Early Treatment Of Mental Disorders Research Articles

Associations between benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and seven mental disorders: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

The association between benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and various mental disorders is still controversial. This study used the Mendelian randomization (MR) method to clarify the correlation between BPPV and seven mental disorders (bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, suicidality, neuroticism, and mood swings) to aid in the exploration of BPPV complications and prevention and early treatment of mental disorders. The datasets for BPPV and seven mental disorders were obtained from genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Two-sample MR was used to analyze the correlation between exposure (BPPV) and various outcomes (bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, suicidality, neuroticism, and mood swings). A reverse MR study was also performed. The inverse variance weighting (IVW) method, the MR-Egger method, the simple mode method, the weighted mode method, and the weighted median method were selected. The MR analysis and the reverse MR analysis results did not reveal significant associations between BPPV and bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, suicidal tendencies, neuroticism, and mood swings. Interestingly, neuroticism (IVW: OR = 1.142, 95% CI: 1.059-1.231, P = 0.001; P-MR-PRESSO adjustment = 0.0002) and mood swings (IVW: OR = 3.119, 95% CI: 1.652-5.884, P = 0.0004) may have a significant association with BPPV. After MR-PRESSO adjustment, there was no horizontal pleiotropy or heterogeneity, and a significant association between neuroticism, mood swings, and BPPV has still been suggested. We conducted MR analysis on genetic data from European populations and discovered a causal relationship between BPPV and the seven mental disorders. Our research findings suggest that BPPV may not have a significant causal relationship with bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, or suicidal tendencies. However, neuroticism and mood swings may be risk factors for BPPV.

Cycles of reform in the history of psychosis treatment in the United States

The history of psychosis treatment follows a series of four cycles of reform which provide a framework for understanding mental health services in the United States. The first three cycles of reform promoted the view that early treatment of mental disorders would reduce chronic impairment and disability. The Moral Treatment era (early 1800's to 1890) featured freestanding asylums, the Mental Hygiene movement (1890 to World War II) introduced psychiatric hospitals and clinics, and the Community Mental Health Reform period (World War II to late 1970's) produced community mental health centers. None of these approaches succeeded in achieving the disability-prevention goals of early treatment of psychosis. The fourth cycle, the Community Support Reform era (late 1970's to the present) shifted the focus to caring for those already disabled by a mental disorder within their communities and using natural support systems. This shift embraced a broader social welfare framework and included additional services and supports, such as housing, case management, and education. Psychosis became more central during the current Community Support Reform era partly because individuals with psychosis continued to have disabling life experiences despite efforts at reform. Some degree of recovery from psychosis is possible, and individuals with serious impairment may move towards social integration and community participation. Early intervention for young people with psychosis focuses on at reducing the negative sequelae of psychosis and promotes recovery-oriented changes in service delivery. The role of social control, the involvement of service users and their families, and the balance between psychosocial and biomedical treatments play an important role in this history. This paper describes the reform cycles, their political and policy contexts, and what influenced its successes and shortcomings.

The Magnitude of Common Mental Disorders and Associated Factors Among Cancer Patients at Black Lion Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Cross- Sectional Study.

BackgroundCommon mental disorders (CMD) are the most usual reactions following cancer diagnosis causing significant psychological sufferings. Even though research-based evidence is necessary for mental health promotion and intervention activities, there is a scarcity of evidence in Ethiopia to assist policy makers’ efforts in reforming mental health care particularly that of cancer patients.ObjectiveThe main objective of this research is to assess the magnitude of common mental disorders and associated factors among cancer patients who have a follow-up treatment at Black Lion Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodInstitutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from August 1 to September 30, 2020. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select 396 study participants. A Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) and interviewer-administered structured questionnaire were employed to collect data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals was used to report the findings.ResultA total of 396(230 men and 160 women) participants took part in the study. The overall magnitude of CMD among cancer patients was found to be 70.3%, of which the rate was 73.5% among women and 67.8% among men, in the last 4 weeks. Being women (AOR = 1.74; 95%CI: 1.00, 3.02), unemployed (AOR = 3.035, 95% CI: 1.37, 6.72), average monthly income of less than 1600 Ethiopian Birr (AOR = 2.838; 95%CI: 1.58, 5.08), being on cancer treatment for more than 5 years (AOR = 2.653, 95% CI: 1.39, 5.03), poor social support (AOR = 3.618, 95% CI: 1.33, 9.80), and current use of substances (AOR = 6.852; 95% CI: 2.038, 23.034) were the factors significantly associated with CMD.Conclusion and recommendationCommon mental disorders are one of the major health concerns among cancer patients. Common mental disorders were found to be more common in females and among current users of a psychoactive substance. Therefore, cancer patients need special attention of not only physicians but also that of mental health professionals for possible detection and early treatment of mental disorders. Rendering social and economic support may reduce the negative effects of the illness.

Application of eye trackers for understanding mental disorders: Cases for schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder.

Studies of eye movement have become an essential tool of basic neuroscience research. Measures of eye movement have been applied to higher brain functions such as cognition, social behavior, and higher‐level decision‐making. With the development of eye trackers, a growing body of research has described eye movements in relation to mental disorders, reporting that the basic oculomotor properties of patients with mental disorders differ from those of healthy controls. Using discrimination analysis, several independent research groups have used eye movements to differentiate patients with schizophrenia from a mixed population of patients and controls. Recently, in addition to traditional oculomotor measures, several new techniques have been applied to measure and analyze eye movement data. One research group investigated eye movements in relation to the risk of autism spectrum disorder several years prior to the emergence of verbal‐behavioral abnormalities. Research on eye movement in humans in social communication is therefore considered important, but has not been well explored. Since eye movement patterns vary between patients with mental disorders and healthy controls, it is necessary to collect a large amount of eye movement data from various populations and age groups. The application of eye trackers in the clinical setting could contribute to the early treatment of mental disorders.

Surviving the Lunacy Act of 1890: English Psychiatrists and Professional Development during the Early Twentieth Century.

In recent decades, historians of English psychiatry have shifted their major concerns away from asylums and psychiatrists in the nineteenth century. This is also seen in the studies of twentieth-century psychiatry where historians have debated the rise of psychology, eugenics and community care. This shift in interest, however, does not indicate that English psychiatrists became passive and unimportant actors in the last century. In fact, they promoted Lunacy Law reform for a less asylum-dependent mode of psychiatry, with a strong emphasis on professional development. This paper illustrates the historical dynamics around the professional development of English psychiatry by employing Andrew Abbott’s concept of professional development. Abbott redefines professional development as arising from both abstraction of professional knowledge and competition regarding professional jurisdiction. A profession, he suggests, develops through continuous re-formation of its occupational structure, mode of practice and political language in competing with other professional and non-professional forces. In early twentieth-century England, psychiatrists promoted professional development by framing political discourse, conducting a daily trade and promoting new legislation to defend their professional jurisdiction. This professional development story began with the Lunacy Act of 1890, which caused a professional crisis in psychiatry and led to inter-professional competition with non-psychiatric medical service providers. To this end, psychiatrists devised a new political rhetoric, ‘early treatment of mental disorder’, in their professional interests and succeeded in enacting the Mental Treatment Act of 1930, which re-instated psychiatrists as masters of English psychiatry.

Psychiatric disorders and stages of smoking

Background: We examined the role of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in predicting the subsequent onset of daily smoking, smokers’ progression to nicotine dependence, and the persistence of smoking. Methods: The Tobacco Supplement of the National Comorbidity Survey was administered to a representative subsample of 4414 persons 15–54 years of age. DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders and information on age of onset of psychiatric disorders, daily smoking, and smoking cessation were ascertained with the World Health Organization’s Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: Preexisting psychiatric disorders that have not remitted (i.e., active disorders) predicted an increased risk for the first onset of daily smoking and for smokers’ progression to nicotine dependence. The increased risk applied across most of the disorders examined in the study, including major depression, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders. Persons with four or more active disorders were at higher risk for daily smoking (2.1 vs. 1.4) and for nicotine dependence (2.9 vs. 1.4) than were persons with one active disorder. With few exceptions, remitted (i.e., past) disorders did not predict the subsequent onset of daily smoking. Preexisting psychiatric disorders did not influence smokers’ potential for quitting; the persistence of smoking in the year preceding the interview was unrelated to history of psychiatric disorders. Conclusions: The results suggest the possibility of additional and previously unrecognized public health benefits of early treatment of mental disorders, in that persons with various mental disorders whose illness had remitted were not at increased risk for daily smoking, in contrast with persons with active disorders.

The Present Status and Functions of the Child-Guidance Movement in Great Britain, and its Possible Future Developments

The title of this paper may seem over-ambitious in the scope which it predicts, for it is obvious that much more space would be required to cover all the ground. It should be made clear that we are concerned here mainly with the administrative side of child guidance, which has of late years become a vital concern to the members of this Association. During the past few years there has been growing in the minds of all those interested in the promotion and preservation of mental health a belief that a co-ordination of existing mental health services should be carried out. At present these services are too sporadic and are uneven both in distribution and efficiency. London and the great cities are rich in mental health services of all kinds, but in the counties and smaller towns there are but meagre provisions. This is well illustrated by the voluntary societies concerned with the treatment and prevention of mental illness. There is, for example, the Home and School Council, which works on the principle that a better relation between parents and teachers constitutes a creative force in mental health, and further provides a unique channel through which mental health knowledge can be brought before the general public without the risks attached to indiscriminate propaganda. Another society, at the other end of the scale, is the Mental After-Care Association, which attempts to bridge the difficult gap which patients experience between leaving a mental hospital and taking up life in the ordinary world again. Yet another society is the National Council of Mental Hygiene, whose broad aims are to educate the public in mental health matters, to promote closer association between psychiatry and general medicine, to further the early treatment of mental disorders, etc. The Central Association for Mental Welfare was, at its inception, mainly interested in the problems of mental defect, but now has a wide range of activities, such as the organization of training courses for medical officers, teachers and mental welfare workers, co-ordinating local activities in many areas and making provision for cases which fall outside the scope of smaller authorities, and undertaking public activities relating to propaganda and the promotion of legislation. In a more limited field the Child Guidance Council attempts to encourage the provision of skilled treatment for children showing behaviour disturbances or early symptoms of nervous and mental disorder and, in general, to further the practice of child guidance. In addition to those societies which are directly concerned with mental health, there are many others, such as the British Social Hygiene Council, the National Association of Probation Officers, the R.S.P.C.A., the Howard League, the National Institute of Industrial Psychology, whose work lie on the borders of this field. It is obvious that there is a great deal of overlapping, and the need for co-ordination is being attained through a temporary reconstruction committee under the chairmanship of Lord Feversham, which will shortly publish a report.

The Social Importance of the Early Treatment of Mental Disorder

The Social Importance of the Early Treatment of Mental Disorder

The Early Treatment of Mental Disorder: A Critical Survey of Out-patient Clinics

As students of psychiatry we must remember that the human being is merely a biological unit always to be studied and considered by the quality of its reaction to the environmental impositions made upon it by the social body to which it belongs.

Early Treatment of Mental Disorders

The question of how best to secure early treatment for sufferers from mental derangement has long engaged the attention of the medical profession. It will not therefore, we premise, be out of place to scrutinise some of the more recent pronouncements on this subject. and we could not probably find a more appropriate text for discussion in this connection than the little volume on Shell-Shock by Profs. Elliot-Smith and Pear, a second edition of which has lately appeared, the first having been rapidly exhausted. We welcome this fact as showing that more or less general interest in this most vital and important subject is being aroused, and we hope the demand will continue, although, as will be seen, we have perused its contents with somewhat mingled feelings, especially when taken in connection with an address delivered, since the publication of the book, by Prof. Elliot-Smith at the Royal Institution for Public Health.

The Treatment of Incipient Insanity

Dr. Clouston is indefatigable. He once more appeals to the charitable public in the columns of the Scotsman, for the establishment of wards in the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary for the treatment of incipient insanity. The editor of the Scotsman lends his powerful aid to the proposal, and various letters have followed on this inception. Six years ago the scheme was carefully considered and definite proposals were made, but financial difficulties compelled postponement. The unanimity of the medical profession and the apparent assent of the philanthropic public augured favourably for success; and it is hoped that the public interest is again awakened by the representations which have been made more recently. It would appear that the success of the special department of the Albany Hospital in the State of New York and the special wards established in Glasgow has been undoubted. The former is in contact with a general hospital and has all the advantages of such a connection, but the latter is specialised and separated from the general hospitals of the west. A suggestion has been made that Saughton Hall might be used for the purpose indicated, but we would strongly deprecate any arrangement of that kind. The whole intention is to avoid segregation and the very appearance of an asylum, to bring the early treatment of mental disorders into living contact with the medical work of a great hospital. It is not proposed to create an asylum within the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, but to provide open wards for the early treatment of the insane, under the care of a skilled physician who will enjoy the active co-operation of the medical and surgical staff as may be found necessary in the circumstances of each particular case.