Earth Elements In Geological Samples Research Articles

The Use of Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for the Quantification of Rare Earth Elements in Geological Samples: A Basic Tutorial

The Use of Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for the Quantification of Rare Earth Elements in Geological Samples: A Basic Tutorial

Separation of Rare Earth Elements In Geological Samples with High Concentrations of Barium Using RE Resin

Separation of Rare Earth Elements In Geological Samples with High Concentrations of Barium Using RE Resin

Determination of Ore Contents of Rare Earth Elements in Geological Samples by Atomic Emission Spectrometry with Arc Two-Jet Plasmatron

The paper presents the results of determination of the ore contents of rare earth elements (REE) in geological samples by atomic emission spectrometry with arc two-jet plasmatron, which allows to analyze solid-phase samples asa fine powders. We studied a niobium-rare earth ore sampled at the Buranniy site of the Tomtor deposit (Arctic Siberia, Russia). The results for all REEs, except for Tb, Yb and Lu, are consistent with the ICP-MS data. It is shown that the use of several analytical lines at the same time in the determination of REE significantly increases the determination accuracy and reliability of the results

Study of Ultrasonic and Pneumatic Nebulizers for ICP-MS Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Geological Samples

Study of Ultrasonic and Pneumatic Nebulizers for ICP-MS Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Geological Samples

On-Line Standard Addition Technique for the Determination of Elements in the Samples with High Dissolved Solids by ICP-OES: Application to Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Geological Samples

A simple and rapid on-line standard addition method for analysis of samples with high dissolved solids by ICP-OES is reported. The method involves on-line addition of standard solutions to the sample using a T-piece, prior to the sample introduction system. The standard addition method is commonly used in the analysis of samples with complex matrices. However, the conventional standard addition method is a tedious and time-consuming process. Therefore, in this study, on-line standard addition technique was offered to significantly decrease the analysis time and increase the simplicity of the standard addition method. The performance of the proposed method was tested by determination of rare earth elements in geological samples. This method showed a high level of accuracy in comparison with external calibration and internal standard addition methods.

Sample Preparation for Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Geological Samples by ICP-MS: A Critical Review

The presence of rare earth elements (REE) in geological materials provides important information about the formation and the geochemical processes that rocks undergo. Therefore, there is a constant necessity for accurate data and reliable and fast analytical methods. However, the low concentrations of these elements typically found in rocks require quantification by sufficiently sensitive techniques, such as Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The preparation of these samples to the introduction in ICP-MS is a critical part of the process. Traditional wet dissolution methods, such as acid digestion or alkaline fusion followed by dissolution are mostly employed. The acid digestion requires a mixture of strong acids due to the presence of low soluble constituents common in rock samples, such as silicates or clays. The alkaline fusion is fast and efficient, but the dissolution of the melted material results in solutions with a high amount of total dissolved solids (TDS), which can be a problem due to the possibility of deposition in parts of the ICP-MS. Other instrumental approaches have been spread rapidly, as the coupling of a laser ablation accessory or an electrothermal vaporizer to the ICP-MS, as they can allow the direct sample introduction, or at least with minimum preparation. This paper presents a review of sample preparation methods, aimed at the quantification of rare earth elements by ICP-MS and focusing on works published in the last decade.

Applicability of Capillary Electrophoresis to the Analysis of Trace Rare Earth Elements in Geological Samples

This study developed a methodology to analyze trace rare earth elements (REEs) in geological materials by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Changed from dilute HNO3 into a water medium by heating, REE ions are detectable at approximately 2 ng mL(-1). In the presence of coexisting elements from geological samples, REE separations were carried out. After sample fusion with Na2O2 and interference separation with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate chelate, REE analytes were coprecipitated with Mg(OH)2 at pH 8.5, and then prepared into a water medium for CE determination. Using the standard addition method, this protocol was validated by analyses with better than 5% precision. This method was applied to geological materials; the REE results are in consistence with their certified values. With electrokinetic injection, internal standard (IS) selected among lanthanides is a prerequisite of high-quality REE data. An approach was proposed to derive the IS content for further correcting its contribution from unknown samples.

Determination of rare earth elements in geological samples by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry with flow injection liquid-liquid extraction.

A direct sampling with organic solvent extracts for simultaneous multi-element determination implemented with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) associated with a flow injection liquid-liquid extraction (FI-LLE) sample preconcentration method was studied. The "robustness" of the plasma discharge with tributyl phosphate (TBP) loading was diagnosed by using the Mg II 279.55 nm and Mg I 285.21 nm lines intensity ratio. A FI-LLE preconcentration system for rare earth elements (REEs)-nitrate-TBP was established by using a laboratory-designed phase separator. For these elements, an average sensitivity enhancement factor of 64 was obtained with respect to ICP-AES sampling with aqueous solutions. The precision of the method was characterized by a relative standard deviation (%RSD) of 1.8 - 5.2%. A throughput of 27 samples per hour can be achieved with an organic solvent consumption of less than 200 microl per determination. Good results were obtained for the analysis of standard reference materials.

Separation of rare earth elements from scandium by extraction chromatography: Application to radiochemical neutron activation analysis for trace rare earth elements in geological samples

An effective and practical radiochemical separation procedure of radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) for ultra trace rare earth elements (REEs) in silicate rock samples is presented. The procedure consists of two column separations of anion exchange and extraction chromatography and precipitations as hydroxide and fluoride of REEs. The most seriously interfering nuclide, 46 Sc , is completely separated (<0.005%) from REEs by extraction chromatography using transuranic-element specific (TRU.Spec) resin. Chemical yields were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and found to be constant within 3% for all REEs, implying that no fractionation occurs among REEs during the radiochemical purification procedure. By means of this procedure, other interfering nuclides than 46 Sc in RNAA of silicate samples were decreased down to <0.02% for 59 Fe , <0.006% for 60 Co and <0.000005% for 51 Cr . The RNAA procedure described in this paper can be one of the most suitable analytical procedures for accurately determining ultra-trace (1–10 pg) REEs in geological and cosmochemical samples.

Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Geological Samples by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Geological Samples by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopic determination of rare earth elements in geological samples after preconcentration by countercurrent chromatography—Part II

This paper directly links up with Part I [ Spectrochim. Acta 48B, 1365 (1993)] which treats the first application of countercurrent chromatography (CCC) for pre-separation of rare earth elements (REE) in rocks. The rapid and reliable separation and pre-concentration of “light” REE and Y can be achieved using a system of 0.5 mol/l di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid (D2EHPA) in n-decane-hydrochloric acid of different concentrations and a planetary centrifuge as a CCC device. However, Tm, Yb and Lu are partially retained in the stationary phase. Comparative data is presented on three other two-phase liquid systems containing trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO); D2EHPA and TOPO mixtures and diphenyl(dibutylcarbamoylmethylphosphine)oxide (Ph 2-Bu 2) as extractants in terms of their ability for whole REE group complete isolation from the rock constituents. The partial losses of “light” REE (La and Ce) occurred in the system of 0.1 mol/l solution of TOPO in isobutylmethylketone (IBMK) (stationary phase)-1 mol/l NH 4NO 3-6 mol/l HCl aqueous solutions (mobile phase). Complete isolution of the entire REE group can be reached in two systems: 0.3 mol/l D2EHPA + 0.02 ml/l TOPO in the solvents mixture (3:1) of n-decane + IBMK, respectively (stationary phase)-1 mol/l NH 4NO 3-6 mol/l HCl aqueous solution (mobile phase), and 1.0 mol/l Ph 2-Bu 2 solution in chloroform (stationary phase)-3 mol/l HNO 3 aqueous solution (mobile phase). The D2EHPA + TOPO mixture is recommended as more economic and accessible.

Application of pattern recognition in a factor analysis–spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of rare earth elements in geological samples

A factor analysis–spectrophotometric method was used to determine simultaneously 15 rare earth elements (REEs) in the REE–tribromochlorophosphonazo system. It adopts the singular value decomposition method to decompose the original data matrix of absorbance and the iterative target transformation factor analysis method to carry out the quantitative analysis. Because a pattern recognition method was used to optimize the calibration model, the accuracy of the analytical results was apparently increased. The standard deviations were 3.8 × 10–4–5.5 × 10–2 and the relative standard deviations were 0.22–3.5%. A detailed discussion is given of the selection of the calibration model and the features of classification.

Interferences of oxide, hydroxide and chloride analyte species in the determination of rare earth elements in geological samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

The analytical procedure for the determination of Ba and rare earth elements in rocks and minerals by ICP-MS is described. The yield of mono-oxide and hydroxide ions of Ba and rare earth elements, and chloride ions of Ba has been determined. A Microsoft Excel spreadsheet template has been written to calculate the expected peak intensities for all possible analyte species (M+, MO+, MOH+ and MCl+) as a function of the mass number. The degree of interferences of different analyte isotopes is estimated and interferent equivalent concentrations are given for elements, for which no isotope free from interferences is available. The method is applied to the analysis of the four Geo-Reference samples AC-E, GSP-1, G-2 and AGV-1; the analytical accuracy is better than ±10% for most of the elements when compared with recommended reference values.

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopic determination of rare earth elements in geological samples after preconcentration by countercurrent chromatography—I

Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) was applied to group pre-separation of rare earth elements (REE) in rocks. A 0.5 mol l solution of di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid (D2EHPA) in n-decane as stationary phase, and aqueous HC1 solution as mobile phase were used. Experimental conditions were found for quantitative separation of REE from the rock constituents that interfere with their inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) determination. The complete preseparation procedure takes 40 min at a mobile phase pumping rate of 2 ml min . Interelement and off-peak background corrections were applied to compensate for the contributions of mutual spectral interferences to the analyte line and background intensities. Standard reference rock materials and samples of different composition with well known REE contents were analysed. The data obtained are in good agreement with certified and previously determined values, except for “heavy” REE such as Tm, Yb and Lu.

Determination of traces of rare earth elements in geological samples

A procedure for the determination of traces of rare earth elements by inductively coupled plasma—optical emission spectrometry (ICP—OES) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) is presented. The samples are decomposed either by fusion with lithium tetraborate or by acid attack in a microwave oven. Separation of the rare earth elements from accompanying elements is achieved by anion exchange. For the determination by ICP-OES the samples are injected in hydrochloric acid solution, for the determination by XRF the rare earth element traces are co-precipitated with rhodizonate and tannin and measured as a thin film on a membrane filter. All preconcentration steps have been optimized and tested using radiotracers. Furthermore the rare earth element contents of some international standard reference rocks have been determined; the results are compared to the certified values and other values given in the literature. The procedure is applied to a series of petrographically identical metabasites with different degrees of metamorphism to show the mobility of those ions under metamorphic conditions.

Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Geological Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry

Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Geological Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry

Determination of rare earth elements in geological samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

The determination of rare earth elements (REE) in geological samples has become increasingly important in recent years as their physical and chemical characteristics have been widely studied. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is an ideal analytical technique for the determination of this elemental group, with good sensitivity and determination limits while offering a range of modes for sample introduction. If REE are separated from their matrix and pre-concentrated, using for example cation-exchange procedures, determination limits of better than 1 ng g–1 can be achieved.

Determination of rare earth elements in geological samples by inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry after oxalate coprecipitation and cation-exchange column separation

A method for separation and determination of traces of 14 rare earth elements (REEs) in geological samples is described. Determination by inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry follows oxalate coprecipitation of the REEs with calcium as carrier and cation- exchange column separation in nitric acid. The combination of the two separation techniques improved the low recoveries found for Sm, Eu, and Gd when only ion-exchange was used, especially for iron- and aluminum-rich samples. The method was applied to the analysis of geological standard materials NBS SRM 688 (basalt), NBS SRM 278 (obsidian), GSJ JB-1 (basalt), GSJ JA- 2 (andesite), and CCRMP SY-3 (syenite). The results were evaluated on the basis of chondrite- normalized rare earth element distribution patterns.

The Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Geological Samples by XRF Using the Proportional Factor Method

AbstractThis paper describes the principle, method and application of the proportional factor method for the determination of rare earth elements (REE) in geological samples by XRF, The analytical results of this method are compared with REE recommended values in geological standards, and good agreement was observed. Five of the REE (Pr, Tb, Ho, Tm and Lu) have also been determined by interpolation from chondrite-normalized plots, and more satisfactory results were obtained.

Determination of rare earth elements in geological samples by inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometry

The prototype inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) operated by the British Geological Survey is described. Preliminary work on its application to the determination of the rare earth elements in geological materials is discussed.