by a scientific committee from four countries and twelve keynote speakers from five countries, i.e., Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Taiwan, and the USA.The 5th ICEEDM 2022 was held to provide an opportunity to share experiences and disseminate the latest research and development results related to earthquake engineering, which will be very useful for increasing knowledge and disaster mitigation policies. It is hoped that this conference will benefit all parties to minimize the risk of earthquake hazards in Indonesia and worldwide.The 5th ICEEDM 2022 proceeding contains papers written by academics, professionals, researchers, and students from Indonesia and Japan. Various research works related to the conference theme were presented during the conference. A total of 41 full papers accepted upon review for the proceeding publication are categorized into the following topics: A. Structural Engineering, including; Structural Earthquake Engineering, Structural Dynamics, Performance-Based Design and Evaluation, Structural Assessment and Retrofit, Seismic Devices and Applications, Non-engineered Buildings, Experimental & Numerical Modelling B. Geotechnical Engineering, including; Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Soil-Structure Interaction C. Seismological Engineering, including; Seismic Micro-zonation, Case Histories in Recent Earthquakes, D. Disaster Mitigation, including; Seismic Hazard and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation, Early Warning System, Post Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction, Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction & Management

STRESS ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERISTICS DUE TO THE SOUTH JAVA EARTHQUAKE, APRIL 10, 2021

The April 10, 2021, earthquake in the south of East Java was classified as destructive. The secondary impact of this earthquake was quite significant. Many houses collapsed, and not a few casualties. This earthquake is unique because usually, destructive earthquakes occur at shallow depths, but earthquakes with a magnitude of 6.1 are classified as medium-depth earthquakes at sea. The earthquake in the south of East Java is classified as an intraplate earthquake because it is located on the continental plate, not in the plate contact area. The question is whether the damage that occurred to the building was purely due to the magnitude of the stress released by the earthquake or whether there were other factors. This study uses seismogram data for the earthquake south of East Java on April 10, 2021, with a radius (∆) of 300-1000 recorded at MEEK, MORW, and ARMA stations in Australia. It calculates the amount of stress based on the stress drop, while the stress column determines the stress mechanism. Calculation of stress drop from the source spectrum is obtained by the deconvolution method, namely the seismogram component separation technique in the form of Source (f), Path (f), Site (f), and Instrument (f). The analysis of the observed displacement spectrum used the Nelder Mead Simplex nonlinear inversion method. Meanwhile, the Stress Columb calculation was obtained using the Columb 3.3 program from the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The result of this research is that the stress drop value is 1.69 MPa, with the type of focus mechanism being a thrust fault in the sea. The earthquake in the south of East Java was caused by rock activity in the intraplate. The value of the stress drop is more significant when compared to the subduction contact area. This area is of intraplate rock with various variations, and earthquakes are rare. This study aims to analyze the stress, both the magnitude of the stress drop and the mechanism of the column stress results, so that the stress caused by the earthquake can be known and why the earthquake in the south of East Java is destructive. The quake in Southeast Java is classified as dangerous, not because of the magnitude of the stress generated or its mechanism. The damage was due to the amplification of earthquake waves in the building. The injury occurred because most of the buildings were built on soft soil, especially in several areas in East Java, such as Lumajang, Pasuruan, Trenggalek, Probolinggo, Ponorogo, Jember, Tulunggagung, Nganjuk, Pacitan, and several urban areas, namely Blitar, Kediri, Malang, and Stone. So, there is a need for earthquake disaster mitigation, especially in densely populated areas that live on soft soil. This mitigation effort is to minimize the occurrence of casualties by building buildings according to earthquake-resistant standards and avoiding development in the regions that have the potential for amplification of earthquake waves.

Hypocenter relocation of the Mw 5.9 eastern Manggarai earthquake 2022 and its aftershocks based on BMKG seismic network

The moderate earthquake (Mw 5.9) struck eastern Manggarai and its surroundings on February 21, 2022, at 12:36:00 UTC. Although this earthquake was classified as a moderate earthquake, it produced a significant number of aftershocks. The aftershocks could be observed as the post-seismic activity, which was still well recorded until March 31, 2022. The hypocenter location of the aftershocks is updated by applying the double-difference method. The aftershock distribution is striking in west-east orientation and dipping to the south, emphasizing a geometry of faults. The strike and dip directions are consistent with the focal mechanism determined by the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG). Most aftershocks after the relocation are distributed at a depth of < 25 km; the depth of the mainshock is 21.5 km. The aftershock distribution in this study shows that the earthquake sequence propagates toward the up-dip direction. The aftershock relocation also reveals that most aftershocks are situated slightly off the main fault plane in the complex splay faults. Therefore, we conjecture that the co-seismic activity may trigger the aftershocks. In addition, this study also shows that the fault system consists of several fault segments. Our study benefits earthquake disaster mitigation, especially in mapping the segment faults of the Flores backarc thrust.

Analysis of needs for development of earthquake disaster mitigation animation videos for disabilities elementary school children

Earthquakes are frequent disasters in Indonesia. This disaster often causes many fatalities, so reducing the risk of an earthquake is necessary. Disaster risk reduction can be carried out with government programs, namely disaster risk reduction education which aims to reduce the threat of victims due to disasters. However, in implementing this program, there are deficiencies in media accessibility and learning media for elementary school children with disabilities. The purpose of this study was to describe the results of the needs analysis for the development of earthquake disaster mitigation animation videos. This research is a type of qualitative research. The data from this study were obtained from filling out a needs analysis questionnaire by 161 students and 121 teachers from 13 special schools in Klaten Regency, data analysis using interactive analysis. Based on the results of filling out the questionnaire to analyze the needs of students and teachers, it is known that students and teachers of SLB throughout Klaten Regency need an animated video on earthquake disaster mitigation to become one of the learning media. Students agree as much as 97.70%, and teachers agree as much as 99.20% to develop an animated earthquake disaster mitigation video. The development of earthquake disaster mitigation animation videos must follow the needs of students and teachers regarding material, language, presentation, and graphics.

Preparedness of the community in facing disasters like earthquakes (Case: Cisarua, Indonesia).

The study findings highlight the village community's earthquake disaster preparedness with the support of integrated spatial mapping of disaster vulnerability. The lack of awareness of the village community in earthquake disaster mitigation increases the level of disaster risk in their area.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DBSCAN METHOD FOR CLUSTER MAPPING OF EARTHQUAKE SPREAD LOCATION

West Java area is located on the Pacific Circum and Mediterranean Circum routes, this causes West Java area to be an unstable area that is characterized by many active working volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. An analysis of the grouping of earthquake data in West Java Province area is urgently needed. The purpose of this study was to classify areas based on the density of earthquake occurrence areas in West Java using Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Application with Noise (DBSCAN). The population in this study are all earthquake events occurred in 2021. While the sample used in this study is data on the location of the distribution of earthquakes in West Java Province in 2021 taken from the BMKG online data website at dataonline.bmkg.go.id. This research began with nearest-neighbor analysis to see patterns of data distribution. If the data distribution pattern is grouped, then DBSCAN analysis can be continued. The DBSCAN algorithm uses a combination of parameters, namely minimum points (MinPts) and epsilon (Eps). Cluster results are evaluated using the silhouette coefficient. Then, in this study, deeper data exploration was carried out in three ways, namely: (1) Clustering based on the highest silhouette value, (2) clustering by lowering the MinPts value, and (3) clustering based on the smallest upper limit (supremum) value of the silhouette coefficient. The data exploration here aimed to form more clusters while still considering the silhouette coefficient value limits so that there are more areas prone to earthquakes but also maintaining the validity of the results obtained. Next, determine the best cluster results by comparing the cluster results obtained. The best cluster results were obtained at Eps=10000 and MinPts=3 which formed 12 clusters with a silhouette coefficient value of 0.713, which means that the clusters have a strong structure. It is hoped that the information regarding the grouping of areas where earthquakes frequently occur can be used as a form of earthquake disaster mitigation and minimize the impact of losses due to the earthquake.

Characterization of the Structural Typologies of Buildings in the Lima Metropolitan Area

The Lima metropolitan area is in a prone earthquake zone, which is exposed to a seismic gap; this can result in Mw 8.9 megathrust earthquake in the central Peru. After the Pisco earthquake in 2007, risk management policies changed in Peru and are improving annually. Thus, more resources are destinated to assessing earthquake hazard, vulnerability, and risk in districts of the Lima metropolitan area mainly; nevertheless, they are limited to cover in detailed the whole extension of probable affected area after this potential megathrust earthquake. Data of buildings in the Lima metropolitan area were analyzed in this paper, to provide useful information in the development of rapid methodologies of identification of buildings. The Japan Peru Center for Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Mitigation (CISMID) gathered these data from 2010 to 2021 in field surveys to conduct vulnerability and risk studies; the survey of building characteristics consisted of obtain mainly the number of stories, predominant material, structural systems, type of occupancy, and state of conservation. Vulnerability and risk studies for districts of the Lima metropolitan area were conducted by considering one representative building in one block. Results showed that the predominant material in the Lima metropolitan area is masonry, used in different structural systems, such as confined masonry and other which are nonengineered structures. Also, two-story buildings are predominant in the target area, followed by one and three-stories buildings. Risk assessment for the Lima metropolitan area and the study area were conducted using the data from the characterization of structural typologies obtained in this study. Approximately, 47.72% and 58.67% of buildings presented a very high-risk level in the Lima metropolitan area and the study area, respectively, under the expected earthquake scenario due to the seismic gap in the central Peru.