Earthenware Vessels Research Articles

Making wine in earthenware vessels: a comparative approach to Roman vinification

Wine was deeply embedded in all aspects of Roman life and its role in society, culture and the economy has been much studied. Ancient Roman texts and archaeological research provide valuable insights into viticulture and the manufacture, trade and consumption of wine but little is known of the sensory nature of this prized commodity. Here, the authors offer a novel oenological approach to the study of Roman dolia through their comparison with modern Georgian qvevri and associated wine-production techniques. Far from being mundane storage vessels, dolia were precisely engineered containers whose composition, size and shape all contributed to the successful production of diverse wines with specific organoleptic characteristics.

Onggi's permeability to carbon dioxide accelerates kimchi fermentation.

Since ancient times, Korean chefs have fermented foods in an onggi, a traditional earthenware vessel. The porous structure of the onggi mimics the loose soil where lactic acid bacteria is naturally found. This permeability has been purported to facilitate the growth of lactic acid bacteria, but the details of the process remain poorly understood. In this combined experimental and theoretical study, we ferment salted napa cabbage in onggi and hermetic glassware and measure the time course of carbon dioxide concentration, which is a signature of fermentation. We present a mathematical model for carbon dioxide generation rate during fermentation using the onggi's gas permeability as a free parameter. Our model provides a good fit for the data, and we conclude that porous walls help the onggi to 'exhale' carbon dioxide, lowering internal levels to those favoured by lactic acid bacteria. The positive pressure inside the onggi and the constant outflow through its walls act as a safety valve for bacteria growth by blocking the entry of external contaminants without mechanical components. We hope this study draws attention to the work of traditional artisans and inspires energy-efficient methods for fermenting and storing food products.

The Use of the Wheel in the Production of Pithoi: Preliminary Results and Lessons Learnt from Experimental Sessions

Large earthenware storage vessels, known as pithoi, were very widespread in the Mediterranean Basin area, both in domestic and non-domestic contexts, throughout the entire Bronze Age. From a technological point of view, due to their large dimensions, the production of pithoi is very demanding and requires highly skilled and expert artisans. However, despite their large diffusion and their prominent role in resource management, pithoi have received less attention in terms of research in comparison to other types of vessels; technological studies, in particular, stand out for their relative rarity. Indeed, experimental approaches are scant, thus preventing a comprehensive understanding of the manufacturing process of pithoi. This paper presents the preliminary results of two experimental sessions dedicated to the examination of the use of the wheel in the manufacture of these large clay containers. Experimental vessels have been analysed by way of the naked eye and through X-ray analysis.

Implementasi Perda Nomor 8 Tahun 2015 Tentang UMKM Di Kabupaten Serang Dalam Pengembangan Kerajinan Gerabah Di Desa Bumi Jaya Kecamatan Ciruas

This study discusses the Implementation of Regional Regulation No. 8 of 2015 concerning SMEs in Serang Regency in the Development of Pottery Crafts in Bumi Jaya Village, Ciruas District. The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation efforts made by the Serang District Government through the Department of Cooperatives, Industry and Trade for micro pottery businesses in Desa Bumi Jaya, Ciruas District. This research uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Determination of informants in this study using purposive sampling technique. Data collection techniques are done through observation, direct interviews and documentation. Testing the validity of the data in this study was carried out by triangulating data sources and member checks associated with the theory of public policy implementation Van Metter & Van Horn, Deddy Mulyadi 2016 . Which consists of six indicators namely policy standards and targets, resources, communication between organizations and strengthening activists, implementing agent characteristics, socio-economic and political conditions, and implementor disposition. The data analysis technique uses the concept proposed by Miles and Hubberman. The results showed that the effort to implement Perda Number 8 of 2015 concerning MSMEs in Serang Regency in the Development of Pottery Crafts in Bumi Jaya Village, Ciruas District was still not optimal. This refers to the implementation efforts made by the Department of Cooperatives, Industry and Trade of Serang Regency which are still nature thorough in and are more oriented to routine government work. These conditions ultimately hindered the process of implementation for pottery artisans in Desa Bumi Jaya. The researcher recommends that the Department of Industry and Trade Cooperatives of Serang Regency to provide assistance in the form of capital for each pottery SME group in Bumi Jaya Village for the implementation of the perda, has integrity to the MSME pottery actors in Bumi Jaya Village to more intensely provide an understanding of based marketing ways e-commerce to improve better product competitiveness by making existing earthenware vessels in Bumi Jaya Village become icons or landmarks in Serang Regency that prioritize the potential of the region and provide new innovations that will increase the knowledge of the craftsmen to technology literacy

Ban Chiang, Northeast Thailand, Volume 2: Metals

These three volumes, along with the forthcoming Volume 2D, the catalogue of metal and metal-related finds, present the results of a thorough, detailed study of the metals recovered during archaeological investigations in 1974 and 1975 at the village of Ban Chiang and three smaller sites in the northern part of northeast Thailand. At a time when little was known of Southeast Asian prehistory, the finding of very elaborately painted earthenware pottery vessels, probably prehistoric, at Ban Chiang stirred the interest not only of archaeologists, but also, unfortunately, from the standpoint of scientific investigation of the past, that of looters, dealers, and collectors of antiquarian art. In order to recover a sample of these vessels in their original depositional context, the Thailand Fine Arts Department and the University of Pennsylvania undertook one of the largest excavations of a prehistoric site carried out in Southeast Asia at the time. What subsequently caused added excitement in the media and the scientific community was the recovery of artefacts of iron that appeared to date to the second millennium BCE and of copper or bronze associated with dates in the fourth millennium BCE, perhaps as early as 3600 BCE, seeming to confirm similar early dates for bronze working from the nearby site of Non Nok Tha. Such early dates suggested the possibility of an independent development of metallurgy in Southeast Asia. Because of the importance of the excavation at Ban Chiang as a milestone in Thai and Southeast Asian archaeology, the site was later placed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Late Jomon earthenware vessels from the Motonobaru site, Miyazaki City, incorporated multiple legume seeds

Late Jomon earthenware vessels from the Motonobaru site, Miyazaki City, incorporated multiple legume seeds

Late Neolithic white wares from southeastern Shandong, China: The tricks to produce a white looking pot with not much kaolin. Results from petrography, XRD and SEM-EDS analyses

Although white earthenware from early China has been a subject of interest for quite some time, there has been a need for more research about raw materials, production methods, and possible areas of production. This in-depth study uses petrography, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy to investigate Neolithic white earthenware vessels from the Rizhao region, in particular from Liangchengzhen and Dantu, two Longshan period sites (ca 2500–1900 BCE), located in southeastern Shandong province, northern China. We analyzed 98 fragments of white ware and 15 comparative clay samples from the vicinity of LCZ and other areas of Shandong. We show that to comply with the demand for white ware due to its social and cultural importance, Longshan potters used a diversity of paste recipes to produce it, even if their region did not have much kaolin. This includes levigation to get better clays and putting white-slip over non-white bodies. Production was mostly local, and we infer that it was not centralized. This work adds to our initial study of grey and black wares (ding tripods and bei cups) from the same region and brings new information on ceramic production during the Longshan period in Shandong at the local and regional levels.

A Social Life of Pots in Southern Africa

The movement of objects both within and across contexts often helps to define social relations. This article explores this notion by focusing on five specific examples of pottery production and use in the history of southern Africa, with examples ranging from early Cape colonial coarse earthenware vessels to 19th- and 20th-century pots produced in and around the central interior, and contemporary South African ceramics. By exploring the contextual production and function of such objects, as well as their formal significance and the movement of such objects across cultural and social boundaries, one can see how pottery in southern Africa maintains a central role in the formation and maintenance of cooperative and interdependent relationships.

PEMBERDAYAAN UMKM GERABAH MELALUI PEMBENTUKAN KOMUNITAS PRA-KOPERASI DI KABUPATEN PONOROGO

Problems that occur in clay craftsmen in Plancungan Village, Ngloning Village and Gombang Village, Slahung District, Ponorogo Regency include lack of capital, lack of marketing networks and low product innovation, and lack of regeneration in this business. So as to overcome these problems is done by providing training and the formation of pre-cooperatives for the craftsmen. The purpose of this service is to improve the quality of human resources and promote the existence of earthenware vessels. Community service activities are carried out by forming a pre-cooperative community in order to facilitate the availability of capital for craftsmen. In addition, there will also be some marketing training and training to increase product innovation so that it has added value and innovation that is in line with the needs of the times. Both of these trainings were carried out by marketing practitioners and from the industry department and cooperatives of Ponorogo Regency.

Lipids, funerals, gifts and feasts. Organic residue analysis on Merovingian ceramics from the Elversele burial field (Belgium)

During the excavation of a Merovingian cemetery in Elversele (Temse, Belgium), archaeologists encountered nine burials each with one earthenware vessel clearly deposited in the graves, dating to the 6th–7th century AD. Vessels as grave goods are often linked with funerary feasting in Merovingian contexts, the contents of the vessels than acting as funerary meals in gift-giving relationships. However, as the custom of depositing vessels seems to diminish throughout the 6th and 7th century, it has been suggested that such vessels in most cases functioned only symbolically and that they held no actual foodstuffs. In order to verify or debunk this hypothesis, eight of the nine vessels from Elversele were sampled for organic residue analysis. Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) was used on the archaeological samples and various organic compounds related to foodstuffs were identified. This was complemented with an archaeological assessment of the pottery. Traces of animal fats and possibly also vegetal matter have been attested and, together with the results of the archaeological assessment, form clear evidence for the deposition of foodstuffs in these graves.

ANALISIS KINERJA PEMASARAN PADA INDUSTRI OLAHAN GERABAH DI KABUPATEN TAKALAR PROVINSI SULAWESI SELATAN

The aims of the research were to anayze marketing performance of processing industry of earthenware vessels and to find out whether product,business,and theeffectiveness of distribution channel strategies have influence on the increase ofmarketing performance.The populations were the owners of processing businessof earthenware vessels in Pattalassang district of takalar Regency consisting120industries.The sample consisted of 57 industries selected using simple randomsampling method based on Rao formulae.The data were obtained in two step,i.e.library study and questionnaire.The measurement of variables used LIKERTScale which indicated the level of respondents agreement with a score raging from1 to 5 (really agre,agree,quite agree,not agree,really not agree).The datewereanalyzed using multiple linear regression analysis.The results of inferentialanalysis indicate that the variables of product(X1),business(X2),and theeffectiveness of distribution channel(X3) strategies have positive and significantinfluence on marketing performance either simultaneously or partially.Theobtained regression equation is y =1.115 + 0.525x1 +0.237x2 + 0.025x3.

PERMASALAHAN INDUSTRI KECIL PASCAGEMPA BUMI: SURVEI PADA BEBERAPA INDUSTRI DI KABUPATEN KLATEN, JAWA TENGAH

The purpose of this research is to recognize and analyze the problems that small industries face due to the earthquake disaster in Klaten Region, Central Java. The problems include damages, entrepreneurs/craftsmen’s anxieties, and entrepreneurs/craftsmen’s’ urgent needs. Data is compiled by field survey and in-depth interview. Small industries that were surveyed were readymade wear industry, earthenware vessels and ceramics industry, furniture industry, woven cloth industry, and roof-tiles industry. Datas are analyzed with descriptive analysis method. The resultof the survey is that damages occurred especially on buildings, production tools/equipments, and market potency. The entrepreneurs/craftsmen’s anxieties are the loss/decrease of customers, the disturbance of production and distribution process, lack of ability to afford the financial obligations, and have to lay off the employees. And third; the urgent needs are building repair, tool/equipment repair, and additional business capital. Finally, this research talks about time of business recovery estimation.Keywords: business problems, small industry, post-earthquake, Klaten Region

Terracotta Army: Legacy of the First Emperor of China by Jian Li, and Hou-mei Sung

Reviewed by: Terracotta Army: Legacy of the First Emperor of China by Jian Li, and Hou-mei Sung Lisa C. Niziolek (bio) Jian Li, and Hou-mei Sung, with contributions by Weixing Zhang and William Neer. Terracotta Army: Legacy of the First Emperor of China. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017. xvii, 132 pp. Hardcover $45.00, isbn 978-03-00-23056-7. Terracotta Army: Legacy of the First Emperor of China is the catalog for the exhibition of the same name that was co-organized by Virginia Museum of Fine Arts (VFMA) (November 18, 2017–March 11, 2018) and Cincinnati Art Museum (CAM) (April 20–August 12, 2018). The catalog includes photographs of the 120 artifacts or artifact groups drawn from fourteen museums and research institutions in Shaanxi Province, China. Most of the materials come from tomb contexts dated to the Zhou (1046–256 b.c.) and Qin (221–206 b.c.) dynasties—forty pieces have never been displayed before in the United States. As to be expected, though, the ten life-size terracotta figures from the mausoleum site of Qin Shihuang, China's First Emperor, are the highlights. Director of the Shaanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau Zhao Rong states that the goal of the exhibition was to introduce readers to "the daily life of the Qin people and the visual culture of the empire over two thousand years ago" (p. viii). Although scholars will enjoy this catalog for its imagery, illustrations, and updated information, it is ideal for general audiences interested in China's early history. For individuals who had the opportunity to view the exhibition in person, the book is a reminder of the experience and a way for them to delve more deeply into some of the show's content. Nothing can replace seeing artifacts in person, but for those who could not visit either venue, the catalog provides a reference of materials and new insights into archaeological work being done at the First Emperor's mausoleum site and in Shaanxi Province more broadly. A detailed timeline helps readers keep track of chronology and several simple but informative maps help them to locate places of interest and track shifting political landscapes. A number of illustrations deepen readers' understanding of how some of the artifacts might have functioned in ancient times. For example, a line drawing of a four-horse chariot enables readers to [End Page 287] see the placement of various artifacts, including bells, horse ornaments, and chariot fittings (p. 11). Like the exhibition, the catalog is divided into three main sections. The first section focuses on young king Ying Zheng's rise to power and his development into the self-proclaimed First Emperor of Qin, Qin Shihuang. The First Emperor's accomplishments are many but the greatest was the unification of China's warring states into a single empire. Readers learn about the importance of the Qin military, the role of horses and chariots in Qin society, and the strategies the First Emperor and his administrators employed to consolidate political power, including the standardization of writing using small seal script, of weights and measures, and of currency. In the second section, the majority of artifacts discussed date to the Spring and Autumn (770–476 b.c.) and Warring States (475–221 b.c.) periods of the Eastern Zhou dynasty (770–256 b.c.). Humble earthenware vessels from commoners' graves are contrasted with musical instruments and gold pieces from tombs of Qin elite and royalty. Architectural elements, including an ornate bronze beam cladding (p. 62) and earthenware roof-tile ends (pp. 63–67), provide insight into the structure and grandeur of Qin palaces and mausoleums. Importantly, in this section the authors highlight the interactions the Qin state had with neighboring nomadic societies, primarily the Western Rong and Northern Di. Through an impressive selection of artifacts, including a bronze chain and plaques with dynamic portrayals of animals in combat (pp. 58–59), readers see the influence that neighboring cultures had on Qin technology and design. In section 2, the authors also supply readers with an account of the movement of the Qin capital over time as well as highlights from various archaeological sites in the region. The...

Microbiological Quality of Water Stored in Copper, Earthenware and Stainless Steel Vessels

A study was conducted to compare the effect of storage of water in copper, earthenware and stainless steel vessels on coliform count and aerobic plate count. Water samples contaminated with animal excreta was collected from farms and aerobic plate count and coliform count was estimated. The samples were then stored in copper, earthenware and stainless steel vessels for ten days at room temperature and the counts were taken on third, sixth and tenth days. Initial mean aerobic plate count of sample was 9.18±0.38 log10 cfu/ml, which came down to 4.99±0.12 log10 cfu/ml, 5.87±0.47 log10 cfu/ml and 5.21±0.42 log10 cfu/ml respectively, in copper, earthenware and stainless steel vessels on third day of storage. By tenth day of storage of water, copper vessel could eliminate 83 per cent of aerobic bacteria, earthenware vessel could eliminate 77 per cent of aerobic bacteria and stainless steel vessel could eliminate only 70 per cent of aerobic bacteria. Coliforms were completely eliminated from copper vessel by third day of storage. Whereas, earthenware vessel retained 66 percent of initial coliforms on third day of storage, and it took seven to ten days for complete removal of coliforms from earthenware vessel. Stainless steel vessel retained 23.5 per cent of initial coliforms on tenth day of storage. It could be concluded that use of copper vessels for storing drinking water in households is an effective water purification method.

Μαρτυρίες ιστορικών πηγών και αρχαιολογικών ευρημάτων για μια μορφή "βιολογικού" πολέμου με τη χρήση των μελισσών στο Βυζάντιο

Normal 0 false false false EL X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Κανονικός πίνακας"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} EVIDENCE FROM WRITTEN SOURCES AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDS FOR A TYPE OF “BIOLOGICAL WAR” USING BEES IN BYZANTIUM The use of animals as a military weapon, particularly the sting of bees, doesn’t consist an invention of the Middle Ages. It is traced as early as the biblical times. First references are recorded during the Roman campaigns in the region of Pontus , while the lethal biological weapon of bees was further developed as a method of defense and attack mainly in the West, and especially during the Crusaders’ sieges. In all probability, Byzantium employed biological weapons, including bees,following roman practices. Literary sources from Patristic to historiographical texts and Saints’ Lives refer to the effect of smoke on bees, in a parabolic manner, and recognize the bees’ sting as a devious device against real enemies (e.g.barbarians) and invisible opponents (demons). Byzantine writers applauded the use of such insidious methods of warfare, on the other hand, the admiration of a victory, based on vigour and bravery was highly appreciated. Archaeological finds which could shed more light to this practice are scarce but indicative. Cylindrical earthenware vessels were the most common type of early Byzantine beehives, identified by the shallow incisions in the inner surface of the walls. Four intact samples of this type of pottery were found inside a tower of the Hexamilion Fortress at Isthmia (6 th century), one of the most important military complexes of Justinian period. The unexpected location and the specific artifact types suggest alternative interpretations for their use, among them their possible military use. This paradox aspect of biological war did not die out, instead it inspired much more elaborated, devious methods of warfere in the aftermath of the Middle Ages.

Investigations into the Elemental Composition of Earthenware Vessels from the Guthe Collection using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis

This study undertakes an elemental compositional analysis of Philippine earthenware vessels from the Guthe collection using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). Unlike foreign trade ceramics, earthenware vessels were locally produced goods but which also played a part in the development of Philippine chiefdoms as an item traded between inland and coastal groups. Thus, the detection of compositional groups within earthenware vessels may help identify patterns of production and exchange. It is also hoped that the results from this pilot study can contribute to the future development of an elemental database for earthenware vessels.

On some experiments of heat transfer On some experiments of heat transfer

This note describes the results of some experiments on the heat transfer, in an earthenware vessel, used for storing and cooling water in the summer season, and depending for its cooling effect on the evaporative loss. This vessel makes a good approach to a human body; all covered with sweat, and lends itself to an alternative method of measurement of the parameters, in the basic equation of the heat balance of the human body. The results obtained are comparable to those of Brunt, got by observations on human beings.

Cerâmicas, identidades escravas e crioulização nos engenhos de Chapada dos Guimarães (MT)

This paper discusses the ways in which slave groups in the plantations of Chapada dos Guimarães, state of Mato Grosso, used low-fired earthenware vessels to affirm discrete identities. The analysis explores the dimensions of variation in these pieces taking into account the fluctuations in the origin of slaves between 1790 and 1888. The correlations observed suggest that: (a) low-fired earthenware decorated vessels were used to express different identities among African slaves; (b) some widespread meanings related to the symbolism of pottery common in sub-Saharan African cosmology were reproduced in Chapada; and (c) the level of significance that African slaves ascribed to these items was not maintained by African-Brazilian slaves. These evidences suggest that the process of creolization in this region was generational, as it was consolidated only when an African-Brazilian population culturally more homogeneous than the African became demographically dominant. The article then discusses the distribution of pottery and other categories of artifacts in the plantations as a strategy through which the slaves symbolically reappropriated these spaces according to their own perceptions, impregnating them with memories and representations of African origin. Key words: slaves material culture, African identities, creolization.

Frugalité et banquet offert au peuple à l'occasion de funérailles : la vaisselle de terre et les peaux de bouc de Quintus Aelius Tubéron

Quintus Aelius Tubero, appointed to provided the furniture and tableware for the public funeral banquet in honour of his uncle, Scipio Aemilianus, in 129 BC, ostentatiously rejected the opulence of such celebrations of his day and opted instead for simple earthenware vessels and couches made of planks covered with skins. According to Cicero and Valerius Maximus, this act caused him to lose the election for the praetorship : members of the elite were expected to give to the people and prove their magnificence in accord with their standing (dignitas). It is very probable, however, that tense political context of the period, passed over in silence by the sources, may have played a part in the scandal. The people mourned the assassination of Tiberius Gracchus in 133 BC and feared for the future of his measures. The innovations of Tubero may have provided a pretext for an outpouring of resentment felt toward Scipio Aemilianus and his nephew, who were openly hostile to Tiberius. Tubero, for his part, inspired to frugality by his upbringing and stoic convictions, may have sought to show ostentatiously that he possessed the same qualities as his illustrious father and that he was likewise fit to exercise power.

The Production and Consumption of Islamic Ceramics in Lisbon

This paper presents the findings a recent program of archaeological study, carried out in Lisbon, of two excavated ceramic kilns dating to the Islamic period. The aims of this program, entitled “Pottery Production in Lisbon in the Islamic Period” or POILIX project, were to further understanding of the production of ceramics in Lisbon, based on a typological, formal, technological and archaeometric analyses of remains from these kiln sites. The project also sought to assess the importance of these manufacturing sites within the context of ceramic production and consumption in Lisbon and its surrounding area. In relation to the study of the individual kilns, it was concluded that they produced primarily earthenware ceramic vessels for domestic use, namely common ware ceramics but also vessels decorated with white paint or glaze. In terms of the wider context, the POILIX project concluded that Islamic Lisbon had diverse patterns of ceramic consumption, as noted elsewhere in Mediterranean Muslim contexts. These patterns incorporated the use of locally or regionally produced vessels, decorated with red paint or with partial cuerda seca techniques, as well as the consumption of imported artefacts, such as those decorated with green glaze and manganese and those with partial or total cuerda seca designs.