Early Stages Of Cardiovascular Disease Research Articles

The essential role of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in the prediction of subclinical cardiovascular disease.

Subclinical cardiovascular disease (Sub-CVD) is an early stage of cardiovascular disease and is often asymptomatic. Risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and lifestyle, significantly affect Sub-CVD. Progress in imaging technology has facilitated the timely identification of disease phenotypes and risk categorization. The critical function of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in predicting Sub-CVD was the subject of this research. Initially used to evaluate bone mineral density, DXA has now evolved into an indispensable tool for assessing body composition, which is a pivotal determinant in estimating cardiovascular risk. DXA offers precise measurements of body fat, lean muscle mass, bone density, and abdominal aortic calcification, rendering it an essential tool for Sub-CVD evaluation. This study examined the efficacy of DXA in integrating various risk factors into a comprehensive assessment and how the application of machine learning could enhance the early discovery and control of cardiovascular risks. DXA exhibits distinct advantages and constraints compared to alternative imaging modalities such as ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography. This review advocates DXA incorporation into cardiovascular health assessments, emphasizing its crucial role in the early identification and management of Sub-CVD.

Vegan Diets for Children: A Narrative Review of Position Papers Published by Relevant Associations.

The scientific discourse on vegan diets for children and adolescents primarily involves referencing position statement papers from different scientific and professional organizations, including paediatric associations. Over the past two decades, specialized associations have issued official statements and published position papers about adopting well-designed vegan diets during crucial life stages, including pregnancy and lactation, infancy, and childhood. A subset of these associations firmly supports the notion that a well-designed vegan diet can indeed be healthy and support normal growth and development during particularly delicate life stages, emphasizing careful planning, vitamin B12 supplementation, and regular supervised medical and dietetics oversight. In contrast, specific paediatric associations caution against vegan diets for children and adolescents, citing potential harm and the lack of adequate substantiation. These criticisms in position papers frequently point to lower-quality studies and/or outdated studies. Additionally, concerns extend to comparing vegan and omnivorous diets, considering public health issues such as obesity and early stages of cardiovascular disease as well as the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Notably, some scepticism stems from studies where children's adherence to a well-designed vegan diet is incomplete. Scientific rigor suggests performing a comparable assessment of omnivorous and vegan diets. This narrative review highlights the need for a comprehensive, up-to-date literature review to inform balanced perspectives on vegan diets for children and adolescents. Researchers and decision-makers should aim to actively improve the design and consistent implementation of both diet types.

Development and Evaluation of a Multifrequency Ultrafast Doppler Spectral Analysis (MFUDSA) Algorithm for Wall Shear Stress Measurement: A Simulation and In Vitro Study.

Cardiovascular pathology is the leading cause of death and disability in the Western world, and current diagnostic testing usually evaluates the anatomy of the vessel to determine if the vessel contains blockages and plaques. However, there is a growing school of thought that other measures, such as wall shear stress, provide more useful information for earlier diagnosis and prediction of atherosclerotic related disease compared to pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasound, magnetic resonance angiography, or computed tomography angiography. A novel algorithm for quantifying wall shear stress (WSS) in atherosclerotic plaque using diagnostic ultrasound imaging, called Multifrequency ultrafast Doppler spectral analysis (MFUDSA), is presented. The development of this algorithm is presented, in addition to its optimisation using simulation studies and in-vitro experiments with flow phantoms approximating the early stages of cardiovascular disease. The presented algorithm is compared with commonly used WSS assessment methods, such as standard PW Doppler, Ultrafast Doppler, and Parabolic Doppler, as well as plane-wave Doppler. Compared to an equivalent processing architecture with one-dimensional Fourier analysis, the MFUDSA algorithm provided an increase in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by a factor of 4-8 and an increase in velocity resolution by a factor of 1.10-1.35. The results indicated that MFUDSA outperformed the others, with significant differences detected between the typical WSS values of moderate disease progression (p = 0.003) and severe disease progression (p = 0.001). The algorithm demonstrated an improved performance for the assessment of WSS and has potential to provide an earlier diagnosis of cardiovascular disease than current techniques allow.

The Impact of the Blood Lipids Levels on Arterial Stiffness.

Arterial stiffness is a recognized predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and death. It is an early indicator of arteriosclerosis and is influenced by numerous risk factors and biological processes. The lipid metabolism is crucial and standard blood lipids, non-conventional lipid markers and lipid ratios are associated with arterial stiffness. The objective of this review was to determine which lipid metabolism marker has a greater correlation with vascular aging and arterial stiffness. Triglycerides (TG) are the standard blood lipids that have the strongest associations with arterial stiffness, and are often linked to the early stages of cardiovascular diseases, particularly in patients with low LDL-C levels. Studies often show that lipid ratios perform better overall than any of the individual variables used alone. The relation between arterial stiffness and TG/HDL-C has the strongest evidence. It is the lipid profile of atherogenic dyslipidemia that is found in several chronic cardio-metabolic disorders, and is considered one of the main causes of lipid-dependent residual risk, regardless of LDL-C concentration. Recently, the use of alternative lipid parameters has also been increasing. Both non-HDL and ApoB are very well correlated with arterial stiffness. Remnant cholesterol is also a promising alternative lipid parameter. The findings of this review suggest that the main focus should be on blood lipids and arterial stiffness, especially in individuals with cardio-metabolic disorders and residual cardiovascular risk.

Independent Associations Between Trait-Anger, Depressive Symptoms and Preclinical Atherosclerotic Progression.

Previous research from our group found that recent depressive symptoms were associated with 3-year change in carotid intima-media thickness (CA-IMT), a biomarker of cardiovascular disease risk, in an initially healthy sample of older adults. Trait measures of anxiety, anger, and hostility did not predict 3-year CA-IMT progression in that report. The current study sought to reexamine these associations at a 6-year follow-up point. Two-hundred seventy-eight participants (151 males, mean age = 60.68 years) from the original sample completed an additional IMT reading 6 years following the initial baseline assessment. Though not significant at 3-years, trait-anger emerged as a predictor of IMT progression at the 6-year point. When examined in separate regression models, both depression and trait-anger (but not anxiety or hostility) predicted 6-year IMT change (b = .017, p = .002; b = .029, p = .01, respectively). When examined concurrently, both depression and anger were independently associated with 6-year IMT progression (b = .016, p = .010, b = .028, p = .022, respectively). Exploratory analyses suggest that the relative contributions of anger and depression may differ for males and females. The use of sequential follow-ups is relatively unique in this literature, and our results suggest a need for further research on the timing and duration of psychosocial risk exposures in early stages of cardiovascular disease.

Hazelnut-enriched diet effectively increases lipoproteins' resistance to oxidation in hypercholesterolemic subjects

Oxidative modifications of lipoproteins are crucial in the early stages of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) like hypercholesterolemia. The major aim is to determine the effects of hazelnut consumption on the resistance of low- and high-density lipoproteins to oxidation in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Fifteen hypercholesterolemic subjects (13 men, 2 women) who did not require drug treatment according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria and had serum levels of TC˃200 mg/dL were included in the study. This study was designed as a dual control sandwich model intervention with a single group, isoenergetic three periods. The periods were; Control Diet I (30 days), Hazelnut-Enriched Diet (30 days), and Control Diet II (30 days). The susceptibility of LDL and HDL to copper-mediated oxidation was determined spectrophotometrically by following conjugated diene formation. The resistance of lipoproteins, mainly LDL, was increased by hazelnut consumption. It can be concluded that a hazelnut-enriched diet had protective effects against lipoprotein oxidation in hypercholesterolemic subjects. These changes may play important roles in reducing the development of the atherosclerotic process.

Comparative Analysis of Data Mining Techniques to Predict Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death. In recent days, most people are living with cardiovascular disease because of their unhealthy lifestyle and the most alarming issue is the majority of them do not get any symptoms in the early stage. This is why this disease is becoming more deadly. However, medical science has a large amount of data regarding cardiovascular disease, so this data can be used to apply data mining techniques to predict cardiovascular disease at the early stage to reduce its deadly effect. Here, five data mining classification techniques, such as: Naïve Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest and Decision Tree were implemented in the WEKA tool to get the best accuracy rate and a dataset of 12 attributes with more than 300 instances was used to apply all the data mining techniques to get the best accuracy rate. After doing this research people who are at the early stage of cardiovascular disease or probably going to be a victim can be identified more accurately.

Endothelial miR-199a-3p regulating cell adhesion molecules by targeting mTOR signaling during inflammation

BackgroundAdherence of monocytes to endothelial cells is the initial stage for development of coronary artery disease (CAD). MiRNAs have been reported to participate in this process by regulating the expression of cell adhesion molecules. This study aimed to explore the function of miR-199a-3p in endothelial inflammation and adhesion. MethodsWe assessed the expression of miR-199a-3p in CAD patients and ApoE-/- mice. The relationship between miR-199a-3p level and endothelial inflammation and adhesion was examined. ELISA was used to test the level of IL-6 and IL-8. Dual luciferase reporter assay was used to evaluate the binding between miR-199a-3p and mTOR. ResultsA decreased expression of miR-199a-3p was observed in the PBMCs and plasma of CAD patients, aorta of ApoE-/- mice and inflammatory HUVECs. MiR-199a-3p significantly suppressed the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, IL-8), endothelial adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) and monocyte-endothelial cells interaction. MiR-199a-3p directly targeted and repressed mTOR, and its suppression effect on ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 was abolished by mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, and rescued by mTOR activator MHY1485. Overexpression of miR-199a-3p promoted autophagy in HUVECs and inhibiting autophagy by chloroquine attenuated the effect of miR-199a-3p on ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. Inhibition of autophagy promoted endothelial adhesion molecule expression and monocyte-EC interaction. ConclusionsOur results suggested that miR-199a-3p suppressed endothelial inflammation and adhesion by targeting mTOR signaling and increasing autophagy. Our findings point to an important role for miR-199a-3p in the early stage of cardiovascular disease.

Cathepsin S as an early biomarker for cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease patients.

Introduction:A high incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and premature mortality is observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Thus, new biomarkers that may help predict the development of CVD in early stages of CKD are being investigated along with other traditional risk factors.Objective:To investigate cathepsin S as an early biomarker for CVD in patients with CKD.Methods:A total of 64 patients with CKD were included and classified into 2 groups: CKD patients with established CVD and CKD patients with non-established CVD. All patients were submitted to routine investigations including complete blood count, random blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum electrolytes, urea, creatinine, total protein, total albumin, calcium total, phosphorous, uric acid, vitamin D, parathormone, lipid profile, liver function test, measurement of serum cathepsin S (Cat S), and 2D Echo of the heart.Results:The level of serum Cat S was increased in CKD patients with CVD (p <0.05) as well as in later stages of CKD (p <0.05). CVD was also more common in patients in early stage CKD. In early stages CKD, Cat S and CVD were positively correlated.Conclusion:These findings suggest that serum Cat S might be useful as an early biomarker for CVD in CKD patients.

Диспластическое сердце. Деформация миокарда левого желудочка при недифференцированной дисплазии соединительной ткани

Cardiac syndromes occupy a special place among the manifestations of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (UCTD), since it is the severity of dysplastic stigmatization of the cardiovascular system (CVS) that determines the individual life and work prognosis in people with UCTD. Predicting adverse cardiovascular events is relevant, in particular, for young women with UCTD, since protecting the health of such patients in a critical demographic situation in the country (low birth rate and high mortality) is one of the most important tasks of modern medicine. Ultrasound estimation of myocardial deformation indicators in clinical practice provides accurate information about the early stages of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) with a preserved ventricular ejection fraction (EF), which makes it possible to detect early violations of myocardial mechanics and subclinical signs of heart failure (HF).

C-reactive protein, chemerin, fetuin-A and osteopontin as predictors of cardiovascular risks in persons with psoriasis vulgaris.

The study aimed to contribute to understanding the role of CRP, chemerin, fetuin-A and osteopontin and to assess their suitability as biomarkers of early stages of cardiovascular diseases in psoriasis vulgaris. Serum levels measured in 28 patients and 22 controls. Patients: increased levels of CRP (p<0.001), chemerin (p<0.05), osteopontin (p<0.05) and decreased levels of fetuin-A (p<0.05), significant relationships between CRP and fetuin-A (rho=0.530, p<0.01), CRP and chemerin (rho=0.543, p<0.01), CRP and age (rho=0.590, p<0.001), osteopontin and fetuin-A (r=-0.415, p<0.05), chemerin and PASI score (rho=-0.424, p<0.05). We confirmed specific roles of the biomarkers in psoriasis. CRP, fetuin-A and osteopontin could be considered appropriate markers for the detection of early stages of cardiovascular diseases.

Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in patients with schizophrenia

Background Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with diabetes as well as in patients with pre-diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Patients with schizophrenia have an increased rate of metabolic syndrome, pre-diabetes and diabetes as compared to the general population. Despite of this, occurrence CAN has not been investigated in patient with schizophrenia. Therefore, the aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the feasibility testing for CAN with a new clinical tool and (2) report the prevalence of early and manifest CAN in patients with schizophrenia. Methods and results Patients with diagnosed schizophrenia and with a disease duration ≥10 years were matched 1:1 on age and gender at screening with psychiatric healthy controls. CAN was defined as ≥ two abnormal standard cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests (lying-to-standing, deep breathing, and Valsalva maneuver) using the VagusTM device. A total of 46 patients with schizophrenia were included and matched to psychiatric healthy controls. Manifest CAN were more frequently presented in patients with schizophrenia (39% vs. 6% for controls, p<.0001). Sensitivity analysis of 41 subjects with schizophrenia without diabetes matched to 41 psychiatric healthy controls, showed similar results (37% vs. 5% for controls, p<.0001). Conclusion CAN is highly prevalent in patients with schizophrenia. Testing for CAN is feasible and might be a new clinically tool for detecting early stages of CVD in patients with schizophrenia.

An ensemble method based multilayer dynamic system to predict cardiovascular disease using machine learning approach

Cardiovascular disease is defined as a set of conditions related to the disorder of the heart and blood vessels. Predicting and diagnosing cardiovascular disease is significant to ensure the appropriate treatment of this disease. Machine learning approaches are generally utilized to automatically detect the hidden patterns in vast amounts of data without human intervention. In the early stage of cardiovascular disease, a machine learning model can aid physicians in making the right decision about the medication. This research aims to develop an intelligent agent to predict cardiovascular disease to investigate what steps should be taken before any untoward incident occurs. This paper proposes an ensemble method-based multilayer dynamic system (MLDS) that can improve its current knowledge in every layer. The proposed model applies Correlation Attribute Evaluator (CAE), Gain Ratio Attribute Evaluator (GRAE), Information Gain Attribute Evaluator (IGAE), Lasso, and Extra Trees classifier (ETC) for feature selection. Finally, Random Forest (RF), Naïve Bayes (NB), and Gradient Boosting (GB) classifiers combinedly construct the ensemble method for classification in the model. The K Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm is applied to find the test data's neighborhood data points while the base classifiers mentioned are failed to classify correctly in any layer. To test the proposed model's efficiency, we have used a realistic dataset (70,000 instances) collected from Kaggle. The proposed model has achieved 88.84%, 89.44%, 91.56%, 92.72%, and 94.16% accuracy based on the train and test data's different splitting ratios (50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, and 87.5:12.5). Our proposed model has achieved a 0.94 AUC value. AUC = 0.94 means it has a 94% probability of correctly classifying positive and negative classes, Whereas the splitting ratio is 87.5:12.5. The Cleveland, Hungarian, and Cleveland-Hungary-Switzerland-Long Beach datasets have also been applied to train the model, and the model achieved 98.88%, 99.53%, 99.98%, 98.36%, 96.66%, 97.77%, 99.56, and 94.37% accuracy depending on the different splitting ratios of these datasets. The proposed model has been compared to five other models, indicating that the proposed model can effectively predict cardiovascular disease.

Adverse effects of sympathetic activation should not be neglected during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

Adverse effects of sympathetic activation should not be neglected during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

Cardiometabolic and Cardiovascular Complications of Obesity in Children

The rise in obesity in both children and adults has made obesity one of the biggest public health problems of this century. Obesity along with other factors such as hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus are risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Overweight and/or obesity during childhood and its maintenance until adult life has been associated with early stages of cardiovascular disease. For this reason, the aim of this study is to revise the state of the art of cardiometabolic and cardiovascular complications related with overweight and/or obesity in children and adolescents. The first consequence of weight gain is an increase in adipose tissue, with different distribution depending on the sex. The excess of fat mass entails dysfunction of adipose tissue with an altered secretion of adipokines and instauration of a proinflammatory environment, which may derive in metabolic syndrome condition. The increase of adipose tissue along with an increase in sympathetic nervous system, triggers an increased left ventricular mass and with a reduced diastolic function. Therefore, obesity should be prevented from the early stages of life, in order to avoid obesity itself and the metabolic disturbances that could undermine quality of life further on.

Transition of metabolic phenotypes and risk of subclinical atherosclerosis according to BMI: a prospective study

The cardiometabolic risk associated with metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) remains the subject of debate. It is unclear whether MHO is a transient condition that affects subclinical atherosclerosis risk. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of MHO and its transition over time with incident subclinical atherosclerosis. A prospective study was conducted with 6220 Chinese adults who were free of cardiovascular disease (CVD) at baseline. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥25.0kg/m2. Metabolic health was defined as an individual having fewer than two of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (NCEP ATP III) criteria for components of the metabolic syndrome (excluding waist circumference). Subclinical atherosclerosis was measured by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, pulse pressure and albuminuria, separately or combined. Participants were cross-classified by BMI categories and by metabolic health status and its transition during follow-up. Inverse probability weighted logistic regression models were used to estimate ORs and 95% CIs for subclinical atherosclerosis. The MHO phenotype accounted for 16.3% of the total population and 32.8% of the population with obesity at baseline. Baseline MHO was not significantly associated with incident subclinical atherosclerosis. During a follow-up period of 4.4years, 46.8% of individuals with MHO developed a metabolically unhealthy status. Those with transient MHO had an increased risk of composite subclinical atherosclerosis compared with those in the metabolically healthy non-obesity reference group (OR 2.52 [95% CI 1.89, 3.36]). A transition from metabolically unhealthy to healthy status was shown to decrease the outcome risk. The relationship between BMI and subclinical atherosclerosis was partly mediated by BP and plasma glucose. MHO is not a stable condition and transient MHO conferred an increased risk of subclinical atherosclerosis, the early stage of CVD. Hence, individuals may benefit from early behavioural or medical management in order to avoid a deterioration of metabolic status and prevent atherosclerosis and CVD.

Impact of age, sex and heart rate variability on the acute cardiovascular response to isometric handgrip exercise.

Isometric handgrip exercise (IHG) triggers acute increases in cardiac output to meet the metabolic demands of the active skeletal muscle. An abnormal cardiovascular response to IHG might reflect early stages of cardiovascular disease. In a large community-based cohort, we comprehensively assessed the clinical correlates of acute cardiovascular changes during IHG. In total, 333 randomly recruited subjects (mean age, 53 ± 13 years, 45% women) underwent simultaneous echocardiography and finger applanation tonometry at rest and during 3 min of IHG at 40% maximal handgrip force. We calculated time-domain measures of short-term heart rate variability (HRV) from finger pulse intervals. We assessed the adjusted associations of changes in blood pressure (BP) and echocardiographic indexes with clinical characteristics and HRV measures. During IHG, men presented a stronger absolute increase in heart rate, diastolic BP, left ventricular (LV) volumes and cardiac output than women, even after adjustment for covariables. In adjusted continuous and categorical analyses, age correlated positively with the increase in systolic BP and pulse pressure, but negatively with the increase in LV stroke volume and cardiac output during exercise. After full adjustment, a greater increase in systolic and diastolic BP during exercise was associated with lower absolute real variability (P ≤ 0.026) and root mean square of successive differences (P ≤ 0.032) in pulse intervals at rest. In a general population sample, women presented a weaker cardiovascular response to IHG than men. Older age was associated with greater rise in BP pulsatility and diminished cardiac reserve. Low HRV at rest predicted a higher BP increase during isometric exercise.

Potassium selenocyanoacetate reduces the blood triacylglycerol and atherosclerotic plaques in high-fat-dieted mice.

Controlling blood lipid levels at the early stage of cardiovascular disease is a major focus of global disease prevention studies on atherosclerosis. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of potassium selencyanoacetate on the blood lipid profiles and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in mice fed with a high-fat diet. Forty ApoE-/- male mice aged 8-10 weeks were randomly divided into the treatment group (n=20) and control group (n=20). The mice in the treatment group were given the high-fat diet supplemented with potassium selencyanoacetate (4.63 mg/kg/day) through a gavage, whereas the control group were fed with a same high-fat diet with 1.5 mL of normal saline only. After 16 weeks, the mice were euthanized using inhalation anesthetic methods. The aortas were isolated and stained with oil red O to observe the formation of plaques. Blood samples were collected from each animal to examine the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), HDL cholesterol (HDL-Ch), LDL cholesterol (LDL-Ch), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and plasma urea. The percentage of the atherosclerotic plaques area was significantly lower in the treatment group than the control group (P=0.017). The levels of TG, ALT, AST, and plasma urea were significantly lower in the treatment group than the control group (all P<0.05). However, the levels of TC, HDL-Ch, and LDL-Ch were not significantly different between two groups (all P>0.05). Potassium selencyanoacetate could safely reduce the TG level and high-fat-diet induced atherosclerotic plaques in mice, which could be used as a potential drug to prevent cardiovascular atherosclerotic diseases.

Irisin as a mediator between obesity and vascular inflammation in Chinese children and adolescents

Background and aimThis study aims to characterize the role of Irisin in obesity and early onset metabolic and vascular sequelae in Chinese children. Furthermore, we aim to examine whether Irisin mediate endothelial cells dysfunction and vascular inflammation which eventually leads to obesity. Methods and resultsWe quantified plasma Irisin levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) among 85 lean and 120 obese children, and assessed the association of Irisin levels with anthropometric, metabolic, cardiovascular and inflammatory parameters of obese children comparing with lean children. We further characterized the markers for endothelial cells and inflammation between obese and lean children to assess potential correlations. In addition, a potential direct effect of Irisin on the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules was assessed in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Irisin levels from obese children was significantly lower than lean children, and this reduced Irisin levels is correlated with certain physical parameters of studied children. Moreover, we identified significant inverse associations between inflammation markers of endothelial activation with Irisin levels in obese children. Multiple regression analyses confirm Irisin serves as a strong predictor of SDS-SBP, Ang-2, ICAM-1, E-selectin and hsCRP levels, independent of SDS-BMI. Lifestyle intervention results in a significant improvement of these cardiovascular and inflammatory parameters, and these were accompanied by a significant improvement of Irisin levels and weight loss. Finally, in the mediation effect model, our data showed that Irisin changes act as partial mediators of the relationship between SDS-BMI changes and changes in inflammatory and endothelial parameters for ICAM-1, E-selectin and hsCRP after controlling for covariates. Likewise, on the cellular level, Irisin inhibition hsCPR, ICAM-1 and E-selectin expression in endothelial cells, whereas Ang-2, VCAM-1 and eNOS expression were unaffected. ConclusionsOur study showed that Irisin levels change may indicate the early stages of cardiovascular disease in obese children.

Canola Breeding for HUMAN HEALTH

Canola Breeding for HUMAN HEALTH