Early XXI Century Research Articles

The Transformation of International Relations in East Asia at the End of the XX – Early XXI Centuries

The author examines the role of various institutions and countries in the transformation of the world order in East Asia during the period of the late XX – early XXI centuries. The work notes that at the end of the XX century, the American model of the regionalization process, carried out within the framework of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), dominated. However, due to the changes in the US foreign policy doctrine and the Asian economic crisis of 1997–1998, APEC, in the early 2000s, began to give way to ASEAN+, where Japan occupied the leading position. Since the mid-2000s, China has been strengthening due to successfully carried out economic reforms and the use of various integration platforms. As a result, China began to promote its own model of globalization and regionalization in the region, which challenged the American order not only in East Asia, but also in the Asia-Pacific region. In the late 2000s, Washington sought to regain lost positions in the region by promoting the Trans-Pacific Partnership integration project, which intensified the struggle between the leading powers for dominance in the region. As a result, in the 2010s. ASEAN+ and Japan are developing the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) project, China is beginning to promote the Belt and Road international cooperation organization. As a result of the transformation of international relations caused by the movement of the world from unipolar to multipolar, there is a change in the transformation of the geopolitical situation in East Asia. The United States returned to the «traditional» methods of confrontation, increasing tension in the region and the world

Генезис и современное состояние содержания совместной деятельности в условиях образования

<p>In the article we carried out a historical and psychological analysis of psychological and pedagogical research of joint activities (its genesis) from the 60s of the XX century to the present time. Research reference points have been identified/ The first one is the beginning of the 60s of the XX century with a primary study of the genesis of the subject of joint activity in groups of children of preschool and primary school age. The secon is the end of the 80s of the XX, early XXI centuries within the framework of the development of the theory of developmental education (V.V. Davydov, V.V. Rubtsov, D.B. Elkonin, etc.) based on the positions of cultural-historical psychology L.S. Vygotsky, who emphasizes joint activity as the most important sociocultural mechanism of development. The third point takes place in the second decade - the beginning of the third decade of the XXI century, it’s the study of the issues of promoting the ideas of sociogenesis in the traditions of cultural-historical psychology and activity theory, and an attempt to look differently at the key problems of joint activities in a modern school environment. The space of possibilities for modern children is analyzed. Current research shows that educational organizations today form and develop not only the abilities of students, but also their activities (from joint games, educational activities, to role-playing experimentation and project activities).</p>

A New Member of BRICS — Egypt

The article analyzes the political, economic and cultural development of Egypt over several millennia. It is claimed that Egypt is an ancient civilization, the «heart» of the Arab world and a recognized regional leader. The author explores the history of various state entities that existed on the territory of modern Egypt in the era of the Ancient World, Antiquity, the Middle Ages and Modern times. The emphasis is consistently placed on the rule of the pharaohs, Egypt’s presence in the Persian and especially the Greco-Roman world, the periods of the Arab conquest, Ottoman and British rule, the functioning of the independent Kingdom of Egypt and the Arab Republic of Egypt that succeeded it in 1953. The article contains a detailed overview of key events in the country’s internal life over the past 70 years, as well as Cairo’s activities in the international arena, including participation in the Arab-Israeli wars, relations with global and regional actors in the second half of the XX – early XXI centuries, the current position of the state as one of the leaders of the African continent. It is indicated that Egypt ranks first in Africa in terms of GDP, third in terms of population, has serious scientific and technical potential and advanced financial system by regional standards, actively attracts foreign investment and new technologies. In the field of foreign policy, Egypt, while maintaining relations with Western powers, is intensely cooperating with new centers of power, including Russia. The author concludes that today the Arab Republic of Egypt is a powerful regional actor that is diversifying its foreign policy and economic ties, as reflected by the country’s entry into the BRICS.

Features of artistic presentation of images of people's leaders in the context of the development of the system of realistic painting in China in the XX – early XXI century

Features of artistic presentation of images of people's leaders in the context of the development of the system of realistic painting in China in the XX – early XXI century

Transformation of digital technologies in music industry in the late XX – early XXI century

Transformation of digital technologies in music industry in the late XX – early XXI century

Развитие регионального парламентаризма в России (на примере последнего Ленсовета и первых созывов Законодательного Собрания Санкт-Петербурга)

The article examines the processes of formation of a new regional parliamentary in the last decade of the XX – early XXI century on the example of the Leningrad City Council of the XXI convocation, which operated in 1990–1993 and the first two convocations of the Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg (1995–2003). Leningrad (since September 1991 – St. Petersburg Council of People's Deputies) It was rather an attempt to put into practice the slogan “All power to the Soviets”, or an authority operating in a purely parliamentary republic. At the same time, it became an important school of parliamentary, which allowed sixteen of its former deputies, elected in 1994 as deputies of the Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg of the first convocation, to become the basis for its successful activities, culminating in the development and adoption of a well-balanced Charter of St. Petersburg. An important characteristic of the activities of the first two convocations of the Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg was also the absence of any dominant factions in its composition.

«Снежная королева» Х.К. Андерсена: зримый образ и скрытый смысл в детской иллюстрации

<p>The article examines the visible image and hidden meaning in children's illustrations using the example of comparing drawings by artists of from different periods of the XX — early XXI centuries: V.S. Alfeevsky, N.K. Golts and V.E. Yerko to the fabulous story of the Danish writer H.Chr. Andersen "The Snow Queen" (the third story "The Flower Garden of a woman who could conjure"). The main idea of children's illustration as a visual material for rational analysis is the correlation of pictorial matter and the possibilities of verbal interpretation of plots and motifs. The aim of the work was to identify the hidden meaning in the visual image of a children's illustration. The material for the analysis was the drawings of the artists, as well as the text of the work itself. It is proved that children's illustration is a synthesis of arts in which visual spatial art depicts the same idea as verbal art, but does it by other means: color, light, volume, composition, space, line, texture, etc. Pictorial (material) metaphor through a dialogical system (author-artist-reader) it affects the perception and understanding of the meaning of a work of art and the author's idea. The novelty of the research is seen in the expansion of ideas about the synthesis of visual image and verbal in the perception of an artistic work.</p>

Научные школы на рубеже XX–XXI вв.: разработка истории предпринимательства дореволюционной Сибири

The exploration of scientific schools focusing on the history of entrepreneurship in pre-revolutionary Siberia stands as a crucial endeavor at the intersection of historical research and economic studies. This article delves into the conceptual frameworks and methodological approaches employed by researchers to illuminate the multifaceted dynamics of entrepreneurial activities in Siberia during the late XX and early XXI centuries. Drawing on principles of holism, integrity, historicism, and a value-based approach, scientists have embarked on a comprehensive examination of the historical trajectory of entrepreneurship in Siberia. By integrating insights from various disciplines, including history, economics, and sociology, researchers aim to provide a nuanced understanding of the socio-economic landscape of the region. Utilizing a diverse array of methodological tools, such as comparative-historical analysis, concrete examination, retrospective study, and historical-typological analysis, scientists have endeavored to unravel the complexities of entrepreneurial endeavors in Siberia. Through meticulous archival research and interdisciplinary engagement, researchers have shed light on the activities of merchants across different industries and their impact on the socio-cultural fabric of the region. This article underscores the significance of studying scientific communities dedicated to the history of entrepreneurship in Siberia. By acknowledging the contributions of researchers and elucidating their role in shaping historical narratives, this research aims to highlight the richness and diversity of scientific endeavors in Russian historiography. In conclusion, the study of scientific schools focusing on the history of entrepreneurship in pre-revolutionary Siberia represents a vital aspect of historical scholarship. By embracing interdisciplinary perspectives and methodological pluralism, researchers continue to uncover new insights into the economic, social, and cultural dimensions of entrepreneurial activities in Siberia, thereby enriching our understanding of this pivotal period in Russian history.

The evolution of artistic conflict in the work of V.S. Makanin

The subject of the study is the artistic conflict in the works of V. S. Makanin. The object of the study is the evolution of this conflict during various periods of the writer's work. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the impact of social and historical changes on the structure and content of artistic conflict. Special attention is paid to the analysis of three key stages in the development of the conflict: the period of the Soviet era, the time of social reforms and the modern stage of the integration of Russian literature into the world literary context. The main thematic and stylistic changes that took place in literature in response to social and cultural transformations are analyzed. The research is of interest for a deep understanding of the specifics of Russian literature of the late XX – early XXI century, as well as for studying the interrelationships of the literary process with historical and social changes in the country. The research methodology includes a morphological analysis of the structure of Makanin's works, stylistic analysis as a culture-specific code of the author, and a modeling method for predicting literary trends and creating variations of texts. The main conclusions of the conducted research are the identification and analysis of the three-stage development of artistic conflict in the works of V. S. Makanin. The first stage reflects the transformation of Soviet and Russian society, the second – the spread of social tolerance in the last years of the USSR, and the third – the modernization and integration of Russia into world culture since 1991.The author's special contribution to the research of the topic is an in-depth analysis of the changes in artistic conflict in the context of sociocultural transformations of society. The study shows how external social and cultural changes affect the inner world of characters and the structure of literary texts. The novelty of the research lies in a multidimensional approach to the analysis of artistic conflict, which allows not only to consider it within the framework of a literary structure, but also to reflect a wide range of relationships between a literary work and changes in society over various historical periods. This allows us to better understand the mechanisms of interaction between literature and society, as well as to evaluate the individual contribution of the writer to the reflection and interpretation of these changes through the prism of artistic conflict.

Transformation of the artistic form and ideological content of the memorial complex in memory of the Sino-Japanese War in Beijing

The article is devoted to the problem of transformation of the imagery of the monumental sculpture ensemble created in memory of the Sino-Japanese War in Beijing. The construction of the memorial took place in two stages: the Memorial of the Chinese People's War of Resistance to Japanese Aggression was erected in the late 1980s, and a decade later the Sculpture Garden of the Memorial of the Chinese People against the Japanese War was laid. These elements of a single ensemble represent different options for using figurative-meaningful, compositional-spatial, artistic-stylistic and plastic features of monumental sculpture and interpreting its semantic role in such structures. Using the example of these memorials, it is possible to identify and trace the development strategy of memorials and their sculptural design, especially the dynamics of changes in the creation of an artistic image of sculptural groups. The author uses the method of art criticism to describe the visual and expressive features and the ideological content of the monumental sculpture of the memorial plan on the example of an analysis of the aesthetic qualities of two different elements of the ensemble in Beijing. This requires an analysis of the artistic structure and forms through which the authors express their ideological messages, as well as a comprehensive study of visual and expressive means. The object of attention in the article is the role and place of monumental sculpture in the development of historical memory and culture of China, and the subject is the options for the development of figurative and stylistic features of the art of sculpture in the context of the expansion and transformation of memorial complexes. Sculpture is considered as a reflection of the ideological and creative pursuits of Chinese sculptors of the late XX and early XXI centuries. The research material is a monumental sculpture as the most important artistic element of the memorial ensemble in memory of the Sino–Japanese War in Beijing, which allows for artistic comparisons, including with similar monuments on the territory of modern Russia. The article provides an opportunity to reveal the nuances of artistic, spatial and semantic interaction between the memorial and the sculpture garden.

Становление и развитие институтов прямой демократии в США: историко-правовой аспект

Direct democracy appeared in the United States back in the colonial period. However, when the country became sovereign in the late XVIII century, the founding fathers gave preference to representative democracy in order to prevent the mob rule. This research traces the history of various institutions of direct democracy in the United States. The late XIX – early XX centuries saw an era of progressivism in the United States: civil society struggled against negative social, political, and legal phenomena. Implementation of referendums, general direct elections, recalls of officials, etc., into the legal system seemed a perfect solution. In the early XX century, these institutions were enshrined in the legislation of some Western states and proved rather effective. The so-called second wave of direct democracy occurred after 1950s, and institutions of direct democracy became even more widespread. This process reached its peak in the late XX – early XXI centuries. As a result, they predominate in the current US legislation. The USA are currently going through a further rise in direct democracy, which is even more implemented into the legal system. The American experience of direct democracy is of considerable interest to Russia as it may help to improve the domestic state mechanisms of making socially important decisions.

Формирование профессиональной судейской корпорации в России (XVIII–XXI вв.)

The article introduces a comprehensive analysis of professional judicial corporation in Russia in the XVIII–XXI centuries in its theoretical and historical aspects. The research objective was to clarify the concept and categories of judicial power, as well as to model the process of its development in Russia. The issue of professions and professional corporations as social phenomena is a matter of sociology. For lawyers, sociological studies are important in connection with the issue of judicial corporation development, i.e., its theoretical and historical development. The author relied on the structural and functional approach to the professionalization model developed by sociologist G. Vilensky, who interpreted the categories of judicial profession, judiciary, and judicial corporation. The authors revealed the directions in the development of the professional judicial corporation in Russia in the XVIII–XXI centuries and periodized this process. A separate and permanent judicial function determined the emergence of professional judiciary, organizationally represented by a professional judicial corporation. The profession of a judge is all these elements combined. The judicial corporation developed in Russia in three directions, i.e., normative, organizational, and symbolic, with a prominent regulatory influence of the state. The judicial profession and professional corporation started to develop in Russia during the judicial reforms in the XVIII century. This slow, nonlinear, and discrete process was completed as late as in the XXI century with all the necessary stages of professionalization: the professional corporation finally became the organization form of the Russian judiciary. The authors revealed five stages in the history of the professional judicial corporation in Russia: 1) XVIII century; 2) the first half of the XIX century; 3) 1864–1917; 4) 1917–1989; 5) 1989 – early XXI century.

Comparative analysis of the structure of simple sentences in Russian and Chinese diplomatic documents

This article is devoted to the study of complex structures of simple sentences in Russian and Chinese diplomatic documents of the late XX - early XXI century in order to identify similarities and differences. The main purpose of the work is to identify similarities and differences in the complex structure of simple sentences in Russian and Chinese, as well as to analyze the causes of their occurrence. The article analyzes the various structures of simple sentences in Russian and Chinese, identifies differences and similarities in the complex structure of simple sentences in diplomatic documents of both countries. The factors influencing the formation of these structures were also identified. Special attention is paid not only to the style of the documents, but also to the specifics of the language itself. The research material was bilingual documents from the period from 1994 to 2023, collected from the websites of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of Russia and China. Transformational, structural and comparative methods are appropriate in the analysis of the material. The novelty of the research lies in the initial comparative analysis of the structure of simple sentences in diplomatic documents of the two countries, taking into account the linguistic features of the Russian and Chinese languages.The results of the study showed that although complex structures of simple sentences are widespread in diplomatic documents of both countries, the results of the study showed that the structures themselves and the factors of their formation differ. Comparative analysis allows for a better understanding of the unique features and peculiarities of the languages of each cultural tradition, which can be useful for various fields related to intercultural interaction and diplomatic communication. The results obtained can be applied in linguistics, translation studies, intercultural communication and diplomacy for a deeper understanding of linguistic expressiveness and communicative strategies in diplomatic practice.

The dynamics of academic interest in the Great Game in foreign historical science in the second half of the XX — early XXI centuries.

The dynamics of academic interest in the Great Game in foreign historical science in the second half of the XX — early XXI centuries.

Animalism in the Design of Clothes of the ХХ and Early XXI Centuries

The article presents an overview and systematisation of fashion design projects using animalistic motifs. The purpose of the study is to identify the manifestations of animalistic images in costume and the differences in their meanings in different historical periods. The research methodology is based on the application of methods of source, art, aesthetic, structural and compositional analysis. The scientific novelty lies in highlighting the stages of animalism development in the twentieth – early twenty-first centuries and identifying its main manifestations in costume. The results of the study are based on empirical material from designers and fashion houses that actively used and developed animalism in their work. Conclusions. As a result of the study, we conclude that there are various ways of manifesting animalism in fashion design, from copying animal images entirely to introducing their individual parts into the design or using photographs and artistic images. And while in the early twentieth century, costumes used mostly elements of animal skin, fur and feathers, and exotic animals and birds emphasised the status of the elite strata of society, with the development of technology and the spread of mass production of clothing, imitation gradually became popular. The destruction of the natural environment and the dominance of the artificial one led to the spread of fashion inspired by wildlife. Gradually, a style direction in fashion design was formed, which is now considered «fantasy classics». Over time, animalistic motifs have become visual carriers of «eco-fashion» and «eco-consciousness», reminding us of the need for significant transformations in the global consciousness of humanity. The flourishing of animalism in recent decades reflects the socio-cultural trends in society. The symbolism and interpretation of animalistic images in costume design reflects the care and desire to preserve the natural heritage in a world that is increasingly influenced by technological development.

PROFESSOR VASILY DIMITRIEVICH DIMITRIEV AS A TEACHER OF HIGHER EDUCATION

One of the most important factors determining the development of the Russian society is the state of Russian higher education. The probability of solving problems in this area will be higher when learning from the experience of the past. The activities of outstanding teachers who completed their life path, but left an enduring legacy, can serve as guidelines in this regard. A special place in this galaxy is occupied by Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, V.D. Dimitriev (1924–2013). The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of V.D. Dimitriev’s work as a teacher of higher education. Materials and methods. The work is based on the author’s personal memories. Reference to scientific literature (monographs and dissertation research) also occupies a certain place. The article uses the methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as the chronological method. Study results. The article analyzes the activities of Professor V.D. Dimitriev as a teacher of higher education. The author characterizes various aspects of V.D. Dimitriev’s work at the Historical Faculty of the Chuvash State University in the late XX – early XXI centuries: work as a lecturer; academic advising to students performing final qualifying works; scientific guidance of post-graduate students. The professor’s communication with colleagues is also in the focus of attention. Conclusions. Working within the walls of the university, reducing the time of V.D. Dimitriev’s own scientific activity, gave him the opportunity to create a scientific school. The conclusion is made about the diverse influence of the professor on students and postgraduates: it concerned not only the research field, but forming a value system for young people as well.

Tuvan Family Photo Album: Social Practices of Creation and Storage

The authors analyze the social practices of creating and storing a Tuvan family photo album throughout the XX - early XXI century. The sources of the study are the materials of narrative biographical interviews with ten respondents - indigenous residents of Tuva of different ages which were recorded by the authors in April - May 2023. The appearance of photo albums, the features of their creation and storage reflect the general history of photo albums in the Soviet state, and now in Russia. The authors point out that in the history of photo albums there appear the Tuvan traditions, for example, in photo frames inside the yurt there are photographs of relatives, domestic animals (horses), and elements of national cuisine. But due to the events of the XX century, the issue of loss and theft of photographs and photo albums became relevant for Tuvans. In the XXI century, Tuvans have a wide variety of photo albums on different media, and today family photo albums also represent the ethnicity of people.

Traditions of maghrebi-saheli statehood and islamic radicalism in Early XXI Century

The significance of this research topic is due to the relevance of the problems of modern state-building in the public and political life of North and West Africa. The purpose of the research project is to analyze the causes and consequences of the emergence of radical movements of political Islam in the Maghreb and Sahel at the junction of the XX and XXI centuries and their connection with the shortcomings of national statehood inherent in both African regions. At the same time, the author focuses on the incompleteness of the state-building process, the weakness of institutions and the low level of justification for drawing state borders as concrete examples of such shortcomings that affected the socio-political climate in the Islamized areas adjacent to the Sahara. Based on the materials of sources and the theoretical model of regional security complexes (RSC), the author identified contradictions and diversity in the ideological and value views of the North African ruling circles, analyzed the methodological and spiritual and political foundations of the deeply rooted relationship between criminal and Islamist groups on the example of the activities of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) (аn organization included in the list of terrorist organizations in theRussian Federation is mentioned) and its leaders - Abd al-Malik Drukdel, Mukhtar Belmukhtar, etc. It is proved that “Islamist internationalism” in the Maghreb and Sahel of the 2000s began to take ethnocultural forms, which was caused by the ‘network’ and ‘umbrell’a nature of the AQIM (аn organization included in the list of terrorist organizations in theRussian Federation is mentioned) structure, in which there was no centralized administrative-territorial management scheme. In addition, the distinctive features of the security policy of modern Algeria are shown and the importance of studying interregional contradictions for characterizing the geopolitical and economic reasons for the strengthening of Islamic radicalism in Africa is revealed.

ИСТОРИЧЕСКАЯ НАУКА В БАШКОРТОСТАНЕ: СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ, ИТОГИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ

The article examines the history of the formation and development of Russian historical science in the XX – early XXI century on the basis of archival documents and published sources. This is an important topic, which has not only scientific, but also social significance. The purpose of the article is to analyze the research activities of historians of the Department of Modern History of Bashkortostan of the Order of the Badge of Honor of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The article examines the priority areas of scientific research of historians specializing in the study of historical problems of the modern period, reflects their results and prospects for development. Based on the reports and thematic plans of the institute and department deposited in the funds of the Scientific Archive of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the author was able to identify the characteristics of the historical activity of historians during the period under consideration, show the complex and controversial path of the formation of historical science in Bashkortostan from the 1920s onwards, reflect unsolved problems, difficulties faced and omissions made by researchers. The author concludes that through its research activities, the Department of Modern History of Bashkortostan at the IHLL of UFRC has made and continues to contribute to the development of scientific issues related to regional and national history as a whole. The study was carried out in accordance with the principles of historicism, objectivity, and a scientific approach, utilizing methods commonly employed in historical research.

Formation and development of the system of training speech therapy personnel (late XIX – early XXI century)

The preparation of future speech therapists in the modern educational space is defined by processes in the socio-cultural environment, societal transformations, changes in modern mentality, and heightened requirements for the quality of professional training. The necessity to improve speech therapy training arises from disparities between second-generation state educational standards for computerization and use of information resources, and the real state of the education system. Additionally, there is a growing number of children with speech disorders, often complicated by secondary disorders. A deep historical study of the development of speech therapy training is key to understanding and improving modern educational processes, considering socio-economic, cultural, and technological factors that shape the needs and directions of speech therapy development in the future. The article highlights the history of the development of the national speech therapy education system, revealing its connection with the socio-economic structure of the country, global historical-pedagogical processes, and the level of development of defectology science. The analysis of scientific literature allows identifying general conditions for the modernization of speech therapy education, confirming that based on an in-depth study of the content and essence of the problem of forming professionalism and professional competence of future speech therapists, it is possible to develop organizational and methodical support for their development and implementation in educational and production practice according to socio-economic conditions. This article emphasizes the importance of a deep analysis of historical and modern aspects in the training of speech therapists, taking into account socio-cultural changes and technological development. Understanding the history and current state of speech therapy education is key to effectively modernizing training that meets the contemporary challenges and needs of society