Earth Orbit Satellite Communication Research Articles

Multi-round decentralized dataset distillation with federated learning for Low Earth Orbit satellite communication

Satellite communication and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites are important components of the 6G network, widely used for Earth observation tasks due to their low cost and short return period, making them a key technology for 6G network connectivity. Due to limitations in satellite system technology and downlink bandwidth, it is not feasible to download all high-resolution image information to ground stations. Even in existing federated learning (FL) methods, sharing well-trained parts of the model can still bottleneck with increasing model size. To address these challenges, we propose a new federated learning framework (FL-M3D) for LEO satellite communication that employs multi-round decentralized dataset distillation techniques. It allows satellites to independently extract local datasets and transmit them to ground stations instead of exchanging model parameters. Communication costs depend only on the size of the synthesized dataset and do not increase with larger models. However, the heterogeneity of satellite datasets can lead to sample ambiguity and decreased model convergence speed. Therefore, we propose distilling the datasets to mitigate the negative effects of data heterogeneity. Through experiments using real-world image datasets, FL-M3D reduces communication volume in simulated satellite networks by approximately 49.84% and achieves improved model performance.

Smart Transfer Planer with Multiple Antenna Arrays to Enhance Low Earth Orbit Satellite Communication Ground Links

In this study, we propose a smart transfer planer equipped with multiple antenna arrays to improve ground links for low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication. The STP features a symmetrical structure and is strategically placed on both ends of a window, serving both indoor and outdoor environments. Using the window glass as a medium, energy transmission occurs through a coupling mechanism between the planers. The design focuses on large array antenna design, beamforming networks, and coupler design on both sides of the glass. Beamforming networks enable the indoor and outdoor antenna arrays to switch beams in various directions, optimizing high-gain antennas with narrow beamwidths. Through electromagnetic induction and filter couplers, a robust signal transmission channel is established between indoor and outdoor environments. This setup significantly enhances communication efficiency, particularly in non-line-of-sight environments.

Multiple Nodes Co-Carrier Cooperative Transmission in LEO Communication Networks: Developing the Diversity Gain of Satellites.

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication (SATCOM) networks have gradually been recognized as an efficient solution to enhance ground-based wireless networks. As one of the main characteristics of LEO SATCOM, the beam-edge area could be covered by multiple satellite nodes. In this case, user terminals (UTs) located at the beam-edge have the chance to connect one or more LEO satellites. To develop the diversity gain of multiple nodes in the overlapping area, we propose two high spectral efficiency cooperative transmission strategies, i.e., directly combining (DC) and selection combining (SC). In the DC scheme, signals arrived at the UT simultaneously could be combined into one enhanced signal. For downlink time division multiplexing, the SC scheme enables the UT to select the strongest signal path. Further, as there exists a significant channel gain difference of the beam-center and beam-edge areas, UTs in these two areas can be allocated in one resource block. In this case, we derive co-carriers based on DC and SC, respectively. To deeply analyze the novel methods, we study the ergodic sum-rate and outage probability while the outage diversity gain is further provided. Simulation results show that the co-carrier-based DC method has the ability to provide a higher ergodic sum-rate while the SC method performs better in terms of the outage probability.

Low-complexity GFDM transmission scheme for low earth orbit satellite communications

As a promising multi-carrier modulation scheme, Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) has certain advantages in low earth orbit satellite communications. However, the cost of GFDM to obtain these advantages is the self-interference caused by non-orthogonality and the increase of computational complexity. This paper proposes two low-complexity transceiver schemes for GFDM based on matrix sparsity. Firstly, the paper summarizes two GFDM modulation structures, referred to as structure types I and II, based on modulation data. Next, the modulation matrix in both structures is divided into sub-matrices, and the modulation sub-matrix is made sparse by leveraging the properties of the Fourier transform, so as to reduce the complexity of the transmitter. Similarly, by performing sparse processing on the received matrix and converting it into a block diagonal matrix form, the complexity of the receiver can be effectively reduced. The computational costs of our proposed schemes are analyzed in detail and compared with the existing solutions that are known to have the lowest complexity. The simulation results demonstrate that the two proposed schemes can provide satisfactory low-complexity performance depending on the time–frequency structure.

Performance analysis of multi-hop low earth orbit satellite network over mixed RF/FSO links

Low earth orbit satellite (LEOS) communication has emerged as a promising technology to achieve global coverage, while further reducing the end-to-end latency by establishing communication link between LEOSs. In this paper, we analyze the performance of multi-hop LEOS network in terms of bit error rate (BER) and outage probability over mixed radio frequency (RF)/free space optical (FSO) links where RF link is used for the link between ground terminal and LEOS and FSO link is used for establishing inter-satellite links (ISLs). The derived closed-form results are confirmed via Monte Carlo simulations and we show the effect of the number of satellite hops on outage probability and average BER performance by comparing scenarios both with and without ISLs.

Cloud-edge collaborative computing offloading and resource allocation optimization in LEO satellite network

Satellite edge computing can provide communication and computing services to areas lacking ground network coverage, enhancing the computational capabilities of terrestrial users. However, due to the relatively limited computational resources available on satellites, cloud-edge collaborative computing in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite communication scenarios emerges as a more optimal solution. In this paper, a cloud-edge collaborative offloading algorithm based on Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm is proposed to solve the offloading decision and resource allocation problems. The optimization problem is modeled as Markov decision process, and the comprehensive delay and energy consumption cost of computing tasks completed by ground users are optimized. Simulation results validate that the proposed algorithm has good convergence properties and lower comprehensive cost than processing all tasks locally and offloading all tasks to LEO satellites.

OTFS Enabled LEO Satellite Communications: A Promising Solution to Severe Doppler Effects

With the advantages of low cost and flexible deployment, low earth orbit satellite (LEO-Sat) communications have received widespread attentions, such as providing global wireless access with enhanced data rates in future 6G networks. However, due to the feature of high-mobility, LEO-Sat communications are facing severe Doppler effects, which heavily degrades the link reliability. The existing approaches for coping with Doppler effects, such as phase locked loop, mainly carry out the prediction and compensation for Doppler frequency shifts, which demands high implementation complexity, as well as accurate channel estimation. Against this background, this article portrays a new paradigm of reliable LEO-Sat communications with the aid of orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) modulation scheme, which can average out the channel dynamics through modulating information in the delay-Doppler (DD) domain, thereby overcoming severe Doppler effects. In particular, we start with studying the Doppler effect characteristics of LEO-Sat communications, which serves as the motivations of using OTFS. Then, we conceive a case study to show the feasibility of OTFS enabled LEO-Sat communication by evaluating the reliability performance. Finally, we discuss a range of promising research opportunities and potential challenges.

A NavCom Signal Authentication Scheme Based on Twice Two-Way Satellite Time Transfer

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite communication systems typically achieve identity authentication through the encryption and decryption of two-way information, which requires complex key management systems. In contrast, the integration of navigation and communication (NavCom) signals provides novel opportunities for physical observation and authentication solutions due to its measurement functions. This paper introduces a novel signal authentication scheme based on twice two-way satellite time transfer (TWSTT) for LEO satellite systems. It leverages the non-mutated nature of the clock difference to ascertain the legitimacy of the signal by measuring the clock difference of signals at different instances. Unlike traditional authentication methods, this approach directly exploits the temporal and spatial characteristics of the signal, negating the necessity for intricate authorization key systems. Additionally, it adeptly tackles the challenges posed by spoofing interference. The performance analysis indicates that this scheme can achieve a high detection probability for the repeater spoofing signal in the low carrier-to-noise ratio conditions.

Rate Splitting Multiple Access for Next Generation Cognitive Radio Enabled LEO Satellite Networks

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite communication (SatCom) has drawn particular attention recently due to its high data rate services and low round-trip latency. It has low launching and manufacturing costs than Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) and Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites. Moreover, LEO SatCom has the potential to provide global coverage with a high-speed data rate and low transmission latency. However, the spectrum scarcity might be one of the challenges in the growth of LEO satellites, impacting severe restrictions on developing ground-space integrated networks. To address this issue, cognitive radio and rate splitting multiple access (RSMA) are the two emerging technologies for high spectral efficiency and massive connectivity. This paper proposes a cognitive radio enabled LEO SatCom using RSMA radio access technique with the coexistence of GEO SatCom network. In particular, this work aims to maximize the sum rate of LEO SatCom by simultaneously optimizing the power budget over different beams, RSMA power allocation for users over each beam, and subcarrier user assignment while restricting the interference temperature to GEO SatCom. The problem of sum rate maximization is formulated as non-convex, where the global optimal solution is challenging to obtain. Thus, an efficient solution can be obtained in three steps: first we employ a successive convex approximation technique to reduce the complexity and make the problem more tractable. Second, for any given resource block user assignment, we adopt KarushKuhnTucker (KKT) conditions to calculate the transmit power over different beams and RSMA power allocation of users over each beam. Third, using the allocated power, we design an efficient algorithm based on the greedy approach for resource block user assignment. For comparison, we propose two suboptimal schemes with fixed power allocation over different beams and random resource block user assignment as the benchmark. Numerical results provided in this work are obtained based on the Monte Carlo simulations, which demonstrate the benefits of the proposed optimization scheme compared to the benchmark schemes.

A high‐efficiency frequency synchronization scheme for low Earth orbit satellite communications based on dynamic game theory

SummaryThe rapid development of satellite internet networks has given rise to a new vision for the sixth generation of networking technology. However, the Doppler effect is relatively serious in satellite internet networks because a satellite moves quickly relative to a ground terminal. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study intelligent and dynamic synchronization methods to solve the problem of the rapidly changing Doppler frequency offset. Traditional methods do not consider the impact of spatial changes and typically focus on enhancing the estimation range or accuracy. We analyze various scenarios under phased array beam hopping and establish constraints between the terminal location, satellite ephemeris, subsatellite point track, elevation angle, and carrier frequency offset. We introduce dynamic game theory into frequency synchronization to optimize multiple Doppler estimation performance under rapidly changing channel conditions. We take the combination of carrier frequency offset estimation algorithm strategies at the current moment as the game entity. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve an estimation accuracy of 100 Hz and an estimation range of ±800 kHz. During the onboard test, the probability of achieving complete synchronization (when the synchronization success rate is 1) is 0.65, which is much higher than the 0.15 of the single method.

Ka-band flat panel circularly polarized antenna array for LEO satellite communication systems

In this paper, a high gain circularly-polarized antenna array with a flat panel structure for low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication systems is proposed. This new CP structure can efficiently achieve high directivity and can easily be integrated with beamforming ICs (BFIC) when designing an antenna module, resulting in a good candidate for Ka-band satellite communications. Furthermore, the proposed FPAA can easily be extended to a larger scale array from a base unit in a 2 × 2 sub-array structure. Each sub-array is configured by four high-gain planar segmented antenna (PSA) elements with a sequentially rotating arrangement, where a single 4-channel BFIC can drive CP radiation. Unlike previously reported PSA elements that have limited CP performance, the proposed PSA-CP configuration adopts additional conductors and ground-via structures to further improve the CP gain, axial-ratio (AR), and cross-polarization (XPD) characteristics. To verify the performance of the proposed PSA-CP, a 2 × 2 left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) sub-array was fabricated at 28 GHz and tested with a BFIC. The measured 10-dB impedance and 3-dB AR bandwidths of the proposed 2 × 2 array were 13.92% and 12.5%, respectively. In addition, the measured peak gain was 15.2 dBic at 28.5 GHz with an XPD level of less than 15 dB.

Hybrid Multibeamforming Receiver With High-Precision Beam Steering for Low Earth Orbit Satellite Communication

A hybrid multibeamforming receiver for low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication in the Ku-band is designed and tested. The proposed receiver is implemented with eight channels to enable multibeam control. The proposed receiver, including both analog and digital beamforming structures, is capable of multibeam reception using both analog and digital beamforming techniques simultaneously or selectively. Analog beamforming is implemented by employing a local oscillator phase shifter using direct digital synthesis and phase-locked loop (PLL) structures. In digital beamforming, a software-defined radio can control the phase of the signal in the digital baseband. The multibeam received using the proposed hybrid multibeamforming receiver was measured at 11.7 GHz and 12.7 GHz in an anechoic chamber. The phase-control resolutions of analog and digital beamforming were 0.022° and 0.72°, respectively. Analog beam-switching speed is slower than digital beamforming because it depends on the settling time of the PLL circuit, but it has a high phase-control resolution. Therefore, by using analog and digital beamforming when precise beam tilting and fast beam switching are required, respectively, the proposed hybrid multibeamforming is shown to be suitable in accordance with the communication situation.

Two-Step Random Access Optimization for 5G-and-Beyond LEO Satellite Communication System: A TD3-Based MsgA Channel Allocation Strategy

For 2-step random access of 5G-and-beyond low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication system, the large coverage of satellite causes the serious collisions on MsgA channel which reduce the access success probability seriously, and introduces the problem of high dimensionality. To maximize the access success probability of the system, we propose a dynamic MsgA channel allocation (MCA) strategy. The strategy is realized by flexibly pre-configuring the channels mapping relationship on MsgA via the perception of historical access information. To mitigate the curse of dimensionality for the large action space, we establish an improved twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (TD3) based deep reinforcement learning (DRL) model for the strategy. Simulation result shows that the proposed strategy can increase the access success probability of the system by 39.12%.

Low‐complexity user scheduling for LEO satellite communications

AbstractWith the increasing number of user terminals (UTs), the interference among UTs might significantly decrease the throughput of the low earth orbit satellite communication system. In this paper, the user scheduling method is investigated to suppress user interference. Specifically, leveraging the strong spatial directivity of satellite channels, a low‐complexity angle‐based orthogonal user selection (AOUS) algorithm is proposed, which selects UTs with nearly orthogonal channels via angle information of UTs. A rate‐based proportionally fair (PF)‐AOUS algorithm is further proposed to ensure fairness among UTs, which combines the AOUS with the PF criterion. To reduce complexity, an improved angle‐based PF‐AOUS algorithm that schedules UTs according to their pitch angles rather than their rates is proposed. In addition, efficient precoding schemes for orthogonal UTs are designed by combining the steering vector and power allocation matrix, and it is shown that precoding can be converted into power allocation problems that further balance fairness and throughput. The numerical results indicate that the AOUS achieves a near‐optimal sum rate performance, and the angle‐based PF‐AOUS has the similar performance to the rate‐based PF‐AOUS, which achieves a high fairness index with the proposed precoding scheme.

Efficient Resource Allocation for Beam-Hopping-Based Multi-Satellite Communication Systems

With the rapid growth of data traffic, low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication networks have gradually ushered in a new trend of development due to its advantages of low latency, wide coverage, and high capacity. However, as a result of the limited on-board resources and rapidly changing traffic demand, it is increasingly urgent to design an efficient resource-allocation scheme to satisfy the traffic demand. In this paper, we propose two resource allocation algorithms in the multi-satellite system based on beam-hopping technology. In the offline case, it is assumed that the channel gains in all time-slots are known in advance, and we propose a heuristic algorithm to allocate time and frequency resources, and a successive convex approximation (SCA) algorithm to allocate power resources. In the online case, it is assumed that only the instant channel gains information is known; therefore, we apply the dynamic programming (DP) algorithm to maximize the system throughput. The simulation results prove that the proposed resource-allocation algorithms based on beam-hopping technology have better performance than the traditional average allocation method, and the online algorithm has acceptable performance loss compared with the offline algorithm.

Low Earth Orbit Satellite Communications for Internet-of-Things Applications

Internet of Things (IoT) is a new direction for future internet, where anything embedded with sensors, software, and transceiver can access the Internet. The applications of IoT technology include home automation, smart city, smart grid, smart industry, E-health, environmental monitoring, and geologic disaster forecasting, to name a few. As the demand for high data rate increases due to the huge number of IoT devices, the so-called Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) have emerged. These LPWAN are designed to cover wide terrestrial areas. Nevertheless, in open areas such deserts, forests and coastal waters of seas, rivers and oceans, there are cost and practical limitation in constructing LPWAN. Therefore, to enable LPWAN in such remote areas, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite communications for IoT have recently attracted considerable interest from researchers. Among the open research issues are interference mitigation, Doppler spread estimation, LEO satellite constellation structure, efficient spectrum allocation, and access and routing protocols. In particular, as the satellite IoT system shares the same frequency band with the existing terrestrial IoT networks and other wireless systems, this results in multiple access interference issue. In addition, the high speed motion of LEO satellites induce a Doppler shift, resulting in inter-carrier interference problem.

Low Earth Orbit Satellite Communications for Internet-of-Things Applications

Internet of Things (IoT) is a new direction for future internet, where anything embedded with sensors, software, and transceiver can access the Internet. The applications of IoT technology include home automation, smart city, smart grid, smart industry, E-health, environmental monitoring, and geologic disaster forecasting, to name a few. As the demand for high data rate increases due to the huge number of IoT devices, the so-called Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) have emerged. These LPWAN are designed to cover wide terrestrial areas. Nevertheless, in open areas such deserts, forests and coastal waters of seas, rivers and oceans, there are cost and practical limitation in constructing LPWAN. Therefore, to enable LPWAN in such remote areas, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite communications for IoT have recently attracted considerable interest from researchers. Among the open research issues are interference mitigation, Doppler spread estimation, LEO satellite constellation structure, efficient spectrum allocation, and access and routing protocols. In particular, as the satellite IoT system shares the same frequency band with the existing terrestrial IoT networks and other wireless systems, this results in multiple access interference issue. In addition, the high speed motion of LEO satellites induce a Doppler shift, resulting in inter-carrier interference problem.

Low Earth Orbit Satellite Communications for Internet-of-Things Applications

Internet of Things (IoT) is a new direction for future internet, where anything embedded with sensors, software, and transceiver can access the Internet. The applications of IoT technology include home automation, smart city, smart grid, smart industry, E-health, environmental monitoring, and geologic disaster forecasting, to name a few. As the demand for high data rate increases due to the huge number of IoT devices, the so-called Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) have emerged. These LPWAN are designed to cover wide terrestrial areas. Nevertheless, in open areas such deserts, forests and coastal waters of seas, rivers and oceans, there are cost and practical limitation in constructing LPWAN. Therefore, to enable LPWAN in such remote areas, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite communications for IoT have recently attracted considerable interest from researchers. Among the open research issues are interference mitigation, Doppler spread estimation, LEO satellite constellation structure, efficient spectrum allocation, and access and routing protocols. In particular, as the satellite IoT system shares the same frequency band with the existing terrestrial IoT networks and other wireless systems, this results in multiple access interference issue. In addition, the high speed motion of LEO satellites induce a Doppler shift, resulting in inter-carrier interference problem.

저궤도위성통신 중심의 군 통합네트워크 운영개념과 운영효과도 분석

In this study, an operational concept for an integrated military network required by the Korean military for future battlefield environments is proposed. It is centered on low Earth orbit(LEO) satellite communication. The proposed operational concept is to integrate the existing geostationary satellite network and terrestrial network into the LEO satellite network, with a focus on the latter. A simulation of network traffic considering future operational environments is performed to analyze the operational effectiveness of the proposed integrated military network. Results confirmed that the integrated network is more effective in terms of network traffic than when operating the existing terrestrial network and LEO satellite network as separate networks.

Resource Allocation for Cognitive LEO Satellite Systems: Facilitating IoT Communications.

Due to the characteristics of global coverage, on-demand access, and large capacity, the low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication (SatCom) has become one promising technology to support the Internet-of-Things (IoT). However, due to the scarcity of satellite spectrum and the high cost of designing satellites, it is difficult to launch a dedicated satellite for IoT communications. To facilitate IoT communications over LEO SatCom, in this paper, we propose the cognitive LEO satellite system, where the IoT users act as the secondary user to access the legacy LEO satellites and cognitively use the spectrum of the legacy LEO users. Due to the flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA) in multiple access and the wide use of CDMA in LEO SatCom, we apply CDMA to support cognitive satellite IoT communications. For the cognitive LEO satellite system, we are interested in the achievable rate analysis and resource allocation. Specifically, considering the randomness of spreading codes, we use the random matrix theory to analyze the asymptotic signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios (SINRs) and accordingly obtain the achievable rates for both legacy and IoT systems. The power of the legacy and IoT transmissions at the receiver are jointly allocated to maximize the sum rate of the IoT transmission subject to the legacy satellite system performance requirement and the maximum received power constraints. We prove that the sum rate of the IoT users is quasi-concave over the satellite terminal receive power, based on which the optimal receive powers for these two systems are derived. Finally, the resource allocation scheme proposed in this paper has been verified by extensive simulations.